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FIGURE 6 in Anthropologically introduced biases in natural history collections, with a case study on the invertebrate paleontology collections from the middle Cambrian Spence Shale Lagerstätte

FIGURE 6. Publications over time that refer specifically to Spence Shale specimens or use quantitative data from the Spence Shale in an analysis.

FIGURE 4 in Anthropologically introduced biases in natural history collections, with a case study on the invertebrate paleontology collections from the middle Cambrian Spence Shale Lagerstätte

FIGURE 4. Specimens in the KUMIP collections by locality, breaking down number of specimens of biomineralizing and soft-bodied taxa from each locality.

FIGURE 1 in Anthropologically introduced biases in natural history collections, with a case study on the invertebrate paleontology collections from the middle Cambrian Spence Shale Lagerstätte

FIGURE 1. Examples of anthropological actions that create bias in natural history collections and when they occur.

FIGURE 12 in Tracking biases in the regular echinoid fossil record: The case of Paracentrotus lividus in recent and fossil shallow-water, high-energy environments

FIGURE 12. Relative abundance of Paracentrotus lividus spine remains. A, Is Mesas (Pleistocene-Bulk sample). B, Sa Mesa Longa Beach (Recent-Surface collection). C, Sa Mesa Longa Beach (Bulk sample). N = number of counted specimens.

FIGURE 13 in Tracking biases in the regular echinoid fossil record: The case of Paracentrotus lividus in recent and fossil shallow-water, high-energy environments

FIGURE 13. Biostratinomic signatures (abrasion and encrustation) of spine remains. A, Is Mesas (Pleistocene-Bulk sample). B, Sa Mesa Longa Beach (RecentSurface collection). C, Sa Mesa Longa Beach (RecentBulk sample). N = number of counted specimens

FIGURE 11 in Tracking biases in the regular echinoid fossil record: The case of Paracentrotus lividus in recent and fossil shallow-water, high-energy environments

FIGURE 11. Distribution of ambulacral and interambulacral plates in the two sediment fractions (> 2 mm and 1-2 mm) investigated herein. N = number of counted specimens.

FIGURE 9 in Tracking biases in the regular echinoid fossil record: The case of Paracentrotus lividus in recent and fossil shallow-water, high-energy environments

FIGURE 9. Relative abundance of Paracentrotus lividus test remains. A, Is Mesas (Pleistocene-Bulk sample). B, Sa Mesa Longa Beach (Recent-Surface collection). C, Sa Mesa Longa Beach (Bulk sample). N = number of counted specimens.

FIGURE 10 in Tracking biases in the regular echinoid fossil record: The case of Paracentrotus lividus in recent and fossil shallow-water, high-energy environments

FIGURE 10. Biostratinomic signatures (fragmentation, abrasion and encrustation) of echinoid test remains. A, Is Mesas (Pleistocene-Bulk sample). B, Sa Mesa Longa Beach (Recent-Surface collection). C, Sa Mesa Longa Beach (Recent-Bulk sample). N = number of counted specimens. Numbers (1-11) are explained in Figure 9. Colors: dark grey, light grey and black represent fragmentation, abrasion and encrustation, respectively.

FIGURE 6. A in Tracking biases in the regular echinoid fossil record: The case of Paracentrotus lividus in recent and fossil shallow-water, high-energy environments

FIGURE 6. A, Panoramic view of Sa Mesa Longa Beach (Central-western Sardinia). B-H, Recent remains of Paracentrotus lividus from Sa Mesa Longa. B, Complete denuded test showing encrustation by serpulids. C, Test fragment made up of several ambulacral and interambulacral plates sutured together, showing inter- and intraplate fragmentation and encrustation by coralline algae and the polychaete Spirorbis. D, Internal view of a large test fragment affected by intraplate fragmentation and encrustation by serpulid worms. E, Two interambulacral plates showing abrasion and encrustation by Spirorbis. F, Single ambulacral plates showing fragmentation (white arrow). G, Epiphysis from the jaw apparatus showing fragmentation and abrasion. H, Madreporite from the apical system affected by fragmentation (white arrow). I, Test fragment of Arbacia lixula showing intraplate fracturing. J, Complete test of Echinocyamus pusillus. B, C, D, I, J Scale bar equals 1 cm. E–H scale bars equal 0.5 cm.

FIGURE 7 in Tracking biases in the regular echinoid fossil record: The case of Paracentrotus lividus in recent and fossil shallow-water, high-energy environments

FIGURE 7. Scanning electron micrographs of suture faces in recent Paracentrotus lividus. A, Interradial suture between interambulacral plates showing galleried stereom with galleries running in aboral-oral direction. A1, Detail of the galleried stereom and collagen fibers. B, Adradial suture of interambulacral plates showing galleried stereom. B1, Detail of the parallel galleries and collagen fibers. C, Adapical suture of an interambulacral plates showing knob-like trabecular protrusions and cavities. C1, The close-up shows numerous knob-like protrusions some of which are interconnected to one another in twos, threes or more. D, Adoral suture of ambulacral plates; 1) Radial ridge at the boundary between ambulacral plates (running across perradial sutures) and 2) galleried stereom. A, B, C Scale bars equal 100 µm; A1, B1, C1 Scale bars equal 20 µm. D Scale bar equals 1 mm.

FIGURE 8 in Tracking biases in the regular echinoid fossil record: The case of Paracentrotus lividus in recent and fossil shallow-water, high-energy environments

FIGURE 8. Size-frequency distribution of the rotulae of the Aristotle's lantern both in Pleistocene deposit and recent setting. Each box-plot represents 25 and 75 percent quartile of all values, Q1 and Q3 respectively. Black line inside the box represents the median. Whiskers are drawn from Q1 and Q3 to the largest values less than 1.5 times the Interquartile range (Q1-Q3). N = number of counted specimens.

FIGURE 4. Associated fauna from levels A and B in Tracking biases in the regular echinoid fossil record: The case of Paracentrotus lividus in recent and fossil shallow-water, high-energy environments

FIGURE 4. Associated fauna from levels A and B of the Is Mesas deposit (Late Pleistocene). A, Patella caerulea. B, Diodora gibberula. C, Cerithium vulgatum. D, Hexaplex trunculus. E, Melarhaphe neritoides. F, Acanthocardia tuberculata. G, Irus irus. H, Arca noae. I, Cardita calyculata. J, Cladocora caespitosa. Scale bars equal 1 cm.

FIGURE 5 in Tracking biases in the regular echinoid fossil record: The case of Paracentrotus lividus in recent and fossil shallow-water, high-energy environments

FIGURE 5. Scanning electron micrographs of Paracentrotus remains from Is Mesas. A, Details of an ambulacral column affected by abrasion. B, Two ambulacral plates still sutured together. C, Interambulacral plate showing a cavity possibly related to bioerosion. D, Spine fragment showing fine surface details such as the crenulated milled ring and shaft striation. Scale bars equal 1 mm.

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Ignoring within-flower self-fertilization and inbreeding depression biases estimates of selection on floral traits

Within-flower self-pollination should be the major source of self-fertilization in mixed-mating species that present single or few flowers simultaneously. It is also an often unmeasured source of selfing in species with many flowers open simultaneously. In self-compatible species in which pistil and stamen numbers vary, the rate of within-flower selfing should depend on the number of pistils and stamens, the timing of flowering, and the morphology of subsidiary floral traits. The intensity and direction of selection on these traits should thus also depend on the level of inbreeding depression. Here, we measured the dependence of the within-flower selfing rate on floral sex allocation, phenology, petal length, and floral stalk height in a population of the perennial herb Pulsatilla alpina (Ranunculaceae) in which most individuals had single flowers. We estimated inbreeding depression in the population by comparing inbreeding coefficients between parents and seed progeny using microsatellite markers. We then estimated selection on the measured traits via female reproductive success at the flower level and compared our estimates with a hypothetical scenario in which inbreeding depression was assumed to be absent. Inbreeding depression was estimated to be severe (0.95). The within-flower selfing rate varied widely among flowers and depended positively on stamen number and negatively on pistil number and flowering date, supporting the predictions of a mass-action model. The dependence of the selfing rate on the measured floral traits consistently predicted (non-linear) patterns of selection under high inbreeding depression that were distinct from those under a hypothetical scenario of no inbreeding depression. Synthesis: While previous research has emphasized the importance of mass-action mating on selfing among flowers of plants with large floral displays, our results demonstrate its importance for selfing within individual flowers. They also demonstrate the importance of accounting for both the selfing rate and inbreeding depression when inferring selection on floral and other traits via female fitness.

Fig. 2 in Bats of Sicily: historical evidence, current knowledge, research biases and trends

Fig. 2 - Documents in the primary and secondary datasets and the cumulative number of documents issued between 1810 and 2022. / Documenti nei dataset primario e secondario e numero cumulativo di documenti prodotti tra il 1810 e il 2022.

Fig. 5 in Bats of Sicily: historical evidence, current knowledge, research biases and trends

Fig. 5 - Distribution of the primary dataset, secondary dataset, and total documents according to research areas and used methods. / Distribuzione del dataset primario, del dataset secondario e del totale dei documenti in base alle aree di ricerca e ai metodi utilizzati.

Fig. 1 in Bats of Sicily: historical evidence, current knowledge, research biases and trends

Fig. 1 - Flow diagram showing the selection steps of eligible documents obtained from primary and secondary datasets. / Diagramma di flusso che mostra le fasi di selezione dei documenti eligibili ottenuti dai dataset primario e secondario.

Fig. 4 in Bats of Sicily: historical evidence, current knowledge, research biases and trends

Fig. 4 - (A) Bar plot showing the distribution of studies across different habitats (caves, forest, urban area, riparian areas). (B) Species conservation status across Sicilian bat families classified according to the IUCN categories: Least Concern (LC), Vulnerable (VU), Near Threatened (NT), and Data Deficient (DD). / (A) Grafico a barre che mostra la distribuzione degli studi nei diversi habitat (grotte, foreste, aree urbane, aree ripariali). (B) Stato di conservazione delle specie delle famiglie di pipistrelli siciliani classificate secondo le categorie IUCN: Minima preoccupazione (LC), Vulnerabile (VU), Quasi minacciata (NT) e Carenza di dati (DD).

Fig. 3 in Bats of Sicily: historical evidence, current knowledge, research biases and trends

Fig. 3 - Variation of Bat Research Efficiency scores (BRE) in the nine Sicilian provinces. The colour gradient (darker to lighter) indicates a higher to lower BRE. / Variazione dei punteggi di efficienza della ricerca sui pipistrelli (BRE) nelle nove province siciliane. Il gradiente di colore (da più scuro a più chiaro) indica un BRE da più alto a più basso.