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155 results for “28S”
FIGURE 3 in The first phylogenetic study of sword-tail crickets from China inferred from COI, 18S and 28S genes, with the establishment of two new genera and description of one new species (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Trigonidiidae)
FIGURE 3. Emerasoma curvicerca sp. n. (A. male, B. female). (photos by He Zhu-Qing)
FIGURE 2. 28S in Pseudococcidae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) in Uruguay: morphological identification and molecular characterization, with descriptions of two new species
FIGURE 2. 28S neighbor-joining tree for mealybug species found in Uruguay
Data from: A large 28S rDNA-based phylogeny confirms the limitations of established morphological characters for classification of proteocephalidean tapeworms (Platyhelminthes, Cestoda)
Proteocephalidean tapeworms form a diverse group of parasites currently known from 315 valid species. Most of the diversity of adult proteocephalideans can be found in freshwater fishes (predominantly catfishes), a large proportion infects reptiles, but only a few infect amphibians, and a single species has been found to parasitize possums. Although they have a cosmopolitan distribution, a large proportion of taxa are exclusively found in South America. We analyzed the largest proteocephalidean cestode molecular dataset to date comprising more than 100 species (30 new), including representatives from 54 genera (80%) and all subfamilies, thus significantly improving upon previous works to develop a molecular phylogeny for the group. The Old World origin of proteocephalideans is confirmed, with their more recent expansion in South America. The earliest diverging lineages are composed of Acanthotaeniinae and Gangesiinae but most of the presently recognized subfamilies (and genera) appear not to be monophyletic; a deep systematic reorganization of the order is thus needed and the present subfamilial system should be abandoned. The main characters on which the classical systematics of the group has been built, such as scolex morphology or relative position of genital organs in relation to the longitudinal musculature, are of limited value, as demonstrated by the very weak support for morphologically-defined subfamilies. However, new characters, such as the pattern of uterus development, relative ovary size, and egg structure have been identified, which may be useful in defining phylogenetically well-supported subgroups. A strongly supported lineage infecting various snakes from a wide geographical distribution was found. Although several improvements over previous works regarding phylogenetic resolution and taxon coverage were achieved in this study, the major polytomy in our tree, composed largely of siluriform parasites from the Neotropics, remained unresolved and possibly reflects a rapid radiation. The genus Spasskyellina Freze, 1965 is resurrected for three species of Monticellia bearing spinitriches on the margins of their suckers.
Data from: The Strepsiptera Problem: Phylogeny of the Holometabolous Insect Orders Inferred from 18S and 28S Ribosomal DNA Sequences and Morphology
Phylogenetic relationships among the holometabolous insect orders were inferred from cladistic analysis of nucleotide sequences of 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) (85 exemplars) and 28S rDNA (52 exemplars) and morphological characters. Exemplar outgroup taxa were Collembola (1 sequence), Archaeognatha (1), Ephemerida (1), Odonata (2), Plecoptera (2), Blattodea (1), Mantodea (1), Dermaptera (1), Orthoptera (1), Phasmatodea (1), Embioptera (1), Psocoptera (1), Phthiraptera (1), Hemiptera (4), and Thysanoptera (1). Exemplar ingroup taxa were Coleoptera: Archostemata (1), Adephaga (2), and Polyphaga (7); Megaloptera (1); Raphidioptera (1); Neuroptera (sensu stricto ;eq Planipennia): Mantispoidea (2), Hemerobioidea (2), and Myrmeleontoidea (2); Hymenoptera: Symphyta (4) and Apocrita (19); Trichoptera: Hydropsychoidea (1) and Limnephiloidea (2); Lepidoptera: Ditrysia (3); Siphonaptera: Pulicoidea (1) and Ceratophylloidea (2); Mecoptera: Meropeidae (1), Boreidae (1), Panorpidae (1), and Bittacidae (2); Diptera: Nematocera (1), Brachycera (2), and Cyclorrhapha (1); and Strepsiptera: Corioxenidae (1), Myrmecolacidae (1), Elenchidae (1), and Stylopidae (3). We analyzed ~1 kilobase of 18S rDNA, starting 398 nucleotides downstream of the 5' end, and ~400 bp of 28S rDNA in expansion segment D3. Multiple alignment of the 18S and 28S sequences resulted in 1,116 nucleotide positions with 24 insert regions and 398 positions with 14 insert regions, respectively. All Strepsiptera and Neuroptera have large insert regions in 18S and 28S. The secondary structure of 18S insert 23 is composed of long stems that are GC rich in the basal Strepsiptera and AT rich in the more derived Strepsiptera. A matrix of 176 morphological characters was analyzed for holometabolous orders. Incongruence length difference tests indicate that the 28S + morphological data sets are incongruent but that 28S + 18S, 18S + morphology, and 28S + 18S + morphology fail to reject the hypothesis of congruence. Phylogenetic trees were generated by parsimony analysis, and clade robustness was evaluated by branch length, Bremer support, percentage of extra steps required to force paraphyly, and sensitivity analysis using the following parameters: gap weights, morphological character weights, methods of data set combination, removal of key taxa, and alignment region. The following are monophyletic under most or all combinations of parameter values: Holometabola, Polyphaga, Megaloptera + Raphidioptera, Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, Trichoptera, Lepidoptera, Amphiesmenoptera (Trichoptera + Lepidoptera), Siphonaptera, Siphonaptera + Mecoptera, Strepsiptera, Diptera, and Strepsiptera + Diptera (Halteria). Antliophora (Mecoptera + Diptera + Siphonaptera + Strepsiptera), Mecopterida (Antliophora + Amphiesmenoptera), and Hymenoptera + Mecopterida are supported in the majority of total evidence analyses. Mecoptera may be paraphyletic because Boreus is often placed as sister group to the fleas; hence, Siphonaptera may be subordinate within Mecoptera. The 18S sequences for Priacma (Coleoptera: Archostemata), Colpocaccus (Coleoptera: Adephaga), Agulla (Raphidioptera), and Corydalus (Megaloptera) are nearly identical, and Neuropterida are monophyletic only when those two beetle sequences are removed from the analysis. Coleoptera are therefore paraphyletic under almost all combinations of parameter values. Halteria and Amphiesmenoptera have high Bremer support values and long branch lengths. The data do not support placement of Strepsiptera outside of Holometabola nor as sister group to Coleoptera. We reject the notion that the monophyly of Halteria is due to long branch attraction because Strepsiptera and Diptera do not have the longest branches and there is phylogenetic congruence between molecules, across the entire parameter space, and between morphological and molecular data.
Data from: Secondary structure models of 18S and 28S rRNAs of the true bugs based on complete rDNA sequences of Eurydema maracandica Oshanin, 1871 (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)
The sequences of 18S and 28S rDNAs have been used as molecular markers to resolve phylogenetic relationships of Heteroptera for two decades. The complete sequences of 18S rDNAs have been used in many studies, while in most studies only partial sequences of 28S rDNAs have been used due to technical difficulties of amplifying the complete lengths. In this study, we amplified the complete 18S and 28S rDNA sequences of Eurydema maracandica Oshanin, 1871, and reconstructed the secondary structure models of the corresponding rRNAs. In addition, and more importantly, all of the length variable regions of 18S rRNA were compared among 37 families of Heteroptera based on 140 sequences, and the D3 region of 28S rRNA was compared among 51 families based on 84 sequences. It was found that 8 length variable regions could potentially serve as molecular synapomorphies for some monophyletic groups. Therefore discoveries of more molecular synapomorphies for specific clades can be anticipated from amplification of complete 18S and 28S rDNAs of more representatives of Heteroptera.
Lacistorhynchidae family 28S alignment
<p><b>Aim:</b> Trypanorhyncha cestodes comprise a wide range of heteroxenous parasites infecting elasmobranchs as definitive hosts, with crustaceans, squids, and fishes acting as intermediate/paratenic hosts. Limited data exist on the larval infection of these cestodes and the role of intermediate and paratenic hosts in the life cycle of these parasites. In this study, we investigated the factors that determine the occurrence and the level of infection of <i>Grillotia</i> plerocerci in the skeletal muscles of various deep sea benthonic sharks and analysed the parasites through an integrative taxonomic approach.</p> <p><b>Location:</b> Gulf of Naples, Mediterranean Sea.</p> <p><b>Methods: </b>Sharks obtained as bycatch of commercial trawling activities (i.e., <i>Etmopterus spinax</i>, <i>Galeus melastomus </i>and <i>Scyliorhinus canicula</i>) were used in this study. Data from a limited number of <i>Dalatias licha</i> and <i>Scyliorhinus stellaris </i>were also included. <i>Grillotia </i>plerocerci were molecularly characterized using the p<span>artial 28S large subunit rDNA. B</span>oosted regression trees were used to model the relationship between the abundance of infection with both morphological and physiological predictors in each host.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> Plerocerci of <i>Grillotia </i>were detected in all shark species except <i>S. stellaris.</i> Host species significantly differed in terms of parasite abundance, with the highest and lowest prevalence and abundance of infection detected in <i>G. melastomus</i> and <i>E. spinax</i>, respectively. The relative influence of the traits involved in explaining the parasite abundance were related to the host size in <i>G</i>. <i>melastomus</i>, while both morphology- and physiology-related traits (e.g., gonadosomatic and hepatosomatic indices) explained the patterns observed in <i>E</i>. <i>spinax</i> and <i>S</i>. <i>canicula</i>. The 28S rDNA sequences shared identity of ∼99.40% with a <i>Grillotia</i> species previously found in the Mediterranean Sea. At intraspecific level, two different genotypes were found. A first type was retrieved only from <i>D. licha</i>, whereas a second type was found in <i>G. melastomus</i>, <i>E. spinax</i>,<i> </i>and<i> S. canicula</i>.</p> <p><b>Main conclusions:</b> Present results suggest that the two genotypes could be involved in different consumer-resource systems and confirm most of the examined shark species as transport hosts of <i>Grillotia</i> species for unknown larger top predators.</p>
Supplementary material 5 from: Suntronpong A, Thapana W, Twilprawat P, Prakhongcheep O, Somyong S, Muangmai N, Peyachoknagul S, Srikulnath K (2017) Karyological characterization and identification of four repetitive element groups (the 18S – 28S rRNA gene, telomeric sequences, microsatellite repeat motifs, Rex retroelements) of the Asian swamp eel (Monopterus albus). Comparative Cytogenetics 11(3): 435-462. https://doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v11i3.11739
Supplementary Table 5 : Data type: Table
Supplementary material 4 from: Suntronpong A, Thapana W, Twilprawat P, Prakhongcheep O, Somyong S, Muangmai N, Peyachoknagul S, Srikulnath K (2017) Karyological characterization and identification of four repetitive element groups (the 18S – 28S rRNA gene, telomeric sequences, microsatellite repeat motifs, Rex retroelements) of the Asian swamp eel (Monopterus albus). Comparative Cytogenetics 11(3): 435-462. https://doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v11i3.11739
Supplementary Table 4 : Data type: Table
Supplementary material 1 from: Suntronpong A, Thapana W, Twilprawat P, Prakhongcheep O, Somyong S, Muangmai N, Peyachoknagul S, Srikulnath K (2017) Karyological characterization and identification of four repetitive element groups (the 18S – 28S rRNA gene, telomeric sequences, microsatellite repeat motifs, Rex retroelements) of the Asian swamp eel (Monopterus albus). Comparative Cytogenetics 11(3): 435-462. https://doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v11i3.11739
Supplementary Table 1 : Data type: Table
Supplementary material 3 from: Suntronpong A, Thapana W, Twilprawat P, Prakhongcheep O, Somyong S, Muangmai N, Peyachoknagul S, Srikulnath K (2017) Karyological characterization and identification of four repetitive element groups (the 18S – 28S rRNA gene, telomeric sequences, microsatellite repeat motifs, Rex retroelements) of the Asian swamp eel (Monopterus albus). Comparative Cytogenetics 11(3): 435-462. https://doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v11i3.11739
Supplementary Table 3 : Data type: Table
Supplementary material 7 from: Suntronpong A, Thapana W, Twilprawat P, Prakhongcheep O, Somyong S, Muangmai N, Peyachoknagul S, Srikulnath K (2017) Karyological characterization and identification of four repetitive element groups (the 18S – 28S rRNA gene, telomeric sequences, microsatellite repeat motifs, Rex retroelements) of the Asian swamp eel (Monopterus albus). Comparative Cytogenetics 11(3): 435-462. https://doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v11i3.11739
Supplementary Figure 2 : Data type: Image
Supplementary material 2 from: Suntronpong A, Thapana W, Twilprawat P, Prakhongcheep O, Somyong S, Muangmai N, Peyachoknagul S, Srikulnath K (2017) Karyological characterization and identification of four repetitive element groups (the 18S – 28S rRNA gene, telomeric sequences, microsatellite repeat motifs, Rex retroelements) of the Asian swamp eel (Monopterus albus). Comparative Cytogenetics 11(3): 435-462. https://doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v11i3.11739
Supplementary Table 2 : Data type: Table
Supplementary material 6 from: Suntronpong A, Thapana W, Twilprawat P, Prakhongcheep O, Somyong S, Muangmai N, Peyachoknagul S, Srikulnath K (2017) Karyological characterization and identification of four repetitive element groups (the 18S – 28S rRNA gene, telomeric sequences, microsatellite repeat motifs, Rex retroelements) of the Asian swamp eel (Monopterus albus). Comparative Cytogenetics 11(3): 435-462. https://doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v11i3.11739
Supplementary Figure 1 : Data type: Image
Figure 3 from: de Chambrier A, Waeschenbach A, Fisseha M, Scholz T and Mariaux J (2015) A large 28S rDNA-based phylogeny confirms the limitations of established morphological characters for classification of proteocephalidean tapeworms (Platyhelminthes, Cestoda). ZooKeys 500: 25-59. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.500.9360
Figure 3 - A–C Scoleces with rostellum-like organs and retractor muscles. A Without hooks. Ritacestus ritaii (Verma, 1926) (modified from de Chambrier et al. 2011) B With hooks. Gangesia bengalensis (Southwell, 1913) (modified from Ash et al. 2012) C Partly-invaginated. Sagittal section, ho: hooks; rm: retractor muscles; lm; longitudinal muscles. Vermaia pseudotropii (Verma, 1928) (modified from Ash et al. 2010) D–F Egg modifications D Egg cluster in a capsule. Vandiermenia beveridgei (de Chambrier & de Chambrier, 2010) (modified from de Chambrier and de Chambrier 2010) E Egg with two polar projections. Brooksiella praeputialis (Rego, Santos & Silva, 1974) (modified from de Chambrier et al. 2004a) F Eggs with two polar projections. Rudolphiella spp. from Calophysus macropterus (two eggs above) and Megalonema platanum, respectively (modified from Gil de Pertierra and de Chambrier 2000) G–H Ovary size G Relatively large ovary (16.4% proglottid surface) in Gangesia agraensis Verma, 1928 (modified from Ash et al. 2012) H Relatively small ovary in Ophiotaenia lapata Rambeloson, Ranaivoson & de Chambrier (2012) (2.8% of proglottid surface) (modified from Rambeloson et al. 2012). Scale-bars: A, B, C = 100 µm; D, E = 20 µm; F = 50 µm; G = 200 µm; H = 500 µm.
Figure 2 from: de Chambrier A, Waeschenbach A, Fisseha M, Scholz T and Mariaux J (2015) A large 28S rDNA-based phylogeny confirms the limitations of established morphological characters for classification of proteocephalidean tapeworms (Platyhelminthes, Cestoda). ZooKeys 500: 25-59. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.500.9360
Figure 2 - Schematic representation of proteocephalidean uterus development (a–c). The uterus observed in early immature, premature, mature, pregravid and gravid proglottids is represented from left to right. The major differences are observed in premature and mature proglottids (dotted line): a and c Development of Type 1 and 2, respectively (de Chambrier et al. 2004c) b Development of an "intermediate type" as observed in Pangasiocestus and Australotaenia (this paper) d Typical "intermediate type" uterus in a mature proglottid of Australotaenia bunthangi de Chambrier & Scholz, 2012 (holotype, MHNG-PLAT-75447). Scale in micrometers.
Fig. 3 Erythraeus phalangoides, adult. a Palp, medial view. b Crista metopica and eyes. c Dorsal opisthosomal setae. d in Towards resolving the double classification in Erythraeus (Actinotrichida: Erythraeidae): matching larvae with adults using 28S sequence data and experimental rearing
Fig. 3 Erythraeus phalangoides, adult. a Palp, medial view. b Crista metopica and eyes. c Dorsal opisthosomal setae. d Serratala on genu I. e Serratala on genu IV. f Diversity of serratalae on telofemora, genua, and tibiae of legs I–IV
Fig. 1 in Towards resolving the double classification in Erythraeus (Actinotrichida: Erythraeidae): matching larvae with adults using 28S sequence data and experimental rearing
Fig. 1 Majority-rule consensus from the non-clock Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of 28S from Erythraeus larvae and postlarval instars sampled in the field. Numbers above branches denote posterior probability values. The clusters of Erythraeus cinereus, E. regalis, E. sp. 1, and E. sp. 2 have both larvae (gray) and adults (black) included. Curteria episcopalis was used as outgroup to root the tree
Fig. 2 in Towards resolving the double classification in Erythraeus (Actinotrichida: Erythraeidae): matching larvae with adults using 28S sequence data and experimental rearing
Fig. 2 Ultrametric clock tree from Beast showing the maximum likelihood solution of the generalized mixed Yule coalescent model (GMYC). Red lines (thinner lines on the right side of the graph) indicate within-species branches, and black lines (thicker lines on the left side of the graph) represent between-species branches as inferred by the GMYC model
Figure 4 from: Mendoza-Franco EF, Rosado TMC, Duarte AAD, Rodríguez RER (2018) Morphological and molecular (28S rRNA) data of monogeneans (Platyhelminthes) infecting the gill lamellae of marine fishes in the Campeche Bank, southwest Gulf of Mexico. ZooKeys 783: 125-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.783.26218
Figure 4 Euryhaliotrema sp. (CNHE 10220) from Lutjanussynagris from Santiaguillo Reef, Veracruz, México: A copulatory complex (dorsal view) B ventral anchor C dorsal anchor. Scale bar: 20 µm for all figures. Abbreviation: Ap = accessory piece.
Figure 3 from: Mendoza-Franco EF, Rosado TMC, Duarte AAD, Rodríguez RER (2018) Morphological and molecular (28S rRNA) data of monogeneans (Platyhelminthes) infecting the gill lamellae of marine fishes in the Campeche Bank, southwest Gulf of Mexico. ZooKeys 783: 125-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.783.26218
Figure 3 Haliotrematoidesmagnigastrohamus from Lutjanussynagris from Campeche Bank, Mexico: A haptoral armament B vagina. Scale bars: 20 µm (A); 10 µm (B). Abbreviations: As = accessory sclerite; Pr = Prostatic reservoir.
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