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Fig. 5 in Middle Cambrian gogiid echinoderms from Northeast Spain: Taxonomy, palaeoecology, and palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 5. Slab with two nearly complete, articulated and exquisitely preserved specimens of eocrinoid blastozoan Gogia parsleyi Zamora sp. nov., with some isolated plates belonging to cinctan carpoids. Both specimens probably represent an early mature stage (TH = 12 mm). The left specimen (holotype MPZ2004/162a) shows many of the diagnostic features referred to in the text. The right specimen (paratype MPZ2004/161a) shows the holdfast separated from the theca (indicated by an arrow). Photograph of latex cast whitened with NH4Cl.

Fig. 9 in A new Middle Cambrian stem-group echinoderm from Spain: Palaeobiological implications of a highly asymmetric cinctan

Fig. 9. Reconstruction of the marginal frame of cinctan echinoderm Lignanicystis barriosensis (A) and the cothurnocystid Scotiaecystis collapsa (B) (redraw from Cripps 1988) in dorsal (A1, B1) and anterior (A2, B2) views, and posterior view showing the distinctive bridge−like structure (A3, B3). Mouth opening—black; dorsal and ventral integuments omitted for clarity.

Fig. 6 in A new Middle Cambrian stem-group echinoderm from Spain: Palaeobiological implications of a highly asymmetric cinctan

Fig. 6. Cinctan echinoderm Lignanicystis barriosensis gen et sp. nov. from the Middle Cambrian of Cantabrian Mountains, North Spain. A. Paratype MPZ2007/794; theca in dorsal view. B. Paratype MPZ2007/795; theca in dorsal view; general (B1) and detail of appendage (B2). Abbreviations: M4, hatchet−like marginal plate M4l; mes, mesosphenoidal plate; Op, operculum; sph, sphenoidal plate. All photographs are of latex casts taken from natural moulds.

Fig. 3 in A new Middle Cambrian stem-group echinoderm from Spain: Palaeobiological implications of a highly asymmetric cinctan

Fig. 3. Reconstruction of Lignanicystis barriosensis gen. et sp. nov. in dorsal (A), ventral (B), and anterior (C) views to show anatomical terms and orientation.

Fig. 1. A in A new Middle Cambrian stem-group echinoderm from Spain: Palaeobiological implications of a highly asymmetric cinctan

Fig. 1. A. Geographic map of Spain with the situation of Cantabrian Mountains. B. Geological setting of the section studied in Los Barrios de Luna (Cantabrian Mountains, North Spain). Based on Sdzuy and Liñán (1993).

Fig. 2 in A new Middle Cambrian stem-group echinoderm from Spain: Palaeobiological implications of a highly asymmetric cinctan

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic section at locality Barrios de Luna BL1 showing the horizon from which Lignanicystis was recovered. From Aramburu et al. 2006, derived from Zamarreño (1972) and Aramburu (1989). Abbreviations: CA, Caesaraugustian; LE, Leonian; Mb. Member.

Fig. 8 in A new Middle Cambrian stem-group echinoderm from Spain: Palaeobiological implications of a highly asymmetric cinctan

Fig. 8. Schematic diagrams of plating associated with the dorsal portaoperculum complex for different genera of Cincta. Opercula are shaded.

Fig. 7 in A new Middle Cambrian stem-group echinoderm from Spain: Palaeobiological implications of a highly asymmetric cinctan

Fig. 7. Schematic summary of number of marginal plates in the cinctus, food groove distribution and ventral swelling development on marginal plates for genera of cinctans. M1–M6 marginal plates; l, left, r, right; open boxes, marginal plate present; grey circle, position of mouth; thick grey line, extent of left or right food groove; oblique hatching, presence of ventral swelling on marginal plate; S, Sucocystis.

Fig. 10 in A new Middle Cambrian stem-group echinoderm from Spain: Palaeobiological implications of a highly asymmetric cinctan

Fig. 10. Reconstruction of cinctan echinoderm Lignanicystis showing inferred current directions passing beneath the theca. Dorsal and ventral teguments omitted for clarity.

Fig. 4 in A new Middle Cambrian stem-group echinoderm from Spain: Palaeobiological implications of a highly asymmetric cinctan

Fig. 4. Cinctan echinoderm Lignanicystis barriosensis gen et sp. nov. from the Middle Cambrian of Cantabrian Mountains, North Spain. A. Holotype MPZ2007/776 in dorsal (A1) and ventral (A2) views; A3, detail of dorsal integument on left−hand side; A4, detail of anterior part of theca in dorsal view; A5, detail of posterior right−hand side of theca in dorsal view. B. Paratype MPZ2007/778: anterior of theca in lateral view. Abbreviations: Br, bridge plate; cps, cover plates; fg, food groove; m, mouth; Op, operculum; ppt, periproct; sf, suropercular facet; sp, sutural pore. All photographs are of latex casts taken from natural moulds.

Fig. 5 in The youngest ctenocystoids from the Upper Ordovician of the United Kingdom and the evolution of the bilateral body plan in echinoderms

Fig. 5. Reconstructions of two possible modes of life of Conollia. A. A semi-infaunal mode of life. B. An infaunal mode of life. Adapt- ed from Domínguez Alonso (2004).

Fig. 2 in The youngest ctenocystoids from the Upper Ordovician of the United Kingdom and the evolution of the bilateral body plan in echinoderms

Fig. 2. Stratigraphical position (A) and geographical location (B) of the site where Conollia sporranoides sp. nov. was collected. Adapted from Ingham (1992).

Fig. 3 in The youngest ctenocystoids from the Upper Ordovician of the United Kingdom and the evolution of the bilateral body plan in echinoderms

Fig. 3. Ctenocystoid echinoderm Conollia sporranoides sp. nov. from the Upper Ordovician of Scotland, UK. A. GLAHM 131255/1, partial specimen. B. GLAHM 131255/2, complete specimen. C. GLAHM 131255/3, partial ctenidium in lateral view. D. GLAHM 131255/4, partial ctenidium in adoral view. E. GLAHM 131255/5, partial ctenidium. F. GLAHM 131255/6, partial ctenidium. G. GLAHM 131255/7, complete ctenidium in anterior view. H. GLAHM 131255/8, partial ctenidium in anterior view. I. GLAHM 131255/9, partial ctenidium in anterior view. Photographs of original specimens (A, B), latex casts whitened with ammonium chloride sublimate (C–F), and virtual reconstructions (G–I). Abbreviations: as, articulations for serrated spines; cp, ctenoid plates; ss, serrated spines; ts, thecal spines.

Fig. 1. Representative Cambrian ctenocystoid echinoderms. A, B in The youngest ctenocystoids from the Upper Ordovician of the United Kingdom and the evolution of the bilateral body plan in echinoderms

Fig. 1. Representative Cambrian ctenocystoid echinoderms. A, B. Ctenocystis utahensis Robison and Sprinkle, 1969 from Cambrian Series 3 of the United States. USNM 163252 in dorsal (A 1) and anterior (A 2) views; USNM 595079 in right lateral view (B). C. Undescribed ctenocystoid (Ctenocystoid gen. et sp. nov 1 in Smith et al. 2013) from Cambrian Series 3 of Morocco. NHMUK EE 15428 in dorsal view. D. Courtessolea moncereti Domínguez Alonso, 2004 from Cambrian Series 3 of France. MNHN F.A45783 in dorsal view. E. Courtessolea sp. from Cambrian Series 3 of Spain. MPZ 2009/1234b in ventral view. F. Undescribed ctenocystoid (Ctenocystoid gen. et sp. nov 2 in Smith et al. 2013) from Cambrian Series 3 of Morocco. NHMUK EE 15317 in ventral view. G, H. Jugoszovia archaeocyathoides Dzik and Orłowski, 1995 from Cambrian Series 3 of Poland. ZPAL Ec1/9 in ventral view (G); ZPAL Ec1/1 in anterior view (H). All specimens are latex casts whitened with ammonium chloride sublimate.

FIGURE 4 in Visualizing the fluid flow through the complex skeletonized respiratory structures of a blastoid echinoderm

FIGURE 4. Visualization of the flow within the 3D printed model (Re = 0.376, see Table 1). Flow in the folds consists of horizontal bands of distinct red and blue color, indicating no adoral component to flow and no mixing within the folds, consistent with Hypothesis 2 (see text, Figure 2.2). The still used in the print version of this paper is a single frame from the flow pattern observed, showing the steady-state flow pattern after nine minutes of flow. The animation is sped up 16x (for video see palaeo-electronica.org/content/2015/1073-blastoid-hydrospire-fluid-flow).

FIGURE 2. Schematic showing hypothesized flow patterns within the hydrospire folds. 2.1 in Visualizing the fluid flow through the complex skeletonized respiratory structures of a blastoid echinoderm

FIGURE 2. Schematic showing hypothesized flow patterns within the hydrospire folds. 2.1, In Hypothesis 1, the flow has an adoral component representing respiratory leakage. 2.2, In Hypothesis 2, the flow is entirely radial, without leakage. See text for further discussion.

FIGURE 3 in Visualizing the fluid flow through the complex skeletonized respiratory structures of a blastoid echinoderm

FIGURE 3. Digital and physical models use to visualize fluid flow. 3.1, Digital solid model of approximately the lower quarter of a hydrospire of Pentremites rusticus, using Blender (see text). 3.2, 3D-printed rendering of the digital model, shown with inlet headers connected.

FIGURE 1 in Visualizing the fluid flow through the complex skeletonized respiratory structures of a blastoid echinoderm

FIGURE 1. Anatomy of the hydrospires of the blastoid Pentremites rusticus. 1.1, Location of one of the five radially distributed hydrospires within the calyx, showing incurrent hydrospire pores, and excurrent spiracle (inferred direction of water flow indicated by the arrows). 1.2, Oblique view of a section of a hydrospire and associated structures. Modified from Schmidtling and Marshall (2010).

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Fig. 2 in A species-level supertree for stylophoran echinoderms

Fig. 2. Strict consensus supertree for stylophorans. The lower thecal surfaces of representative taxa are not drawn to the same scale (modified from Lefebvre and Vizcaino 1999; Lefebvre 2000b, 2001; and Martí Mus 2002). See text for details.