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FIGURE 3 in A new leech species (Hirudinida: Erpobdellidae: Erpobdella) from a cave in the West Azerbaijan province of Iran

FIGURE 3. External morphology of Erpobdella borisi n. sp. A. Dorsal view. Scale bar: 1.70 mm. B. Ventral view. Scale bar: 1.70 mm. C. Anterior part of the body. Scale bar: 0.33 mm. D. Annulation of the mid-body segment. Scale bar: 0.33 mm.

FIGURE 2 in A new leech species (Hirudinida: Erpobdellidae: Erpobdella) from a cave in the West Azerbaijan province of Iran

FIGURE 2. The geometric model used in this study to quantify the body forms of erpobdellid leeches. A. Model of the body. B. Dorsal view of the oral sucker. C. Dorsal view of the caudal sucker. D. Transverse section through the trachelosome. E. Transverse section through the urosome. For detailed description of symbols see Bielecki et al. (2012, 2013), Cichocka & Bielecki (2015) and "Materials and Methods" in this article.

FIGURE 5 in A new leech species (Hirudinida: Erpobdellidae: Erpobdella) from a cave in the West Azerbaijan province of Iran

FIGURE 5. Reproductive system of Erpobdella borisi n. sp. A. Dorsal dissection with the atrium (a) and ovisacs (o) visible. Scale bar: 1.30 mm. B. Dorsal view of atrium. Scale bar: 0.58 mm. C. Lateral view of atrium. D. Ventral view of atrium. Scale bar: 0.32 mm.

FIGURE 17 in A new species and new records of the genus Neotarsonemoides Kaliszewski, 1984 (Acari: Tarsonemidae) from East Azerbaijan province, Northwestern Iran

FIGURE 17. Details of morphology, Neotarsonemoides (N.) marandicus sp. nov.: A—pharynx, C—tegula, Neotarsonemoides (O.) alatus (Livshits, Mitrofanov and Sharonov, 1979): B—pharynx, D—tegula. Scale bars are 10 µm.

FIGURES 11–12 in A new species and new records of the genus Neotarsonemoides Kaliszewski, 1984 (Acari: Tarsonemidae) from East Azerbaijan province, Northwestern Iran

FIGURES 11–12. Neotarsonemoides (O.) alatus (Livshits, Mitrofanov and Sharonov, 1979)—female gnathosoma: 11– dorsum, 12–venter.

FIGURES 13–16 in A new species and new records of the genus Neotarsonemoides Kaliszewski, 1984 (Acari: Tarsonemidae) from East Azerbaijan province, Northwestern Iran

FIGURES 13–16. Neotarsonemoides (O.) alatus (Livshits, Mitrofanov and Sharonov, 1979)—female legs: 13—leg I (13adorsal aspect, 13b—tibial sensory cluster, dorsal aspect, close-up), 14—leg II (dorsal aspect), 15—leg III (ventral aspect), 16— leg IV (ventral aspect).

FIGURES 5–8 in A new species and new records of the genus Neotarsonemoides Kaliszewski, 1984 (Acari: Tarsonemidae) from East Azerbaijan province, Northwestern Iran

FIGURES 5–8. Neotarsonemoides (N.) marandicus sp. nov., female legs: 5—leg I (5a—dorsal aspect, 5b—tibial sensory cluster, dorsal aspect, close-up), 6—leg II (dorsal aspect), 7—leg III (ventral aspect), 8—leg IV (ventral aspect).

Figure 3. Aulonia kratochvili from Azerbaijan. – a in A survey of spider taxa new to Israel (Arachnida: Araneae)

Figure 3. Aulonia kratochvili from Azerbaijan. – a. male palp, ventral; b. bulbus, anterior; c. epigyne,ventral.Scale =0.1 mm.

opennotspecifiedDec 2013View details →

Map 1 in Braconidae (Hymenoptera) in the collection of the Institute of Zoology, NAS of Azerbaijan Republic Part III. Subfamilies Helconinae, Brachistinae, Euphorinae, Macrocentrinae (Hymenoptera)

Map 1: Records of Braconidae in Azerbaijan, places (open circles) and localities (filled triangles).

opennotspecifiedJan 2009View details →

Subspecies and Distribution. U. a. arctos Linnaeus, 1758 — Europe and W Russia. U. a. alascensis Merriam, 1896 — most of Alaska (excluding Alaska Peninsula, SE panhandle & Kodiak Island group). U. a. beringianus Middendorff, 1853 — NE Russia (Kamchatka Peninsula & N Kuril Islands northward through the Koryak Autonomous District, and along W coast of the Sea of Okhotsk). U. a. collaris Cuvier, 1824 — Russia (Siberia, from E of the Yenisey River to the Bering Sea, but excluding Kamchatka and more southern parts of the Russian Far East), N Mongolia. U. a. dalli Merriam, 1896 — SE Alaska (N of Alexander Archipelago). U. a. gyas Merriam, 1902 — Alaska peninsula. U. a. horribilis Ord, 1815 —W Canada (Yukon, North-West Territories, British Columbia & Alberta), inland W USA (extirpated from S Wyoming to Mexico). U. a. isabellinus Horsfield, 1826 — N India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, N to Kazakhstan and Mongolia (Gobi Desert). U. a. lasiotus Gray, 1867 — Russia (Southern Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, Ussuri/Amur river region of the Russian Far East), NE China, North Korea, and Japan (Hokkaido). U. a. middendorffi Merriam, 1896 — Alaska (Kodiak Island & nearby islands). U. a. pruinosus Blyth, 1853 — Tibetan Plateau, China, N Nepal. U. a. sitkensis Merriam, 1896 — SE Alaska (Alexander Archipelago & adjacent coastal area). U. a. stikeenensis Merriam, 1914 — W Canada (W British Columbia), and formerly W USA (W Washington and Oregon). U. a. syriacus Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1828 — Middle East, from Turkey to Iran (extirpated in Syria), Caucasus mountains of Russia, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. in Ursidae

Subspecies and Distribution. U. a. arctos Linnaeus, 1758 — Europe and W Russia. U. a. alascensis Merriam, 1896 — most of Alaska (excluding Alaska Peninsula, SE panhandle & Kodiak Island group). U. a. beringianus Middendorff, 1853 — NE Russia (Kamchatka Peninsula & N Kuril Islands northward through the Koryak Autonomous District, and along W coast of the Sea of Okhotsk). U. a. collaris Cuvier, 1824 — Russia (Siberia, from E of the Yenisey River to the Bering Sea, but excluding Kamchatka and more southern parts of the Russian Far East), N Mongolia. U. a. dalli Merriam, 1896 — SE Alaska (N of Alexander Archipelago). U. a. gyas Merriam, 1902 — Alaska peninsula. U. a. horribilis Ord, 1815 —W Canada (Yukon, North-West Territories, British Columbia & Alberta), inland W USA (extirpated from S Wyoming to Mexico). U. a. isabellinus Horsfield, 1826 — N India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, N to Kazakhstan and Mongolia (Gobi Desert). U. a. lasiotus Gray, 1867 — Russia (Southern Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, Ussuri/Amur river region of the Russian Far East), NE China, North Korea, and Japan (Hokkaido). U. a. middendorffi Merriam, 1896 — Alaska (Kodiak Island & nearby islands). U. a. pruinosus Blyth, 1853 — Tibetan Plateau, China, N Nepal. U. a. sitkensis Merriam, 1896 — SE Alaska (Alexander Archipelago & adjacent coastal area). U. a. stikeenensis Merriam, 1914 — W Canada (W British Columbia), and formerly W USA (W Washington and Oregon). U. a. syriacus Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1828 — Middle East, from Turkey to Iran (extirpated in Syria), Caucasus mountains of Russia, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan.

Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest. in Suidae

Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest.

opennotspecifiedDec 2017View details →

Map 1 in Braconidae (Hymenoptera) in the collection of the Institute of Zoology, NAS of Azerbaijan Republic Part V. Subfamilies Chardichilinae, Microgasterinae and Miracinae

Map 1: Records of Bracconidae in Azerbaijan, places (open circles) and localities (filled triangles).

opennotspecifiedOct 2019View details →

Distribution. Armenia and NW & WC Iran; possibly also Turkey and Azerbaijan, although no specimens have been reported from either country. in Vespertilionidae

Distribution. Armenia and NW & WC Iran; possibly also Turkey and Azerbaijan, although no specimens have been reported from either country.

opennotspecifiedOct 2019View details →

Subspecies and Distribution. M.a.alcathoevonHelversen&Heller,2001—patchilythroughalmostallEurope,fromNSpaintoGermany,includingBritain,andEtoSWUkraineandNWTurkey(EThrace);therearealsoecholocationcallsfromSSwedenthatcertainlyrepresentthisspeciesandtheremayalsoberecordsfromLatvia. M. a. circassicus Benda, Gazaryan & Vallo, 2016 — N slopes of Greater Caucasus in Russia and Abkhazia (Georgia); possibly also found in North Ossetia — Alania Republic (Russia), NE Turkey (Artvin and Erzurum provinces), and Azerbaijan. in Vespertilionidae

Subspecies and Distribution. M.a.alcathoevonHelversen&Heller,2001—patchilythroughalmostallEurope,fromNSpaintoGermany,includingBritain,andEtoSWUkraineandNWTurkey(EThrace);therearealsoecholocationcallsfromSSwedenthatcertainlyrepresentthisspeciesandtheremayalsoberecordsfromLatvia. M. a. circassicus Benda, Gazaryan & Vallo, 2016 — N slopes of Greater Caucasus in Russia and Abkhazia (Georgia); possibly also found in North Ossetia — Alania Republic (Russia), NE Turkey (Artvin and Erzurum provinces), and Azerbaijan.

opennotspecifiedOct 2019View details →

Distribution. Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, NW & NE Iran, S Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, W Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, NW Afghanistan, N Pakistan, and NW India (Jammu and Kashmir). in Vespertilionidae

Distribution. Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, NW & NE Iran, S Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, W Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, NW Afghanistan, N Pakistan, and NW India (Jammu and Kashmir).

Subspecies and Distribution. R.a.asiaticaLydekker,1908—NE&ETurkey. R. a. caucasica Lydekker, 1910 — Caucasus in S Russia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan. in Bovidae

Subspecies and Distribution. R.a.asiaticaLydekker,1908—NE&ETurkey. R. a. caucasica Lydekker, 1910 — Caucasus in S Russia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan.

Distribution. Turkey, S Russia (Daghestan and Chechnya), NE Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, N Iraq, Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and SW Pakistan. A free-roaming population introduced in 1970 in SC New Mexico, USA, increased to 2000 animals, but the population is actually maintained at 500-1000 by legalized sport hunting. in Bovidae

Distribution. Turkey, S Russia (Daghestan and Chechnya), NE Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, N Iraq, Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and SW Pakistan. A free-roaming population introduced in 1970 in SC New Mexico, USA, increased to 2000 animals, but the population is actually maintained at 500-1000 by legalized sport hunting.

Distribution. SC & E Turkey, N Iraq, S Armenia, Azerbaijan (Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic), N Israel (Mt Carmel), and NW Iran; its distribution boundaries in Iran have not been fully determined. Introduced on Kabudan I in Lake Urumiyeh, NW Iran. in Bovidae

Distribution. SC & E Turkey, N Iraq, S Armenia, Azerbaijan (Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic), N Israel (Mt Carmel), and NW Iran; its distribution boundaries in Iran have not been fully determined. Introduced on Kabudan I in Lake Urumiyeh, NW Iran.

Subspecies and Distribution. C.n.nipponTemminck,1838—SJapan(SHonshu,Shikoku,Kiushu,NRyukyu,andseveralsmallerassociatedIs). C.n.centralisKishida,1936—CJapan(N&CHonshu). C.n.grassianusHeude,1884—NChina(Shanxi);possiblyextinctinthewild. C.n.kopschiSwinhoe,1873—SEChina. C.n.mandarinusMilne-Edwards,1871—NChina(Hebei&Shandong);possiblyextinctinthewild. C.n.mantschuricusSwinhoe,1864—Ussuriland(RussianFarEast),NEChina(Heilongjiang),andpossiblyNorthKorea. C.n.pseudaxisGervais,1841—NVietnam;probablyextinctinthewild. C.n.sichuanicusGuo,Cheng&Wang,1978—SWChina(Sichuan&Gansu). C.n.taiouanusBlyth,1860—Taiwan. C. n. yesoensis Heude, 1884 — N Japan (Hokkaido). It was anciently introduced to Solo I (Philippines) and in 17" century to Kerama Is (Ryukyu Is, Japan). Also introduced in 19" and 20" centuries into British Is, mainland Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Poland, western Russia, and Ukraine), Armenia, Azerbaijan, Madagascar, New Zealand, and USA. in Cervidae

Subspecies and Distribution. C.n.nipponTemminck,1838—SJapan(SHonshu,Shikoku,Kiushu,NRyukyu,andseveralsmallerassociatedIs). C.n.centralisKishida,1936—CJapan(N&CHonshu). C.n.grassianusHeude,1884—NChina(Shanxi);possiblyextinctinthewild. C.n.kopschiSwinhoe,1873—SEChina. C.n.mandarinusMilne-Edwards,1871—NChina(Hebei&Shandong);possiblyextinctinthewild. C.n.mantschuricusSwinhoe,1864—Ussuriland(RussianFarEast),NEChina(Heilongjiang),andpossiblyNorthKorea. C.n.pseudaxisGervais,1841—NVietnam;probablyextinctinthewild. C.n.sichuanicusGuo,Cheng&Wang,1978—SWChina(Sichuan&Gansu). C.n.taiouanusBlyth,1860—Taiwan. C. n. yesoensis Heude, 1884 — N Japan (Hokkaido). It was anciently introduced to Solo I (Philippines) and in 17" century to Kerama Is (Ryukyu Is, Japan). Also introduced in 19" and 20" centuries into British Is, mainland Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Poland, western Russia, and Ukraine), Armenia, Azerbaijan, Madagascar, New Zealand, and USA.