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143 results for “Ectotherm”
Data: Upper thermal limits and risk of mortality of coastal Antarctic ectotherms
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Analyzing time-energy constraints to understand the links between environmental change and local extinctions in terrestrial ectotherms
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Data from: Diurnal variation around an optimum and near-critically high temperature does not alter the performance of an ectothermic aquatic grazer
The growing threat of global climate change has led to a profusion of studies examining the effects of warming on biota. Despite the potential importance of natural variability such as diurnal temperature fluctuations, most experimental studies on warming are conducted under stable temperatures. Here we investigated whether the responses of an aquatic invertebrate grazer (Lymnaea stagnalis) to an increased average temperature differ when the thermal regime is either constant or fluctuates diurnally. Using thermal-response curves for several life-history and immune defence traits, we first identified the optimum and near-critically high temperatures that Lymnaea potentially experience during summer heat waves. We then exposed individuals that originated from three different populations to these two temperatures under constant or fluctuating thermal conditions. After seven days, we assessed growth, reproduction, and two immune parameters (phenoloxidase-like activity and antibacterial activity of haemolymph) from each individual. Exposure to the near-critically high temperature led to increased growth rates and decreased antibacterial activity of haemolymph compared to the optimum temperature, whilst temperature fluctuations had no effect on these traits. The results indicate that the temperature level per se, rather than the variability in temperature was the main driver altering trait responses in our study species. Forecasting responses in temperature-related responses remains challenging, due to system-specific properties that can include intraspecific variation. However, our study indicates that experiments examining the effects of warming using constant temperatures can give similar predictions as studies with fluctuating thermal dynamics, and may thus be useful indicators of responses in nature.
Data from: Immunocompetence in a long-lived ectothermic vertebrate is temperature dependent but shows no decline in older adults
1. Temperature affects nearly all aspects of the physiology of ectotherms, including their ability to mount an immune response. Typically, the ectothermic vertebrate immune system can respond over a wide range of temperatures, but there is a species-specific temperature at which responses are strongest, with impaired responses above and below this threshold. In long-lived ectotherms, aging could also influence the ability to respond to temperature changes as immunosenecence, the functional decrease in immune function with age, is widely reported. 2. This study examined the effects of the interaction between temperature and age on B cell function in a long-lived reptile, the red-eared slider turtle, Trachemys scripta. B cells in this species have previously been shown to have two main functions, phagocytosis and antibody production. 3. Adult turtles were trapped and blood samples taken. Because sliders grow throughout their lifetime, plastron length was used as a proxy for age. Leukocytes were isolated and used in either an ELISpot assay to examine their ability to produce antibodies spontaneously or when stimulated, or used in a phagocytic assay. The ELISpot and phagocytic assays were conducted over a range of biologically relevant temperatures. 4. We found no interaction between age and temperature on any measure of B cell function. In all cases there was a significant effect of temperature, with impaired function at temperatures below 29°C, but no impairment of function at higher temperatures. We also found little evidence of immunosenesce in any response. 5. This study provides insight into the thermal biology of B cell function in sliders and provides an interesting connection between immunology, behavior, and ecology in this long-lived turtle.
Data from: Paternal-effects in a terrestrial ectotherm are temperature dependent but no evidence for adaptive effects
1. Global rising of average temperatures and increase in extreme climatic events may largely impact animal survival and reproduction. Yet, how variation in temperature may affect male fertility, in particular ejaculate traits, and whether this can in turn affect offspring fitness, is seldom addressed. Paternal effects may be of key importance as they could impact the rate and direction of evolutionary change in response to climate change. 2. We tested the effects of temperature experienced by males on sperm traits, and asked whether the paternal environmental temperature affected offspring phenotype. We further explored the potential for paternal effects to be adaptive, which would occur when offspring fitness increased under the same environmental conditions experienced by the fathers. We exposed male field crickets to high or low temperatures at two life stages, either throughout development or as adults, and tested sperm traits (number and quality) and offspring fitness (hatching success and survival). We further assessed sperm traits in offspring, after they had also been exposed to the same or different temperature experienced by their father. 3. We found that temperature affected sperm traits depending on the life-stage of individuals. When the exposure was given during adulthood, males exposed to high temperature produced less sperm and of lower quality compared to males exposed to the lower temperature, while if exposure was given during development males exposed to high temperature produced more sperm and of better quality compared to males exposed to low temperatures. Offspring fitness was significantly affected by paternal temperature, evidence for anticipatory paternal effects on sperm traits was not found. 4. Our study indicates that temperature can mediate cross-generational effects, and that paternal effects may be mediated by changes in temperature and therefore much more widespread in nature than previously assumed.
Data from: Ontogenetic thermal tolerance and performance of ectotherms at variable temperatures
Early experience and environmental conditions during ontogeny may effect organismal structure, physiology and fitness. Here, we assessed the effect of developmental acclimation to environmental thermal variability on walking speed in Drosophila melanogaster adults. Our results showed a shift in the performance curve to the right. Thus, upper and lower thermal limits exhibited developmental plasticity. Additionally, in constant and variable climatic scenarios, flies shifted to the right the optimum temperature but the maximum performance decreased only in flies reared on high temperatures and high thermal variability. Overall, we showed that environmental cues during ontogeny might help to construct phenotypic variation, which supports the hypothesis of ontogenetic dependence of thermal tolerances.
Data from: The relative importance of predation risk and water temperature in maintaining Bergmann's rule in a marine ectotherm
Bergmann's rule - an increase in body size with latitude - correlates with latitudinal declines in ambient temperature and predation risk, but relatively few studies simultaneously explore the relative importance of these factors. Along temperate Atlantic shorelines, the isopod Idotea balthica from high latitudes are 53% longer on average than are isopods from low latitudes. When reared at 6°- 24°C, juveniles increased growth and development rates with temperature. Because the increase in growth rate with temperature outstripped increases in development rate, female size at maturity increased with temperature. This thermal sensitivity of growth cannot account for the latitudinal pattern in body size. Within temperature treatments, females from low latitudes reached sexual maturity at younger ages and at a smaller size than did females from higher latitudes. This shift in life-history strategy is predicted by latitudinal declines in predation pressure, which we tested using field-tethering experiments. Overall, isopods at low latitudes had a 44% greater mortality risk from daytime predators relative to isopods at higher latitudes. We conclude that a latitudinal gradient in predation risk, and not temperature, is principally responsible for Bergmann's rule in I. balthica. Increases in body size during future warming of oceans may be constrained by local patterns of predation risk.
Supplementary material 1 from: Pienaar EF, Sturgeon DJE (2024) Exotic pet owners' preferences for different ectothermic taxa are based on species traits and purchase prices in the United States. NeoBiota 91: 1-27. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.91.109403
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Rapid range expansion of a marine ectotherm reveals the demographic and ecological consequences of short-term variability in seawater temperature and dissolved oxygen
<p>The distributions of marine ectotherms are governed by physiological sensitivities to long-term trends in seawater temperature and dissolved oxygen. Short-term variability in these parameters has the potential to facilitate rapid range expansions, and the resulting ecological and socioeconomic consequences may portend those of future marine communities. Here, we combine physiological experiments with ecological and demographic surveys to assess the causes and consequences of sudden but temporary poleward range expansions of a marine ectotherm with considerable life history plasticity (California market squid, <i>Doryteuthis opalescens</i>). We show that sequential factors related to resource accessibility in the core range may drive these expansions—the buildup of large populations due to competitive release, and climate-associated temperature increase and oxygen loss that constrain aerobic activity. We also reveal that poleward range expansion alters the body size—and therefore trophic role—of invading populations, with potential negative implications for socioeconomically valuable resident species. To help forecast rapid range expansions of marine ectotherms, we advocate that research efforts focus on factors impacting resource accessibility in core ranges. Determining how environmental conditions in receiving ecosystems affect body size, and how body size is related to trophic role, will help refine estimates of the impacts of future marine communities.</p>
Plastic adjustments of biparental care behaviour across embryonic development under elevated temperature in a marine ectotherm
<p>Phenotypic plasticity in parental care investment allows organisms to promptly respond to rapid environmental changes by potentially benefiting offspring survival and thus parental fitness. To date, a knowledge gap exists on whether plasticity in parental care behaviours can mediate responses to climate change in marine ectotherms. Here, we assessed the plasticity of parental care investment under elevated temperatures in a gonochoric marine annelid with bi-parental care, Ophryotrocha labronica, and investigated its role in maintaining the reproductive success of this species in a warming ocean. We measured the time individuals spent carrying out parental care activities across three phases of embryonic development, as well as the hatching success of the offspring as a proxy for reproductive success, at control (24°C) and elevated (27°C) temperature conditions. Under elevated temperature we observed: (i) a significant decrease in total parental care activity, underpinned by a decreased in male and simultaneous parental care activity, in the late stage of embryonic development; and ii) a reduction of hatching success, that was however not significantly related to changes in parental-care activity levels. These findings, along with the observed unaltered somatic growth of parents and decreased brood size, suggest that potential cost-benefit trade-offs between offspring survival (i.e. immediate fitness) and parents somatic condition (i.e. longer-term fitness potential) may occur under ongoing ocean warming. Finally, our results suggest that plasticity in parental care behaviour is a mechanism able to partially mitigate the negative effects of temperature-dependent impacts.</p>
Body-air temperature relationship in ectotherms
<p>Dataset and R code to run the thermal model for 1985-2019.</p>
Data from: Patterns of thermal constraint on ectotherm activity
Thermal activity constraints play a major role in many aspects of ectotherm ecology, including vulnerability to climate change. Therefore, there is strong interest in developing general models of the temperature dependence of activity. Several models have been put forth (explicitly or implicitly) to describe such constraints; nonetheless, tests of the predictive abilities of these models are lacking. In addition, most models consider activity as a threshold trait instead of considering continuous changes in the vigor of activity among individuals. Using field data for a tropical lizard (Anolis cristatellus) and simulations parameterized by our observations, we determine how well various threshold and continuous-activity models match observed activity patterns. No models accurately predicted activity under all of the thermal conditions that we considered. In addition, simulations showed that the performance of threshold models decreased as temperatures increased, which is a troubling finding given the threat of global climate change. We also find that activity rates are more sensitive to temperature than are the physiological traits often used as a proxy for fitness. We present a model of thermal constraint on activity that integrates aspects of both the threshold model and the continuous-activity model, the general features of which are supported by activity data from other species. Overall, our results demonstrate that greater attention should be given to fine-scale patterns of thermal constraint on activity.
Data from: Thermal plasticity in behavioral traits mediates mating and reproductive dynamics in an ectotherm.
<p>Environmental temperatures potentially influence reproductive performance and sexual selection by restricting opportunities for activity. However, explicit tests of the behavioral mechanisms linking thermal variation to mating and reproductive performance are rare. We address this gap in a temperate lizard by combining social network analysis with molecular pedigree reconstruction in a large-scale thermal manipulation experiment. Populations exposed to cool thermal regimes presented fewer high activity days compared to populations exposed to a warmer regime. While plasticity in thermal activity responses in males masked overall differences in activity levels, prolonged restriction nevertheless affected the timing and consistency of male-female interactions. Females were less capable than males of compensating for lost activity time under cold stress, and less active females in this group were significantly less likely to reproduce. While sex-biased activity suppression appeared to limit male mating rates, this did not correspond to a heightened intensity of sexual selection or shifts in the targets of sexual selection. In many populations facing thermal activity restriction, sexual selection on males may play a limited role relative to other thermal performance traits in facilitating adaptation. </p>
MSc. Thesis: Climate change and ectotherms - How rising temperatures might elevate rates of evolution
<p>R scripts & additional data created for a master's thesis at Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main in collaboration with Senckenberg Biodiversity- and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F)</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Immunocompetence in a long-lived ectothermic vertebrate is temperature dependent but shows no decline in older adults
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Data from: Thermal sensitivity of immune function: evidence against a generalist-specialist tradeoff among endothermic and ectothermic vertebrates
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Data from: Patterns of thermal constraint on ectotherm activity
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Data from: The relative importance of predation risk and water temperature in maintaining Bergmann's rule in a marine ectotherm
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Data from: Climatic predictors of temperature performance curve parameters in ectotherms imply complex responses to climate change
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Data from: Temperature variation makes an ectotherm more sensitive to global warming unless thermal evolution occurs
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