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FIG. 3. — Asterodiscides bicornutus n in A new species of Asterodiscides (Echinodermata, Asteroidea, Asterodiscididae) from the tropical southwest Pacific, and the biogeography of the genus revisited

FIG. 3. — Asterodiscides bicornutus n. sp., outline drawing of abactinal surface illustrating the positions of bicornute spines only, and the general alignment of the more dorsal of these into a carinal and two dorso-lateral rows (indicated by dotted lines). The anus (a) and madreporite (m) are included as reference points. A ring of dots on arm B marks the position of a missing spine whose identity, conical or bicornute, is not known.

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FIG. 1. — Asterodiscides bicornutus n in A new species of Asterodiscides (Echinodermata, Asteroidea, Asterodiscididae) from the tropical southwest Pacific, and the biogeography of the genus revisited

FIG. 1. — Asterodiscides bicornutus n. sp., holotype, images of living animal: A, abactinal view, R = 102 mm; B, abactinal view of arm, area delineated by box is shown enlarged in Figure 1F; C, actinal view; D, apical portion of arm; actinal view showing distended tube feet, actinal plate ornamentation, a double row of subambulacral spines and the comb-like arrays of subambulacral spines; E, oral centre; F, close-up of area demarcated by box in Figure 1B; both bicornute and conical spines are evident; open forceps-type pedicellariae (arrows) are present at the bases of spines and tubercles.

FIG. 4. — A-D in A phylogeny of Iconaster and Glyphodiscus (Echinodermata, Asteroidea, Valvatida, Goniasteridae) with descriptions of four new species

FIG. 4. — A-D, Iconaster elegans Jangoux, 1981, paratype, dry (MNHN EcAs 2776); A, abactinal surface; B, glassy granules on superomarginals; C, enlarged accessories on abactinal plates, papular region; D, oral and adambulacral regions; E-G, Iconaster longimanus MÖbius, 1859, Singapore, dry (CASIZ 117905); E, abactinal surface; F, abactinal plates with glassy granules; G, oral and

FIG. 3. — A-C, Glyphodiscus magnificus n in A phylogeny of Iconaster and Glyphodiscus (Echinodermata, Asteroidea, Valvatida, Goniasteridae) with descriptions of four new species

FIG. 3. — A-C, Glyphodiscus magnificus n. sp., New Caledonia, paratype, dry (MNHN EcAs 11682); A, abactinal view; B, superomarginal plate shape; C, oral and adambulacral regions; D, E, Glyphodiscus pentagonalis n. sp., New Caledonia, holotype, dry (MNHN EcAs 11688); D, abactinal view; E, oral and adambulacral regions. Scale bars: A, 5.0 mm; B, D, 3.0 mm; C, 2.0 mm;

FIG. 1. — A, B in A phylogeny of Iconaster and Glyphodiscus (Echinodermata, Asteroidea, Valvatida, Goniasteridae) with descriptions of four new species

FIG. 1. — A, B, Glyphodiscus perierctus (Fisher, 1917), New Caledonia, juvenile, dry, R = 7.0 mm, r = 4.0 mm (MNHN EcAs 11686); A, abactinal surface; B, actinal surface; C, Pontioceramus grandis Fisher, 1911 (USNM IZ-40578), dry, ambulacrals expressing a large ambulacral head (character 28), absence of an overlapping flange on the ambulacral head (character 29), rounded waist surface (character 30), and fan-like flaps on the ambulacral base (character 31); D, Glyphodiscus pentagonalis n. sp., dry (MNHN EcAs 11690), ambulacrals expressing a small ambulacral head (28), an overlapping flange (29), a sharpened edge on the waist (30), and narrow flaps on the ambulacral base (31); E, Glyphodiscus magnificus n. sp., paratype (MNHN EcAs 11683), predatory marks (PM)

FIG. 2. — A-C in A phylogeny of Iconaster and Glyphodiscus (Echinodermata, Asteroidea, Valvatida, Goniasteridae) with descriptions of four new species

FIG. 2. — A-C, Glyphodiscus perierctus (Fisher, 1917), New Caledonia, SMIB 4, stn DW 61, dry (MNHN EcAs 11686); A, abactinal surface, larger specimen with roughened marginal plates; B, roughened superomarginal plate; C, ambulacral furrow, furrow spines, and adambulacral plates; D, E, Glyphodiscus mcknighti Rowe, 1989 (= G. perierctus), New Caledonia, SMIB 5, stn DW 104, dry (MNHN EcAs 11697); D, abactinal surface, smaller specimen with smooth marginal plates; E, actinal surface. Scale bars: A, B, D, E,

FIG. 5. — A-C, Iconaster vanuatuensis n in A phylogeny of Iconaster and Glyphodiscus (Echinodermata, Asteroidea, Valvatida, Goniasteridae) with descriptions of four new species

FIG. 5. — A-C, Iconaster vanuatuensis n. sp., Vanuatu, holotype, dry (MNHN EcAS 11680); A, abactinal view; B, abactinal plates with glassy granules; C, oral region showing enlarged spines and adambulacral-subambulacral region; D-G, Iconaster uchelbeluuensis n. sp., Philippines, paratype, dry (MNHN EcAs 11681); D, abactinal view; E, glassy granules on superomarginal plate; F, enlarged accessories on corners of abactinal plates; G, adambulacral plates displaying crowded furrow spines and subambulacral spines.

FIG. 6 in A phylogeny of Iconaster and Glyphodiscus (Echinodermata, Asteroidea, Valvatida, Goniasteridae) with descriptions of four new species

FIG. 6. — Phylogram of Iconaster + Glyphodiscus, plus outgroup taxa. Numbers with % above branches are bootstrap values (300 replicates). Single numbers below branches are Bremer support values. Lines shown in bold are ingroup taxa. Geographic and bathymetric range data shown to right of tree. Dotted line around Vanuatu indicates possible photic transmission to deeper depths (see Discussion). Abbreviation: OG, outgroup taxon. Scale bar: 5 changes.

Figure 1 in Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features

Figure 1. Cladogram of the Zoroasteridae. Node numbers are indicated in bold. Bootstrap support is indicated as %. Bremer values are indicated in shadow font.

Figure 6 in Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features

Figure 6. Zoroaster carinatus (NMNH E1804) A, abactinal surface, disk and arms. B, close up-arms. Zoroaster fulgens C, abactinal surface, disk and arms (NMNH 11264). D, abactinal surface, variant form with spines, disk and arms (NMNH 1017683). E, eocene fossil from Seymour Island, disk and arms. (NMNH 256068). F, deep-water variant morphology from South Atlantic, disk and arms. (NMNH E47615). G, juvenile specimen, abactinal surface. (NMNH E18533). H, internal view showing absence of internal buttress (NMNH E38657). Scale bar = 0.5 cm.

Figure 3 in Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features

Figure 3. Bythiolophus acanthinus Holotype (USNM 37011). A, arm and disk. B, carinal and marginals on close-up of arm. C, carinals and marginals from paratype of Zoroaster macracanthus.(MCZ 2499) D, lateral view showing actinolateral spination. Doraster constellatus Paratype (USNM E11357). E, abactinal view, disk and arms. F, oral region with prey (PR). Ring of pedicellariae (PED, character #7.3) adjacent (USNM 34980). G, lateral view (USNM 1080506). Scale bar = 0.5 cm.

Figure 2. A in Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features

Figure 2. A, abactinal surface juvenile specimen, Myxoderma sacculatum (USNM E1149). B, abactinal surface, adult specimen, M. sacculatum (USNM E3596). C, ambulacral ossicles and superambulacral ossicles (SA), M. sacculatum (USNM E3596). D, same specimen, arm viewed head-on showing ambulacrals (AMB), internal buttress (IB), Sagenaster evermanni (USNM 16023). E, abactinal surface, disk and arms. F, arm plates. G, abactinal disk and arm plates showing plate morphology (coelomic view, M. sacculatum USNM E13990).

Figure 9 in New asterinid seastars from the western Pacific Ocean (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Figure 9. Montage photographs of the holotype of Aquilonastra starmeri sp. nov. (UF 1612): a, abactinal view of disc (left) and proximal ray plates with short conical to digitiform spinelets; b, abactinal details of distal interradius showing acicular conical to subsacciform spinelets on apron, and supero- and inferomarginal plates; c, actinal view showing oral, suboral, furrow and actinal interradial spines; d, transverse section of a ray with superambulacral plate (left) and superactinal plate (right) highlighted.

Figure 8 in New asterinid seastars from the western Pacific Ocean (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Figure 8. Montage photograph of the holotype of Aquilonastra starmeri sp. nov. (UF 1612). Actinal view showing five sub-equal rays, spination, longitudinal and oblique-transverse series of actinal plates.

Figure 7 in New asterinid seastars from the western Pacific Ocean (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Figure 7. Montage photograph of the holotype of Aquilonastra starmeri sp. nov. (UF 1612). Abactinal view showing five sub-equal rays, distinct marginal apron, lacking carinal series of plates, single large madreporite. The abactinal plates have become denuded of most spinelets over time.

Figure 6 in New asterinid seastars from the western Pacific Ocean (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Figure 6. Montage photographs of the holotype of Aquilonastra korora sp. nov. (UF 2437): a, abactinal view of disc, showing disc plate arrangement, single large madreporite (top right), sacciform spinelets; b, abactinal details of distal interradius showing short blunt pedicellariae (highlighted) and residual slender conical, sub-sacciform and sacciform spinelets; c, actinal view showing oral, suboral, furrow and actinal interradial spines; d, transverse section of a ray with a superactinal plate highlighted.

Figure 5 in New asterinid seastars from the western Pacific Ocean (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Figure 5. Montage photograph of the holotype of Aquilonastra korora sp. nov. (UF 2437). Actinal view showing residual actinal colouration, five sub-equal rays, spination, longitudinal and oblique-transverse series of actinal plates with irregular distal inter-radials.

Figure 4 in New asterinid seastars from the western Pacific Ocean (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Figure 4. Montage photograph of the holotype of Aquilonastra korora sp. nov. (UF 2437). Abactinal view showing residual colouration, five sub-equal digitiform rays, absence of carinal series of plates, single large madreporite (lower arrow) and at least one conspicuous abactinal gonopore (upper arrow). The abactinal plates have become denuded of most spinelets over time.

Figure 1 in New asterinid seastars from the western Pacific Ocean (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Figure 1. Montage photograph of the holotype of Aquilonastra donia sp. nov. (MNHN-IE-2014-641). Abactinal view showing five sub-equal rays, distinct low marginal apron, absence of carinal series of plates, presence of rare doubly papulate carinal plates, and single large madreporite. The abactinal plates have become denuded of most spinelets over time.

Figure 3 in New asterinid seastars from the western Pacific Ocean (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Figure 3. Montage photographs of the holotype of Aquilonastra donia sp. nov. (MNHN-IE-2014-641): a, abactinal view of disc, single large madreporite, some remaining digitiform spinelets, and pedicellariae (highlighted); b, abactinal details of distal interradius showing pedicellariae (highlighted), and conical to sub-sacciform spinelets on apron; c, actinal view showing oral, suboral, furrow and inter-radial spines; d, transverse section of a ray with superactinal (highlighted left) and superambulacral plates (highlighted right).