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FIGURE 13. Perissodactyla from TBM. 1-4 in Mammals from the earliest Uintan (middle Eocene) Turtle Bluff Member, Bridger Formation, southwestern Wyoming, USA, Part 2: Apatotheria, Lipotyphla, Carnivoramorpha, Condylartha, Dinocerata, Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla

FIGURE 13. Perissodactyla from TBM. 1-4, Triplopus sp., cf. T. obliquidens, partial left dentary with alveolus for p1, p2, partial p3, p4 and partial m1 (UCM 69053 with 1, 3-4 original specimen, 2 cast showing detail better) in occlusal (1- 2), labial (3) and lingual (4) views. 5-6, Epihippus sp., cf. E. gracilis, Rp3 (SDSNH 110408) in occlusal (5) and lingual (6) views. Scale bars for 1-2 and 3-4 equals 5 mm. Scale bar for 5-6 equals 1 mm.

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FIGURE 6. Geolabididae from TBM. 1-4 in Mammals from the earliest Uintan (middle Eocene) Turtle Bluff Member, Bridger Formation, southwestern Wyoming, USA, Part 2: Apatotheria, Lipotyphla, Carnivoramorpha, Condylartha, Dinocerata, Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla

FIGURE 6. Geolabididae from TBM. 1-4, Centetodon bembicophagus: LP4 (UCM 68681) in occlusal view (1); partial Lm1 or 2 (UCM 68899) in occlusal view (2); Lm1 or 2 (DMNH 75256) in occlusal view (3); Lm3 (DMNH 75257) in occlusal view (4). 5-10, Centetodon pulcher: partial dentary with Lp4-m1 (UCM 95767) in occlusal (5) and labial (6) views; Rm1 or 2 (UCM 95768) in occlusal view (7); partial dentary with Lp1 and p4-m3 (UCM 68963) in occlusal (8), labial (9), and lingual (10) views. Scale bar equals 1 mm.

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FIGURE 4. Entomolestes westgatei new species from TBM. 1-2 in Mammals from the earliest Uintan (middle Eocene) Turtle Bluff Member, Bridger Formation, southwestern Wyoming, USA, Part 2: Apatotheria, Lipotyphla, Carnivoramorpha, Condylartha, Dinocerata, Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla

FIGURE 4. Entomolestes westgatei new species from TBM. 1-2, partial dentary with Lp4-m1 (UCM 95687, holotype) in labial (1) and occlusal (2) views. 3-5, partial dentary with partial Rm1 and m2-3 (UCM 67884) in occlusal (3), labial (4), and lingual (5) views. Scale bar equals 1 mm.

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FIGURE 2 in Deciduous dentition and dental eruption sequence of Bothriogenys fraasi (Anthracotheriidae, Artiodactyla) from the Fayum Depression, Egypt

FIGURE 2. Dental terminology used to describe features of the deciduous premolars of Bothriogenys fraasi, following Bärmann and Rössner (2011).

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FIGURE 1. 1 in Deciduous dentition and dental eruption sequence of Bothriogenys fraasi (Anthracotheriidae, Artiodactyla) from the Fayum Depression, Egypt

FIGURE 1. 1, location map of the Jebel Qatrani area, Fayum Depression. 2, stratigraphic positions and age estimates for major mammal-bearing fossil localities, following Seiffert (2006), EOB is abbreviation for Eocene Oligocene Boundary. 3, map of Jebel Qatrani area, showing different rock units, common landmarks and the approximate position of anthracothere-bearing fossil localities.

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Fig. 8 in New Morphological Evidence for the Phylogeny of Artiodactyla, Cetacea, and Mesonychidae

Fig. 8. Strict consensus of 32 most parsimonious trees for the morphological data listed in appendix 3. Each most parsimonious tree is 1635 steps long (polymorphisms included as steps), has a consistency index of 0.31, and has a retention index of 0.60. Branchsupport values are immediately above and to the left of their respective nodes. Artiodactyla, Neoselenodontia, and Suiformes are monophyletic in all shortest trees. Taxon abbreviations: A, Artiodactyla; C, Cetacea; N, Neoselenodontia, P, Perissodactyla; R, Acreodi; U, Suiformes; X, Paraxonia.

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Table 2 in Demodex bialoviensis sp. nov. (Acariformes, Demodecidae) a new, specific parasite of the European bison Bison bonasus (Artiodactyla, Bovidae)

<p><b>Table 2</b> Morphometric comparison between <i>Demodex bialoviensis</i> sp. nov. and <i>Demodex bisonianus</i>.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Feature/Species</th><th><i>Demodex bialoviensis</i> sp. nov.</th><th><i>Demodex bisonianus</i></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Source</th><td>Present study</td><td></td><td>Kadulski and Izdebska</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>(1996)</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Sex Sample size</th><td>Males (n =12)</td><td>Females (n =</td><td>Males</td><td>Females</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>34)</td><td>(n =</td><td>(n =20)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>20)</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Body total length</th><td>176</td><td>239</td><td>517, SD</td><td>534, SD</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>(158–198), SD</td><td>(200–268), SD</td><td>23 a</td><td>20 a</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>13</td><td>15</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Body total width</th><td>31 (30–35), SD</td><td>35 (30–40), SD</td><td>63, SD 9</td><td>68, SD 9</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>2</td><td>2</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Body length to</th><td>5.6:1</td><td>6.8:1</td><td>8.2:1b</td><td>7.9:1b</td></tr><tr><th>width ratio</th><td>(4.9–6.4:1), SD</td><td>(5.2–7.9:1), SD</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>0.6:1</td><td>0.6:1</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opisthosoma</th><td>62 (57–65), SD</td><td>65 (60–69), SD</td><td>68b</td><td>69b</td></tr><tr><th>length to body</th><td>2</td><td>2</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>length ratio (%)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Aedeagus length</th><td>21 (18–29), SD</td><td>–</td><td>33, SD 7</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>3</th></tr><tr><th>Vulva length</th><td>–</td><td>12 (10–17), SD</td><td>–</td><td>22, SD 2</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>2</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table><p><sup>a</sup> Measurements were rounded to the nearest micrometer with respect to the original results (Kadulski and Izdebska, 1996).</p><p><sup>b</sup> Calculated from measurements of Kadulski and Izdebska (1996).</p>

Fig. 4 in Tetracerus quadricornis (Artiodactyla: Bovidae)

Fig. 4.—Male Tetracerus quadricornis in typical habitat of dry deciduous forest edge, Panna National Park, central India; note inner ear markings that may serve to automimic posterior horns in adult males and enhance threat displays (Guthrie and Petocz 1970). Photograph by K. Sharma.

Fig. 1.—Male Tetracerus quadricornis illustrating the 4 in Tetracerus quadricornis (Artiodactyla: Bovidae)

Fig. 1.—Male Tetracerus quadricornis illustrating the 4 horns typical of adult males of 2 subspecies; note enlarged preorbital gland extending below the eye. Photograph by K. Sharma.

Fig. 2 in Tetracerus quadricornis (Artiodactyla: Bovidae)

Fig. 2.—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of skull (British Museum [Natural History] BMNH specimen 1902.8.14.3) and lateral view of mandible (BMNH 1856.9.22.1) of adult male Tetracerus quadricornis. Greatest length of skull is 179 mm.

Fig. 5 in Tetracerus quadricornis (Artiodactyla: Bovidae)

Fig. 5.—Male (left) and female (right) Tetracerus quadricornis associate irregularly and are seen together most often during rut in May–July, Panna National Park, central India. Photograph by K. Sharma.

Fig. 3 in Tetracerus quadricornis (Artiodactyla: Bovidae)

Fig. 3.—Distribution of Tetracerus quadricornis in India and Nepal; densities tend to be highest in central parts of the main range in India (Sharma 2006).

Fig. 6 in Bos grunniens and Bos mutus (Artiodactyla: Bovidae)

Fig. 6.—Nomadic pastoralists were dependent on domestic yaks (Bos grunniens) to move supplies throughout the Tibetan Plateau; trucks now deliver most supplies. Photograph by G. B. Schaller.

Fig. 4 in Bos grunniens and Bos mutus (Artiodactyla: Bovidae)

Fig. 4.—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of skull and lateral view of mandible of an adult male domestic yak (Bos grunniens); zoo specimen of unknown origin (National Museum of Natural History, specimen 174734). Greatest length of skull 525 mm.

Fig. 3 in Bos grunniens and Bos mutus (Artiodactyla: Bovidae)

Fig. 3.—Skulls of male (left) and female (right) wild yaks (Bos mutus) from Yeniugou, central Qinghai, China, highlighting relative mass and sexual dimorphism in skull size and horn shape. Photograph courtesy of Daniel J. Miller.

Fig. 2 in Bos grunniens and Bos mutus (Artiodactyla: Bovidae)

Fig. 2.—Distribution of the wild yak (Bos mutus) is restricted to the Tibetan Plateau of western China and includes at least 20 fragmented populations; map adapted from Schaller (1998:131) with updates from R. B. Harris (pers. comm.).

Fig. 5 in Capra ibex (Artiodactyla: Bovidae)

Fig. 5.—Two adult male Capra ibex in a low stretch position next to an adult female in Valnontey, Gran Paradiso National Park, Italy, December 1998. Photograph courtesy of Stefano Unterthiner.

Fig. 4 in Capra ibex (Artiodactyla: Bovidae)

Fig. 4.—Two adult male Capra ibex fighting in Valnontey, Gran Paradiso National Park, Italy, December 1998. Photograph courtesy of Stefano Unterthiner.

Fig. 1 in Bos grunniens and Bos mutus (Artiodactyla: Bovidae)

Fig. 1.—Mature male wild yak (Bos mutus) in Yeniugou, central Qinghai, China. Photograph courtesy of Milo Burcham (www. milophotos.com).

Fig. 3 in Capra ibex (Artiodactyla: Bovidae)

Fig. 3.—Distribution of Capra ibex in southern Europe: hatching represents current distribution and the cross-hatched area indicates the only surviving population in the 19th century (adapted from Shackleton 1997).