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Fig. 3 in Comparative Biology Of Cave-Dwelling Spitting Spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae): Parental Care, Cooperative Prey-Capture, Cannibalism, Natal Dispersal And Reproductive Behaviour

Fig. 3. Maternal care of egg-sacs in spitting spiders. (A) Scytodes fusca female carrying her egg-sac in her chelicerae. (B) Guangxi Scyloxes sp. 1 female on the surface of the outer cave walls, staying close to her egg-sac. The egg-sac is suspended by two to three threads. (C) Web constructed by S. magna female. Her egg-sac is suspended by a few threads at the centre of the web.

Fig. 2 in Comparative Biology Of Cave-Dwelling Spitting Spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae): Parental Care, Cooperative Prey-Capture, Cannibalism, Natal Dispersal And Reproductive Behaviour

Fig. 2. The 'cage within a cage' set-up for studying the natal dispersal patterns of scytodid spiders. Modified from Ruttan (1990).

Fig. 1 in Comparative Biology Of Cave-Dwelling Spitting Spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae): Parental Care, Cooperative Prey-Capture, Cannibalism, Natal Dispersal And Reproductive Behaviour

Fig. 1. Four species of cave scytodid spiders. (A) female and (B) male Scytodes magna, body length = 10.5 mm; (C) female and (D) male S. fusca, body length = 5.8 mm; (E) female Philippines Scytodes sp. 2, body length = 5.6mm; and (F) female S. cavernarum, body length = 5.3 mm.

Fig. 6 in Comparative Biology Of Cave-Dwelling Spitting Spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae): Parental Care, Cooperative Prey-Capture, Cannibalism, Natal Dispersal And Reproductive Behaviour

Fig. 6. Newly emerged Guangxi Scyloxes sp. 1 spiderlings spread out on the sparse silk nest, and female feeding on house fly alone. Body length of adult female = 11.5 mm.

Fig. 7 in Comparative Biology Of Cave-Dwelling Spitting Spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae): Parental Care, Cooperative Prey-Capture, Cannibalism, Natal Dispersal And Reproductive Behaviour

Fig. 7. Relationship between the days in which spiderlings dispersed and spiderling mass in five cave scytodid species. (A) Scytodes fusca; (B) S. carvernarum; (C) Philippines Scytodes sp. 2.; (D) S. magna; and (E) Guangxi Scyloxes sp. 1.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2009View details →

Figs 1-4 in Nesting behaviour, male territoriality and larval development of Eremnophila binodis (F ) from Brazil (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)

Figs 1-4: Laval development of a female Eremnophila binodis consuming a caterpillar. 1 Newly emerged larva; 2 larva immobile feeding the prey probably by sucking; 3 larva in the fourth day of development consuming externally the prey; 4 full-grown larva, the head capsule was the only portion of the prey that was not consumed.

opencc-by-nc-4.0Nov 2023View details →

Short and long term impacts of Covid-19 on Older childreN's healTh-Related behAviours, learning and wellbeing STudy (CONTRAST) dataset

The CONTRAST study explored how the Covid-19 (lockdown) restrictions affected lives of older children in the UK, particularly how they have influenced learning, eating, physical and other activities and wellbeing.

opencc-zeroDec 2023View details →

Beneath the Antarctic sea-ice: Fine-scale analysis of Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) behaviour and predator-prey interactions, using micro-sonar data in Terre Adélie

In this study, we tried to assess: i) whether and how female Weddell seals feed (frequency, depth, duration) during lactation, ii) what is their utilization of a limited foraging area (benthic or pelagic dives) as they are spatially constrained by the presence of their pup, and iii) how can we characterize their foraging dives and the approach/catching phases using new tools providing a more detailed description of their behaviour. Sonar tags were deployed on three breeding female Weddell seals in Terre Adélie (East Antarctica) in November 2019, to study animals' movements and dives at high resolution (3D acceleration, magnetometry, time and depth and GPS location), as well as information on prey and predator-prey interactions using acoustic data.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →

Baboon approach behaviour data - Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique and Gombe National Park, Tanzania

See README file for more complete information Overview: This dataset provides presence/absence data for each of 299 observations from Gorongosa National Park and 73 observations from Gombe National Park. Each observation is one "proximity event", where an adult/subadult baboon approached another adult/subadult baboon from outside 5 m to within 2 m. Data was first collected using BORIS (Friard and Gamba, 2016) following an ethogram (DOI:10.5281/zenodo.7314291), then cleaned using Python version 3.8.5 and R version 4.0.5 to format as a presence/absence matrix.  Study species: Papio ursinus griseipes (chacma baboon) and Papio anubis (olive baboon) where specified Dates of data collection: Videos in Gorongosa National Park were filmed 2018-10 to 2018-11 and 2019-07 to 2019-11. Videos in Gombe Stream national Park were recorded 2021-1 to 2021-5 and 2021-8 to 2021-9. Geographic location of data collection: Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique and Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania as specified by observation Video coding software: BORIS (Friard and Gamba, 2016) Recommended citation in BibTex form: @ELECTRONIC{Muschinski2022b,   author = {Muschinski, Jana and Carvalho, Susana},   year = {2023},   title = {Baboon approach behaviour data - {Gorongosa National Park}, {Mozambique} and {Gombe National Park}, {Tanzania}},   doi = {10.5281/zenodo.10339023},   owner = {Paleo-Primate Project, Gorongosa National Park},   organization = {Paleo-Primate Project, Gorongosa National Park} }

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

Do food distribution and competitor density affect agonistic behaviour within and between clans in a high fission-fusion species?

Socioecological theory attributes social variation in female-bonded species to differences in within- and between-group competition, shaped by food distribution. Strong between-group contests are expected over large, monopolisable resources, but not when low-quality food is distributed across large, undefended home ranges. Within-group contests are expected to be more frequent with increasing heterogeneity in feeding sites. We tested these predictions in female Asian elephants, which show traits associated with infrequent contests – predominant graminivory, overlapping home ranges, and high fission-fusion. We examined how agonistic interactions within and between female elephant clans (social groupings) vary with food distribution and competitor density. We found stronger between-clan contests than that known from neighbouring forests and more frequent agonism between females between clans than within clans. Such strong between-clan contest is attributable to food patchiness as the Kabini grassland in the study area had three times the grass biomass as adjacent forests. Within-clan agonism was also frequent but was not influenced by food distribution, contradicting socioecological predictions. Contrary to recent claims, increasing within-clan agonism with group (party) size showed that ecological constraints operate despite high fission-fusion in Asian elephants. Thus, despite graminivory and fission-fusion, within-clan and between-clan agonism can be frequent, especially at high population density.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2024View details →

Narratives on inequalities in enablers and hindrances for advancing behavioural change through an inclusive Green Deal in Europe. ACCTING dataset

The impact of climate change and the capacity to mitigate its negative impacts are unevenly distributed across and within societies; it is the poorer, marginalised and vulnerable groups who are the most acutely affected. This dataset captures some of the experiences of those groups. It includes 358 narratives collected via individual narrative interviews in 13 European countries during June-December 2022 across eight thematic research lines – each research line addressing an EU Green Deal policy area. The data was gatered in the EU funded ACCTING, which mobilises research experimentation and innovation to promote an inclusive and socially just European Green Deal focusing on the inequalities produced by its policies and supporting behavioural change at individual and collective levels. The project explores the impact of Green Deal policy initiatives on individual and collective behaviours, provides evidence, and empowers policymakers and stakeholders to anticipate policy responses and potential negative influences, and mitigate such impacts in decision-making. ACCTING collects new data on Green Deal policy interventions and co-designs and implements pilot actions to reduce or prevent policy-related inequalities and advance behavioural change for an inclusive and equal European Green Deal.

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

R scripts, input and output data for: Season of death, pathogen persistence and wildlife behaviour alter number of anthrax secondary infections from environmental reservoirs

An important part of infectious disease management is predicting factors that influence disease outbreaks, such as R, the number of secondary infections arising from an infected individual. Estimating R is particularly challenging for environmentally transmitted pathogens given time lags between cases and subsequent infections. Here, we calculated R for Bacillus anthracis infections arising from anthrax carcass sites in Etosha National Park, Namibia. Combining host behavioural data, pathogen concentrations, and simulation models, we show that R is spatially and temporally variable, driven by spore concentrations at death, host visitation rates and early preference for foraging at infectious sites. While spores were detected up to a decade after death, most secondary infections occurred within two years. Transmission simulations under scenarios combining site infectiousness and host exposure risk under different environmental conditions led to dramatically different outbreak dynamics, from pathogen extinction (R<1) to explosive outbreaks (R>10). These transmission heterogeneities may explain variation in anthrax outbreak dynamics observed globally, and more generally, the critical importance of environmental variation underlying host-pathogens interactions. Notably, our approach allowed us to estimate the lethal dose of a highly virulent pathogen non-invasively from observational studies and epidemiological data, useful when experiments on wildlife are undesirable or impractical.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →

Different components of cognitive-behavioural therapy affect specific cognitive mechanisms: supporting data

This repository holds data associated with the manuscript "Different components of cognitive-behavioural therapy affect specific cognitive mechanisms" (<a href="https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/ydct5">https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/ydct5</a>).<ul><li>rew-eff-planningX .csv files represent data from experiments testing effects of a planning/goal-setting intervention on reward-effort decision-making (X=1, initial discovery sample, X=2, replication sample)</li><li>causal-attr-X .csv files represent data from experiments testing the effects of a cognitive restructuring intervention on causal attribution tendencies (X=1, initial discovery sample, X=2, replication sample)</li><li>crossover-study-X .csv files represent data from the crossover-design study (data saved separately for participants randomly allocated to complete the reward-effort vs causal attribution tasks).</li></ul>Data-generating task code and full analysis code can be found at <a href="https://github.com/agnesnorbury/cognitive-mechanisms-psychotherapy">https://github.com/agnesnorbury/cognitive-mechanisms-psychotherapy</a>.

Early developmental carry-over effects on exploratory behaviour and DNA methylation in wild great tits (Parus major)

Adverse, postnatal conditions experienced during development are known to induce lingering effects on morphology, behaviour, reproduction and survival. Despite the importance of early developmental stress for shaping the adult phenotype, it is largely unknown which molecular mechanisms allow for the induction and maintenance of such phenotypic effects once the early environmental conditions are released. Here we aimed to investigate whether lasting early developmental phenotypic changes are associated with post-developmental DNA methylation changes. We used a cross-foster and brood size experiment in great tit (Parus major) nestlings, which induced post-fledging effects on biometric measures and exploratory behaviour, a validated personality trait. We investigated whether these post-fledging effects are associated with DNA methylation levels of CpG sites in erythrocyte DNA. Individuals raised in enlarged broods caught up on their developmental delay after reaching independence and became more explorative as days since fledging passed, while the exploratory scores of individuals that were raised in reduced broods remained stable. Although we previously found that brood enlargement hardly affected pre-fledging methylation levels, we found 420 CpG sites that were differentially methylated between fledged individuals that were raised in small versus large sized broods. A considerable number of the affected CpG sites were located in or near genes involved in metabolism, growth, behaviour and cognition. Since the biological functions of these genes line up with the observed post-fledging phenotypic effects of brood size, our results suggest that DNA methylation provides organisms the opportunity to modulate their condition once the environmental conditions allow it. In conclusion, this study shows that nutritional stress during early development associates with indirect, carry-over effects on DNA methylation. We propose that treatment-associated DNA methylation differences arise as a consequence of pre-fledging phenotypic changes, rather than that they cause early environmentally-induced effects.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2024View details →

Unconventional mechanical and thermal behaviours of MOF CALF-20

Data for reproducibility of the paper: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=fq_Q0rkAAAAJ&hl=en%5D(https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=fq_Q0rkAAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=pubdate)" rel="nofollow">D. Fan</a>, <a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=7qyxfhAAAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=pubdate" rel="nofollow">S. Naskar</a>, and <a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=QNfwyjgAAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=pubdate" rel="nofollow">G. Maurin</a>, Unconventional mechanical and thermal behaviours of MOF CALF-20 D Fan, Nature Communications, 15, 3251 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-47695-6  Please also refer to the main dataset: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10815341" rel="nofollow">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10815341</a> The citation of the datasets should be : Fan, D., Naskar, S., & Maurin G. Unconventional mechanical and thermal behaviours of MOF CALF-20. Zenodo database, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10815341, (2024)

Individual behaviour, growth, survival and vulnerability to hunting in a large mammal

Humans have exploited wild animals for thousands of years. Recent studies indicate that harvest-induced selection on life-history and morphological traits may lead to ecological and evolutionary changes. Less attention has been given to harvest-induced selection on behavioural traits, especially in terrestrial systems. We assessed in a wild population of large terrestrial mammals whether decades of hunting led to harvest-induced selection on trappability, a proxy of risk-taking behaviour. We investigated links between trappability, horn growth and survival across individuals in early life and quantified the correlations between early life trappability and horn growth with availability to hunters and probability of being shot. We found positive among-individual correlations between early life trappability and horn growth, early life trappability and survival, and early life horn growth and survival. Faster growing individuals were more likely to be available to hunters and shot at a young age. We found no correlations between early life trappability and availability to hunters or probability of being shot. Our results show that correlations between behaviour and growth can occur in wild terrestrial population but may be context dependent. This result highlights the difficulty in formulating general predictions about harvest-induced selection on behaviour, which can be affected by species ecology, harvesting regulations, and harvesting methods used. Future studies should investigate mechanisms linking physiological, behavioural, and morphological traits and how this effects harvest vulnerability to evaluate the potential for harvest to drive selection on behaviour in wild animal populations.

Data from: Among-individual behavioural variation in the ornamental red cherry shrimp, Neocaridina heteropoda

Personality variation, defined as among-individual differences in behaviour that are repeatable across time and context, has been reported across animal taxa. From an evolutionary perspective, characterising the amount and structure of this variation is useful since differences among-individuals are the raw material for adaptive behavioural evolution. However, it is becoming apparent that behavioural variation among-individuals also has implications for more applied areas of evolution and ecology – from invasion biology, to ecotoxicology, and selective breeding in captive systems. Here, we investigate the structure of personality variation in the red cherry shrimp, Neocaridina heteropoda, a popular ornamental species that is readily kept and bred under lab conditions and is emerging as a decapod crustacean model across these fields, but for which basic biological, ecological, and behavioural data is limited. Using two assays and a repeated measures approach, we quantify behaviours putatively indicative of shy-bold variation and test for sexual dimorphism and/or size-dependent behaviours (as predicted by some state-dependent models of personality). We find moderate to high behavioural repeatabilities across traits. Although strong individual level correlations across behaviours are consistent with a major personality axis underlying these observed traits, the multivariate structure of personality variation does not fully match a priori expectations of a shy-bold axis. This may reflect our ecological naivety with respect to what really constitutes bolder, more risk prone, behaviour in this species. We find no evidence for sexual dimorphism and only weak support size-dependent behaviour. Our study contributes to the growing literature describing behavioural variation in aquatic invertebrates. Furthermore, it lays a foundation for further studies harnessing the potential of this emerging model system. In particular, this existing behavioural variation could be functionally linked to life-history traits and invasive success, and serve as target of artificial selection or bioassays. It thus holds significant promise in applied research across ecotoxicology, aquaculture, and invasion biology.

Synergistic negative effects between a fungicide and high temperatures on homing behaviours in honey bees

Interactions between environmental stressors may contribute to ongoing pollinator declines, but have not been extensively studied. Here, we examined the interaction between the agricultural fungicide Pristine® (active ingredients: 25.2% boscalid, 12.8% pyraclostrobin) and high temperatures on critical honey bee behaviours. We have previously shown that consumption of field-realistic levels of this fungicide shortens worker lifespan in the field and impairs associative learning performance in a laboratory-based assay. We hypothesized that Pristine® would also impair homing and foraging behaviours in the field, and that an interaction with hot weather would exacerbate this effect. Both field-relevant Pristine® exposure and higher air temperatures reduced the probability of successful return on their own. Together, the two factors synergistically reduced the probability of return and increased the time required for bees to return to the hive. Pristine® did not affect the masses of pollen or volumes of nectar or water brought back to the hive by foragers, and it did not affect the ratio of forager types in a colony. However, Pristine®-fed bees brought more concentrated nectar back to the hive. As both agrochemical usage and heat waves increase, additive and synergistic negative effects may pose major threats to pollinators and sustainable agriculture.

opencc-zeroMar 2024View details →

Context-dependent multimodal behaviour in a coral reef fish: Stage 1 & 2 total duration and count data in behaviour trials

Animals are expected to respond flexibly to changing circumstances, with multimodal signalling providing potential plasticity in social interactions. Whilst numerous studies have documented context-dependent behavioural trade-offs in terrestrial species, far less work has considered such decision-making in fish, especially in natural conditions. Coral reef ecosystems host 25% of all known marine species, making them hotbeds of competition and predation. We conducted experiments with wild Ambon damselfish (Pomacentrus amboinensis) to investigate context-dependent responses to a conspecific intruder; specifically, how nest defence is influenced by an elevated predation risk. We found that nest-defending male Ambon damselfish responded aggressively to a conspecific intruder, spending less time sheltering and more time interacting, as well as signalling both visually and acoustically. In the presence of a model predator compared to a model herbivore, males spent less time interacting with the intruder, with a tendency towards reduced investment in visual displays compensated for by an increase in acoustic signalling instead. We therefore provide ecologically valid evidence that the context experienced by an individual can affect its behavioural responses and multimodal displays towards conspecific threats.