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1,161 results for “Drosophila melanogaster”
Drosophila melanogaster hosts coevolving with Pseudomonas entomophila pathogen show sex-specific patterns of local adaptation
<p><strong><span>Background:</span></strong></p> <p><span>In spatially structured populations, local adaptation improves organisms' fitness in their native environment. Host and pathogens can rapidly adapt to their local antagonist. Since males and females can differ in their immunocompetence, the patterns of local adaptation can be different between the sexes. However, there is little information about sex differences in local adaptation in host-pathogen systems.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Results:</span></strong></p> <p><span> </span><span>In the current study, we experimentally coevolved four different replicate populations of <em>Drosophila melanogaster </em>(host) and <em>Pseudomonas entomophila</em> (pathogen) along with appropriate controls. We used the four host-pathogen coevolution populations to investigate the occurrence of local adaptation separately in males and females of the coevolving hosts. We also assessed local adaptation in pathogens. We set up a reciprocal infection experiment where we infected each of the four coevolving hosts with their local pathogen or non-local pathogens from the other three replicate populations. We found that overall, male and female hosts had better survivorship when infected with local pathogens, indicating that they were locally adapted. Interestingly, males were more susceptible to non-local pathogens compared to females. In addition, we found no fecundity cost in females infected with either local or non-local pathogens. We found no evidence of local adaptation among the pathogens.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Conclusion:</span></strong></p> <p><span>Our study showed sex-specific adaptation in the coevolving hosts where female hosts had a broader response against allopatric coevolving pathogens with no cost in fecundity. Thus, our results might suggest a novel mechanism that can maintain variation in susceptibility in spatially structured populations.</span></p>
Evolution of a novel female reproductive strategy in Drosophila melanogaster populations subjected to long term protein restriction
<p>Reproductive output is often constrained by availability of macronutrients, especially protein. Long term protein restriction, therefore, is expected to select for traits maximizing reproduction even under nutritional challenge. We subjected four replicate populations of <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> to a complete deprivation of yeast supplement, thereby mimicking a protein restricted ecology. Following 24 generations, compared to their matched controls, females from experimental populations showed increased reproductive output early in life, both in presence and absence of yeast supplement. The observed increase in reproductive output was without associated alterations in egg size, development time, pre-adult survivorship, body mass at eclosion, and lifespan of the females. Further, selection was ineffective on lifelong cumulative fecundity. However, females from experiment regime were found to have a significantly faster rate of reproductive senescence following the attainment of the reproductive peak early in life. Therefore, adaptation to yeast deprivation ecology in our study involved a novel reproductive strategy whereby females attained higher reproductive output early in life followed by faster reproductive aging. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the cleanest demonstration of optimization of fitness by fine tuning of reproductive schedule during adaptation to a prolonged nutritional deprivation.</p>
Increasing adult density compromises survival following bacterial infections in Drosophila melanogaster
<p>The density-dependent prophylaxis hypothesis predicts that risk of pathogen transmission increases with increase in population density, and in response to this, organisms mount a prophylactic immune response when exposed to high density. This prophylactic response is expected to help organisms improve their chances of survival when exposed to pathogens. Alternatively, organisms living at high densities can exhibit compromised defense against pathogens due to lack of resources and density associated physiological stress; the crowding stress hypothesis. We housed adult Drosophila melanogaster flies at different densities and measured the effect this has on their post-infection survival and resistance to starvation. We find that flies housed at higher densities show greater mortality after being infected with bacterial pathogens, while also exhibiting increased resistance to starvation. Our results are more in line with the density-stress hypothesis that postulates a compromised immune system when hosts are subjected to high densities.</p>
Does perception of female cues modulate male short-term fitness components in Drosophila melanogaster?
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Phenotypic plasticity in reproductive behaviour can be a strong driver of individual fitness. In species with high intra-sexual competition, changes in socio-sexual context can trigger quick adaptive plastic responses in males. In particular, a recent study in the vinegar fly (<em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>) shows that males derive net fitness benefits from being shortly exposed to female cues ahead of access to mating (termed <em>sexual perception</em>), but the underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon remain unknown. Here, we investigated the short-term effects of female perception on male pre- and post-copulatory components of reproductive performance: a) mating success, b) mating latency and duration, c) sperm competitiveness, and d) ejaculate effects on female receptivity and oviposition rate. We found that brief sexual perception increased mating duration, but had no effect on the main pre- or post-copulatory fitness proxies recorded. This may suggest that male fitness benefits from responses to sexual perception do not play out in the short-term, but we discuss alternative explanations and future avenues of research. </span></p>
Data from: The neurodevelopmental genes alan shepard and Neuroglian contribute to female mate preference in African Drosophila melanogaster
<p>Mate choice is a key trait that determines fitness for most sexually reproducing organisms, with females often being the choosy sex. Female preference often results in strong selection on male traits that can drive rapid divergence of traits and preferences between lineages, leading to reproductive isolation. Despite this fundamental property of female mate choice, very few loci have been identified that contribute to mate choice and reproductive isolation. We used a combination of population genetics, quantitative complementation tests, and behavioral assays to demonstrate that alan shepard and Neuroglian contribute to female mate choice, and could contribute to partial reproductive isolation between populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Our study is among the first to identify genes that contribute to female mate preference in this historically important system, where female preference is an active premating barrier to reproduction. The identification of loci that are primarily known for their roles in neurodevelopment provides intriguing questions of how female mate preference evolves in populations via changes in sensory system and higher learning brain centers.</p>
Conditioning, short-term and long-term memory tests of Drosophila melanogaster grown with and without predators
<p>Conditioning (i.e., associative learning) and memory tests were performed following the methods of previous studies. We used samples of 10 adult flies (males only), raised in standard conditions and aged 6-7 days. The conditioning procedure consisted of 5 training sessions separated by 20-minute intervals (i.e., spaced protocol). During associative conditioning, flies were first exposed for 30 seconds (s) to one odorant simultaneously with a mechanical shock of 2000 rpm vibration pulses of 1 s duration, delivered every 5 s by a test tube shaker (Heidolph Instruments, Schwabach, Germany). This period was followed by a 60 s rest period (no odor and no shock). Then, for 30 s, another odorant was delivered without shock. The training session ended with a second rest period of 60 s. 3-octanol and 4-methylcyclohexanol (both 0.6 mL/L of paraffin) were used as odorants. Each fly group was chosen to be conditioned randomly to either 3-octanol or 4-methylcyclohexanol. The results of the final trial (the fifth out of 5 trials, referred to as the “conditioning” group hereafter) of associative conditioning were used to characterize the learning of fruit flies. </p> <p>We tested 1 h (short-term memory, STM) and 24 h memory (LTM) retention after associative conditioning. During the memory retention assay, the flies walked to the choice point of a T-maze, in which they were exposed to two converging currents of air, one carrying 3-octanol and the other 4-methylcyclohexanol, and then allowed to choose between the two odors for 60 s. The memory score was calculated as the difference in the proportion of individuals choosing 3-octanol between flies conditioned to avoid 4-methylcyclohexanol and those conditioned to avoid 3-octanol.</p>
Lifespan and fecundity data for: The evolutionary potential of diet-dependent effects on lifespan and fecundity in a multi-parental population of Drosophila melanogaster
<p>This repository contains 3 original data files for a study of heritability in a half-sibling design of outbred multi-parent population of Drosophila melanogaster treated with 3 nutritional conditions.</p> <p> </p> <p>1) lifespan_only.xlsx contains lifespan records.</p> <p>Columns:</p> <p>setDate, start date</p> <p>flipDate, observation date</p> <p>days, age</p> <p>fID, identity of line</p> <p>repl, replicate number</p> <p>treat, diet treatment (HS=high sugar, STD=standard, LY=low yeast)</p> <p>NstartF, starting number of females</p> <p>NstartM, starting number of males</p> <p>box, ccord, rcoord are position coordinates of a vial in a holding box</p> <p>deadF, number of female dead</p> <p>deadM, number of males dead</p> <p>cens, censored events</p> <p>carriedF, dead females that flip to a new food vial</p> <p>carriedM, dead males that flip to a new food vial</p> <p>flipper initials of observer</p> <p>time, time in which 108 vials were flipped.</p> <p> </p> <p>2) feclife_with-image-ids.xlsx - lifespan observation vials are matched with a specific image of eggs collected at a specific day (once a week).</p> <p>Columns:</p> <p>cameraid, image id assigned by the camera</p> <p>handcounted, images counted by hand</p> <p>handcount, number of eggs on an image counted by hand</p> <p>training_set, images that were used to develop and test a prediction model</p> <p>drop_from_lifespan & visually_recheck, quality control.</p> <p> </p> <p>3) egg_images.tgz - all original images. Each image represent fecundity from a single vial at a specific date (in feclife_with-image-ids.xlsx ). The images have been cropped to remove the excess area outside the egg disc. The area outside the circular disc has been converted to black to peripheral eliminate noise.</p>
Evolution of mate harm resistance in females from Drosophila melanogaster populations selected for faster development and early reproduction
<p><span>These images are part of the study titled "<strong>Evolution of mate harm resistance in females from <em>Drosophila melanogaster </em>populations selected for faster development and early reproduction</strong>". The study uses thorax length of study fruit flies as a measure of body size. The images are of the individual fruit fly thorax. These images are used on ImageJ to measure thorax length. The details of the method can be found in the manuscript, which is now accepted for publication in the Journal of Evolutionary Biology. The same can also be found in a <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.12.25.521905">pre-print</a> version. </span></p> <p><span>The abstract of the article is mentioned below: </span></p> <p> </p> <p><strong><span>Abstract</span></strong></p> <p><span>Interlocus sexual conflict is predicted to result in sexually antagonistic coevolution between male competitive traits, which are also female-detrimental, and mate harm resistance (MHR) in females. Little is known about the connection between life-history evolution and sexually antagonistic coevolution. Here, we investigated the evolution of MHR in a set of experimentally evolved populations, where mate-harming ability has been shown to have substantially reduced in males as a correlated response to the selection for faster development and early reproduction. We measured mortality and fecundity of females of these populations and those of their matched controls, under different male exposure conditions. We observed that the evolved females were more susceptible to mate harm - suffering from significantly higher mortality under continuous exposure to control males within the twenty-day assay period. Though these evolved females are known to have shorter lifespan, substantially higher mortality was not observed under virgin and single-mating conditions. We used fecundity data to show that this higher mortality in the experimentally evolved females was not due to the cost of egg production, and hence can only be attributed to reduced MHR. Further analysis indicated that this decreased MHR is unlikely to be due purely to the smaller size of these females. Instead, it is more likely to be an indirect experimentally evolved response attributable to the changed breeding ecology, and/or male trait evolution. Our results underline the implications of changes in life history traits, including lifespan, to the evolution of MHR in females. </span></p>
Transmission of yeast and bacterial symbionts between sexual partners in Drosophila suzukii and Drosophila melanogaster
<p>Data from "Transmission of yeast and bacterial symbionts between sexual partners in Drosophila suzukii and Drosophila melanogaster"</p>
Heterochromatin-dependent transcription of satellite DNAs in the Drosophila melanogaster female germline
<p>Large blocks of tandemly repeated DNAs—satellite DNAs (satDNAs)—play important roles in heterochromatin formation and chromosome segregation. We know little about how satDNAs are regulated, however their misregulation is associated with genomic instability and human diseases. We use the <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> germline as a model to study the regulation of satDNA transcription and chromatin. Here we show that complex satDNAs (>100-bp repeat units) are transcribed into long noncoding RNAs and processed into piRNAs (PIWI interacting RNAs). This satDNA piRNA production depends on the Rhino-Deadlock-Cutoff complex and the transcription factor Moonshiner—a previously-described non-canonical pathway that licenses heterochromatin-dependent transcription of dual-strand piRNA clusters. We show that this pathway is important for establishing heterochromatin at satDNAs. Therefore, satDNAs are regulated by piRNAs originating from their own genomic loci. This novel mechanism of satDNA regulation provides insight into the role of piRNA pathways in heterochromatin formation and genome stability.</p>
Fitness consequences of biochemical adaptation in Drosophila melanogaster populations under simultaneous selection for faster pre-adult development and extended life-span
<p>In holometabolous insect like <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, critical size is an important time point during larval life, for irreversible commitment to metamorphosis. Here, we studied the impact of restricted growth duration in terms of selection for faster pre-adult development in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> populations which resulted in the evolution of reduced critical size on adult life history traits. Selection for faster pre-adult development resulted in biochemical adaptation in larval physiology with no compromise in major biomolecules at critical size time point. The flies from the selected populations seem to not only commit to metamorphosis on the attainment of critical size but also seem to channelize resources to reproduction as indicated by similar life-time fecundity of CS and NS flies from selected populations, while the Control CS flies significantly lower life-time fecundity compared to Control NS flies. The flies from selected populations seem to achieve longevity comparable to control flies despite being significantly smaller in size- thus resource constrained due to faster pre-adult development.</p>
Gene induction by natural toxins in Drosophila melanogaster
<p>The transcriptional response of third instar Drosophila larvae to food laced with caffeine, pyrethrum oil or neem oil was assessed using Agilent 4x44K printed microarrays. Among the most notable responsive genes were those belonging to cytochrome P450 and Ecdysone-like kinase gene families.</p>
Functional impact of subunit composition and compensation on Drosophila melanogaster nicotinic receptors: Targets of neonicotinoids
<p>Neonicotinoid insecticides target insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and their adverse effects on non-target insects are of serious concern. We recently found that cofactor TMX3 enables robust functional expression of insect nAChRs in Xenopus laevis oocytes and showed that neonicotinoids (imidacloprid, thiacloprid, and clothianidin) exhibited agonist actions on some nAChRs of the fruit fly (<em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>), honeybee (<em>Apis mellifera</em>) and bumblebee (<em>Bombus terrestris</em>) nAChRs with more potent actions on the pollinator nAChRs. However, other subunits from the nAChR family remain to be explored. We show that the Dα3 subunit co-exists with Dα1, Dα2, Dβ1, and Dβ2 subunits in the same neurons of adult <em>D. melanogaster</em>, thereby expanding the possible nAChR subtypes in these cells alone from 4 to 12. The presence of Dα1 and Dα2 subunits reduced the affinity of imidacloprid, thiacloprid, and clothianidin for nAChRs expressed in <em>Xenopus laevis</em> oocytes, whereas the Dα3 subunit enhanced it. RNAi targeting <em>Dα1</em>, <em>Dα2,</em> or <em>Dα3</em> in adults reduced expression of targeted subunits but commonly enhanced <em>Dβ3</em> expression. Also, <em>Dα1</em> RNAi enhanced <em>Dα7</em> expression, <em>Dα2</em> RNAi reduced <em>Dα1</em>, <em>Dα6</em>, and <em>Dα7</em> expression and <em>Dα3</em> RNAi reduced <em>Dα1</em> expression while enhancing <em>Dα2</em> expression, respectively. In most cases, RNAi treatment of either <em>Dα1</em> or <em>Dα2</em> reduced neonicotinoid toxicity in larvae, but <em>Dα2</em> RNAi enhanced neonicotinoid sensitivity in adults reflecting the affinity-reducing effect of <em>Dα2</em>. Substituting each of <em>Dα1</em>, <em>Dα2</em>, and <em>Dα3</em> subunits by <em>Dα4</em> or <em>Dβ3</em> subunit mostly increased neonicotinoid affinity and reduced efficacy. Therefore, <span>functional expression studies and RNAi targeting of subunits show that neonicotinoid action and toxicity involve the integrated actions of multiple nAChR subunit combinations, counseling caution in interpreting toxicity to insects by subunit gene modification alone.</span></p>
Recovery from heat-induced infertility: A study of reproductive tissue responses and fitness consequences in male Drosophila melanogaster
<p><span>The predicted temperature increase caused by climate change is a threat to biodiversity. Across animal taxa, male reproduction is often sensitive to elevated temperatures leading to fertility loss and in more adverse scenarios, this can result in sterility when males reach their upper thermal fertility limit. Here we investigate temperature-induced changes in reproductive tissues, fertility reduction, sterility, and the associated fitness loss during the subsequent recovery phase in male <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>. We heat-stressed males during development and either allowed them to recover or not in early adulthood, while measuring several determinants of male reproductive success. We found significant differences in recovery rate, organ sizes, sperm production, and other key reproductive traits among males from our different temperature treatments.</span> <span>Sperm maturation was impaired before reaching the upper thermal sterility threshold. While some effects were reversible, this did not compensate for the fitness loss due to damage imposed during development. Surprisingly, developmental heat stress was damaging to accessory gland growth, and female post-mating responses mediated by seminal fluid proteins were impaired regardless of the possibility of recovery. </span><span>We suggest </span><span>that sub-lethal thermal sterility and the subsequent fertility reduction is caused by a combination of inefficient functionality of both the accessory gland and testes. </span></p>
A reductionist paradigm for high-throughput behavioural fingerprinting in Drosophila melanogaster - DATASET 2 of 2
<p>Dataset associated with "A reductionist paradigm for high-throughput behavioural fingerprinting in <em>Drosophila </em><em>melanogaster" </em>by Jones et al 2022 </p> <p>See http://lab.gilest.ro/coccinella for more information</p> <p>This is archive 2 of 2</p>
TE invasion fuels molecular adaptation in laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster
<p>Transposable elements are mobile genetic parasites that frequently invade new host genomes through horizontal transfer. Invading TEs often exhibit a burst of transposition, followed by reduced transposition rates as repression evolves in the host. We recreated the horizontal transfer of <em>P</em>-element DNA transposons into a <em>D</em>. <em>melanogaster</em> host and followed the expansion of TE copies and evolution of host repression in replicate laboratory populations reared at different temperatures. We observed that while populations maintained at high temperatures rapidly go extinct after TE invasion, those maintained at lower temperatures persist, allowing for TE spread and the evolution of host repression. We also surprisingly discovered that invaded populations experienced recurrent insertion of P-elements into a specific long non-coding RNA, <em>lncRNA:CR43651</em>, and that these insertion alleles are segregating at unusually high frequency in experimental populations, indicative of positive selection. We propose that, in addition to driving the evolution of repression, transpositional bursts of invading TEs can drive molecular adaptation.</p>
Sex-specific paternal age effects on offspring quality in Drosophila melanogaster
<p>Advanced paternal age has been repeatedly shown to modulate offspring quality via male- and/or female-driven processes, and there are theoretical reasons to expect that some of these effects can be sex-specific. For example, sex allocation theory predicts that, when mated with low-condition males, mothers should invest more in their daughters compared to their sons. This is because male fitness is generally more condition-dependent and more variable than female fitness, which makes it less risky to invest in female offspring. Here, we explore whether paternal age can affect the quality and quantity of offspring in a sex-specific way using Drosophila melanogaster as model organism. In order to understand the contribution of male-driven processes on paternal age effects, we also measured the seminal vesicle size of young and older males and explored its relationship with reproductive success and offspring quality. Older males had lower competitive reproductive success, as expected, but there was no difference between the offspring sex ratio of young and older males. However, we found that paternal age caused an increase in offspring quality (i.e., offspring weight), and that this increase was more marked in daughters than sons. We discuss different male- and female-driven processes that may explain such sex-specific paternal age effects.</p>
Divergent selection on behavioural and chemical traits between reproductively isolated populations of Drosophila melanogaster
<p>Speciation is driven by traits that can act to prevent mating between nascent lineages, including male courtship and female preference for male traits. Mating barriers involving these traits evolve quickly because there is strong selection on males and females to maximize reproductive success, and the tight co-evolution of mating interactions can lead to rapid diversification of sexual behavior. Populations of <em>D. melanogaster</em> show strong asymmetrical reproductive isolation that is correlated with geographic origin. Using strains that capture natural variation in mating traits, we ask two key questions: which specific male traits are females selecting, and are these traits under divergent sexual selection? These questions have proven extremely challenging to answer, because even in closely related lineages males often differ in multiple traits related to mating behavior. We address these questions by estimating selection gradients for male courtship and cuticular hydrocarbons for two different female genotypes. We identify specific behaviors and particular cuticular hydrocarbons that are under divergent sexual selection and could potentially contribute to premating reproductive isolation. Additionally, we report that a subset of these traits are plastic; males adjust these traits based on the identity of the female genotype they interact with. These results suggest that even when male courtship is not fixed between lineages, ongoing selection can act on traits that are important for reproductive isolation.</p>
Developmental heat stress interrupts spermatogenesis inducing early male sterility in Drosophila melanogaster
<p><span>Thermal stress leads to fertility reduction, can cause temporal sterility and thus results in fitness loss with severe ecological and evolutionary consequences, e.g., threatening species persistence already at sub-lethal temperatures. For males we here tested which developmental stage is particularly sensitive to heat stress in the model species <em>Drosophila</em> <em>melanogaster</em>. As developmental stages characterize the different steps of sperm development, we could narrow down which particular processes are heat sensitive. We studied early male reproductive ability and, by following recovery dynamics after a move to benign temperatures, we investigated the mechanisms behind a subsequent gain of fertility. We found strong support to suggest that the last steps of spermatogenesis are particularly sensitive to heat stress, as processes occurring during the pupal stage were mostly interrupted, delaying both sperm production and sperm maturation. Moreover, further measurements in the testes and for proxies of sperm availability indicating the onset of adult reproductive capacity matched the expected heat-induced delay in completing spermatogenesis. We discuss these results within the context of how heat stress affects reproductive organ function and the consequences for male reproductive potential.</span></p>
Data for: A predominant role of genotypic variation in both expression of sperm competition genes and paternity success in Drosophila melanogaster
<p>The study focuses on investigating the impact of both environmental and genotypic variations on the expression of sperm competition genes and relative paternity success (i.e. second male paternity; P2) in Drosophila melanogaster. To address this, the research leverages the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) inbred lines and introduces manipulation of developmental population density, specifically larval density. This experimental design allows for the examination of the effects of genotype, environment, and potential genotype-environment interactions (GEI) on the expression of seminal fluid genes, namely Sex Peptide, Acp36DE, and CG9997 and sperm competitiveness. In light of the observed genotypic influence on genes' expression, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was also conducted for Sex Peptide and Acp36DE.</p>
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