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FIGURE 10 in Interpretation of anatomical characters in phylogenetic analysis of Pinnipedia, with emphasis on Otariidae (Mammalia, Carnivora)
FIGURE 10: Apical constriction and vertical sulcus on the root of the second upper postcanine of Arctocephalus australis (MCN 2456: a, lingual view; b, apical view; scale, 5 cm).
FIGURE 5 in Interpretation of anatomical characters in phylogenetic analysis of Pinnipedia, with emphasis on Otariidae (Mammalia, Carnivora)
FIGURE 5: Presence of a prolonged posterior-ventral projection in the wall of the tympanic bulla in Arctocephalus australis (MCN 1021; scale, 5 cm).
FIGURE 10 in New leontiniid Notoungulata (Mammalia) from Chile and Argentina: comparative anatomy, character analysis, and phylogenetic hypotheses
FIGURE 10. Hypothetical scapular transition series in Notoungulata. Not drawn to scale.
FIGURE 6 in New leontiniid Notoungulata (Mammalia) from Chile and Argentina: comparative anatomy, character analysis, and phylogenetic hypotheses
FIGURE 6. Mandible of Elmerriggsia fieldia (FMNH P 13501) in occlusal (A) and lateral (B) views.
Figure 9 in Revisiting the contribution of larval characters to an analysis of phylogenetic relationships of basal anurans
Figure 9. Anterior view of mouths of (a) Pipa myersi and (b) Rana palmipes. Not to scale.
FIGURE 3 in Interpretation of anatomical characters in phylogenetic analysis of Pinnipedia, with emphasis on Otariidae (Mammalia, Carnivora)
FIGURE 3: Nasolabialis fossa in Otaria byronia (MCN 2697; scale, 5 cm).
Phylogenetic analysis of characters with dependencies under maximum likelihood
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Fig. 6. Characters 29–36 in Cladistic analysis and synopsis of Chloropepla Stål (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) with the description of three new species
Fig. 6. Characters 29–36. (A–C) Paramere, lateral view: (A) Mayrinia curvidens; (B) Chloropepla caxiuanensis sp.n.; (C) C. aurea. (D–G) Phallus: (D) C. stysi, posterior view; (E) C. stysi; anterior view; (F) Loxa deducta, posterior view; (G) C. vigens, lateral view; (H) Rhyncholepta grandicallosa, lateral view. Scale bars: A, B, D–G = 1 mm, C = 0.5 mm. This figure is published in colour in the online version of this journal, which can be accessed via http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/1876312x.
Fig. 4. Characters 16–22, 28 in Cladistic analysis and synopsis of Chloropepla Stål (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) with the description of three new species
Fig. 4. Characters 16–22, 28. (A–F) Pygophore dorsal view: (A, B) Chloropepla aurea; (C) C. caxiuanensis sp.n.; (D) C. stysi; (E) C. caxiuanensis sp.n.; (F) Loxa deducta. (G, H) Pygophore ventral view: (G) C. vigens; (H) C. caxiuanensis sp.n. (I) Pygophore posterior view, C. caxiuanensis sp.n. (J–L) Pygophore ventral wall (internal view): (J) Mayrinia curvidens; (L) Rhyncholepta grandicallosa. Scale bar = 1 mm. This figure is published in colour in the online version of this journal, which can be accessed via http:// booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/1876312x.
Fig. 3. Characters 9–15 in Cladistic analysis and synopsis of Chloropepla Stål (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) with the description of three new species
Fig. 3. Characters 9–15. (A–C) Female external genitalia: (A) Chloropepla vigens; (B) C. tucuruiensis; (C) C. stysi. (D–G) Female internal genitalia: (D) C. vigens; (E) C. rolstoni; (F) Loxa deducta; (G) C. aurea. (H, I) Capsula seminalis: (H) C. vigens; (I) C. stysi. Abbreviation: paf, posterior annular flange. Scale bar = 1 mm.
Fig. 1. Characters 0–4 in Cladistic analysis and synopsis of Chloropepla Stål (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) with the description of three new species
Fig. 1. Characters 0–4. (A, B) Head dorsal view. (A) Chloropepla vigens; (B) Mayrinia curvidens. (C–E) Humeral angles. (C) C. vigens; (D) C. aurea; (E) C. paveli. Abbreviations: j, juga; cl, clypeus. Scale bar = 1 mm.
Do meristic characters used in phylogenetic analysis evolve in an ordered manner?
The use of ordered characters in phylogenetic analysis has been inconsistent through research history. It has become more widespread in recent years, and some have advocated that all characters representing continuous or meristic traits should be ordered as a matter of course. Here, using the example of dental evolution, we examine two factors that may impact on whether meristic characters actually evolve in an ordered manner: the regulatory hierarchy governing the development of teeth that allows large sections of the entire tooth-row to be supressed in a single transition, and regionalisation of the tooth row where different modules have a degree of independence in their evolution. These are studied using both empirical and simulated data. Models of evolution of such characters are examined over molecular phylogenies to see if ordered or unordered models fit best. Simulations of tooth-row evolution are designed to incorporate changes in region size and multiple levels developmental control to supress individual regions or the entire row. The empirical analyses show that in a clade with largely homodont dentition the characters evolve in an ordered manner, but if dentition is heterodont with distinct regionalisation their evolution better fits an unordered model. In the simulations, even if teeth are added and removed from the tooth row in an ordered manner, dividing the row into independently evolving modules can lead to characters covering multiple modules better fitting an unordered model of evolution. Adding the ability to suppress regions or the entire tooth row has a variable effect depending on the rates of suppression relative to the rates of addition and subtraction of individual teeth. We therefore advise not following a single policy when deciding whether to order meristic traits, but to base the decision on the evolution and developmental biology of the clade under study.
FIGURE 6. Correlation between characters 4–5 and 1–6 in Quantitative analysis of interspecific and ontogenetic variation in Osteoglossum species (Teleostei: Osteoglossiformes: Osteoglossidae)
FIGURE 6. Correlation between characters 4–5 and 1–6, including all size classes of Osteoglossum species. Numbers represent species and classes, where, 1= postembryos and juveniles of O. ferreirai; 2= adults of O. ferreirai; 3= postembryos and juveniles of O. bicirrhosum; 4= adults of O. bicirrhosum.
FIGURE 4. Correlation between characters 13–14 and 1–2 in Quantitative analysis of interspecific and ontogenetic variation in Osteoglossum species (Teleostei: Osteoglossiformes: Osteoglossidae)
FIGURE 4. Correlation between characters 13–14 and 1–2, including all size classes of Osteoglossum species. Numbers represent species and classes, where, 1= postembryos and juveniles of O. ferreirai; 2= adults of O. ferreirai; 3= postembryos and juveniles of O. bicirrhosum; 4= adults of O. bicirrhosum.
FIGURE 11 in The Naticidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Giglio Island (Tuscany, Italy): Shell characters, live animals, and a molecular analysis of egg masses
FIGURE 11: Naticid egg masses collected on Giglio Island. A/a, Neverita josephinia (Campese Bay); B/b, probably Tectonatica rizzae (Pt. delle Secche); C/c, Notocochlis dillwynii (Pt. delle Secche); D/d, Notocochlis dillwynii (Cala dell´Allume); E/e, Notocochlis dillwynii (Fenaio); F/f, Tectonatica sagraiana (Campese Bay); G/g, Naticarius hebraeus (Pt. del Morto); H-I, egg capsules in egg masses of T. sagraiana (10 days old); J-K, egg capsules in egg masses of N. josephinia (1 day old).
FIGURE 7 in The Naticidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Giglio Island (Tuscany, Italy): Shell characters, live animals, and a molecular analysis of egg masses
FIGURE 7: Photos of the holotype of Natica sagraiana Orbigny, 1842 (A–C, F), held at the Natural History Museum, London, BM(NH)#1854.10.4.228, including its labels (G, H), and figured specimen (D, E) of Natica sagraiana Orbigny, 1842 (Orbigny in Sagra 1842, Mollusques, vol. 2, pl. 17, page 34). A, apertual view; B, dorsal view; C, umbilical view; F, apical view; G, BM(NH) label of holotype; H, original labels of Orbigny, indicating the type locality to be Cuba. The figured specimen (D, E) appears to represent the holotype (A-C, F). Scale bars represent 0.5 cm.
FIGURE 3 in The Naticidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Giglio Island (Tuscany, Italy): Shell characters, live animals, and a molecular analysis of egg masses
FIGURE 3: Photos of all egg masses used for molecular analysis (see Figure 1) in this study. For details concerning collection sites and the sequences amplified see Table 2. The pictures were taken immediately after the collars has been collected. DNA samples from egg masses were marked with C followed by a reference number when DNA was extracted directly from an egg mass; they were marked with L followed by a reference number if DNA extraction was performed from hatched larvae. Scale bars represent 0.5 cm.
FIGURE 2 in The Naticidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Giglio Island (Tuscany, Italy): Shell characters, live animals, and a molecular analysis of egg masses
FIGURE 2: Apertual views of all adult naticid specimens used for molecular analysis (see Figure 1) in this study. For more details concerning collection sites and the sequences amplified see Table 2. Scale bars represent 0.5 cm.
FIGURE 10 in The Naticidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Giglio Island (Tuscany, Italy): Shell characters, live animals, and a molecular analysis of egg masses
FIGURE 10: A, Payraudeautia intricata (Donovan, 1804); B, Neverita josephinia (Risso, 1826). Further details as in Figure 3. Scale bars represent 0.5 cm.
FIGURE 8 in The Naticidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Giglio Island (Tuscany, Italy): Shell characters, live animals, and a molecular analysis of egg masses
FIGURE 8: A, Tectonatica sagraiana (Orbigny, 1842); B, Tectonatica rizzae (Philippi, 1844). Further details as in Figure 3. Scale bars represent 0.5 cm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.