Find research datasets worth reusing

FIGURE 4 in Molecular systematics of Serrasalmidae: Deciphering the identities of piranha species and unraveling their evolutionary histories

FIGURE 4. Map of northern South America showing collection sites of Serrasalmus manueli (triangles), S. gouldingi (circles), and Serrasalmus sp. "A" (diamond). Symbols may represent more than one collecting locality. Solid red symbols represent capture sites for material used in present genetic study (Maps A and B); numbers pertain to individual specimens, S. manueli (1-10), S. gouldingi (11-16), and Serrasalmus sp. "A" (17) (see Table 1). Hollow symbols on Map A are based on museum records and published information (specimen identities and capture localities were not verified for all records). Stars represent type localities for S. manueli (Pr, Rio Parguaza) and S. gouldingi (lower Rio Negro). Principal rivers: A, Amazon; B, Branco; C, Casiquiare; G-N, Guainia-Negro; J, Japurá; N, Negro; R, Orinoco; and S-A, Solimões. Other rivers: Ar, Arirará; Ca, Capanaparo; Ci, Cinaruco; Cu, Cunucunuma; Cv, Cuchiverio; D, Daraá; G, Guaypo-Sipapo; P, Pasimoni; Pr, Parguaza; Sb, San Bartolo (Guariquito system); Si, Siapa; T, Atabapo-Atacavi; and V, Ventuari.

PLATE 7 in Molecular systematics of Serrasalmidae: Deciphering the identities of piranha species and unraveling their evolutionary histories

PLATE 7. Piaractus brachypomus (33) (Photograph provided by Robert Lea). (No photograph or voucher available for specimen 32.)

FIGURE 8 in Molecular systematics of Serrasalmidae: Deciphering the identities of piranha species and unraveling their evolutionary histories

FIGURE 8. Phylogram of combined ribosomal and control region sequences. Analysis includes specimens appearing in bold font in Figure 7. Proportion of trees from posterior distribution possessing a given clade below branch, parsimony bootstrap proportions (>50%) above branch. Specimen sequences from original material appear in shadow boxes, associated number in parentheses (1–33) correspond to numbered specimens and information presented in Table 1 and elsewhere. GenBank sequences are followed by gb. Arrow marks branches with lengths that were not significantly different from zero. GenBank (gb) species with asterisk (*) indicate taxa of which we question the identification.

PLATE 4 in Molecular systematics of Serrasalmidae: Deciphering the identities of piranha species and unraveling their evolutionary histories

PLATE 4. Serrasalmus medinai (20) and S. irritans (21–23). (Photograph of live 20-S. medinai by Noel Burkhead.)

PLATE 3 in Molecular systematics of Serrasalmidae: Deciphering the identities of piranha species and unraveling their evolutionary histories

PLATE 3. Serrasalmus gouldingi (16), Serrasalmus sp. A (17), and S. medinai (18–19). Images of Serrasalmus sp. "A" are of specimen 17 (originally captured in 1991) at different ages, including the same fish live in captivity photographed in 1993 (as juvenile about 2+ years old), 2006, and after preservation in 2007.

Figure 8 in The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics

Figure 8. SEM photographs of the indistinguishable trigeneric complex, comprising Parantipathes, Lillipathes, and Dendrobathypathes (all collected from the eastern North Pacific Ocean). A, D. boutillieri (USNM 1014186; scale bars 0.1 mm); B, L. wingi (USNM 1014106; scale bars 0.1 mm); C–E, Parantipathes sp. (J2095-2-7-6). C, individual spine.

Figure 7 in The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics

Figure 7. In-situ and laboratory photographs of the indistinguishable trigeneric complex, comprising Parantipathes, Lillipathes, and Dendrobathypathes (all collected from the eastern North Pacific Ocean). A, branched Parantipathes sp. (J2106-7-1; 937 m); B, small colony of D. boutillieri with lab photo inset (J2097-2-1; 1734 m); C, unbranched Parantipathes sp. (J2012-6-3; 862 m); D, unbranched Parantipathes sp. (J2095-2-7-4; 843 m); E, D. boutillieri (J2095-2-5-1; 2162 m); F, Lillipathes sp. (specimen not included in this study; photo reproduced with permission from http://mcbi.marine -conservation.org; © NOAA/MBARI; 1520 m in the eastern Gulf of Alaska). Photos A, B, C courtesy of NOAA.

Figure 6 in The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics

Figure 6. SEM and in situ photographs of aphanipathid Stichopathes. Left, Stichopathes cf. flagellum (Lyman Seamount; specimen LYM106-5; depth of collection: 1485 m). Right, Stichopathes dissimilis (Lyman Seamount; LYM105-1; 1485 m). Inset, S. dissimilis (Rehoboth Seamount; REH202-2; 1681 m). In situ photos courtesy of the Mountains in the Sea Research Team, URI/IAO, IFE, and NOAA.

Figure 5 in The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics

Figure 5. ML-based phylogenetic reconstruction of the cox3-cox1 nucleotide alignment, rooted to the Actiniaria (sea anemones). AIC within jModelTest selected the TVM + G model of nucleotide substitution (gamma: 0.1860). ML parameters and character usage are the same as in Figure 2.

Figure 4 in The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics

Figure 4. ML-based phylogenetic reconstruction of the nuc-contig alignment. AIC within jModelTest selected the TIM3 + I + G model of nucleotide substitution (pinvar: 0.8420, gamma: 0.5910). ML parameters, outgroup selection, and character usage are the same as in Figure 2. Due to difficulty in amplifying and sequencing 18S and 28S for Elatopathes abietina and Stichopathes dissimilis, their sequences were chimeras comprising data from multiple individuals (USNM 1116469 & USNM 1116470 and LYM105-1 & MAN802-1, respectively).

Figure 3 in The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics

Figure 3. ML-based phylogenetic reconstruction of the mt-contig alignment incorporating the full cox3-cox1 plus the Gblocks-edited igrW and igrN. AIC within jModelTest selected the TVM + I + G model of nucleotide substitution (pinvar: 0.4210, gamma: 0.8800). ML parameters, outgroup selection, and character usage are the same as in Figure 2. ∧ Includes Tanacetipathes barbadensis USNM 1116465, T. tanacetum SED804-7, Plumapathes pennacea USNM 1086297, and P. pennacea USNM 1086302*. ∧∧ Includes Antipathes curvata USNM 1015453, A. cf. virgata USNM 99750, and Cirrhipathes sp. P4-226-9. ∧∧∧ Includes Stichopathes cf. occidentalis TMKO-132* and TMNI0707-22*.

Figure 2 in The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics

Figure 2. ML-based phylogenetic reconstruction of the mt-contig alignment, rooted to the Leiopathidae (an ingroup). Numbers at nodes are bootstrap support values based on 1000 replicates. AIC within jModelTest selected the TVM + I + G model of nucleotide substitution [proportion of invariable sites (pinvar): 0.3940; gamma distribution parameter: 1.0000]. Tip labels indicate the specimen used in the alignment. Several specimens shared identical haplotypes or had haplotypes that were rendered identical following manipulations of the sequence alignment (see text); only one representative of these haplotypes was included in the analysis but the taxa affected are highlighted as follows: identical nominal taxa are separated by a forward slash, and an asterisk indicates unique haplotypes rendered identical following sequence manipulations. For the indistinguishable trigeneric complex, the taxon used in the phylogeny is listed in curly brackets. ∧ Includes Tanacetipathes barbadensis USNM 1116465, T. tanacetum SED804-7, Plumapathes pennacea USNM 1086297, and P. pennacea USNM 1086302*. ∧∧ Includes Antipathes curvata USNM 1015453, A. cf. virgata USNM 99750, and Cirrhipathes sp. P4-226-9. ∧∧∧ Includes Stichopathes cf. occidentalis TMKO-132* and TMNI0707-22*.

Figure 1 in The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics

Figure 1. Interspecific genetic distances (based on the K2P) within families (or select clades – see text) for the three mitochondrial gene regions. The highest genetic distance estimate obtained was for the Aphanipathidae + A.t. and E.a. using igrN (26.06%). The IGR (intergenic region) separating cox3 and cox1 (i.e. igrC) was removed prior to analysis. Alignments include indels. A.v., Aphanipathes verticillata; A.t., Acanthopathes thyoides; E.a., Elatopathes abietina. See Table 3 for details on which taxa were included/excluded in the distance estimates for each family.

Figure 3 in Evolutionary systematics of the Australian Cyzicidae (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Spinicaudata) with the description of a new genus

Figure 3. Median-joining networks of (A) elongation factor 1α (EF1α) and (B) internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2). For ITS2, three separate networks, each featuring closely-related species, were calculated because an alignment including all specimens was largely ambiguous. Main lineages are inidcated by continuous lines, and possible sublineages by dotted lines. Affiliation of specimens to respective main and sublineages based on prior analyses of COI (Fig. 2). All available sequences were included and each circle represents a specific sequence, with the size corresponding to its frequency (see scale). The colours code for the localities from which specimens were collected and correspond to Fig. 1. The vertical marks or numbers on the connecting lines represent the respective mutational steps.

Figure 4 in Evolutionary systematics of the Australian Cyzicidae (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Spinicaudata) with the description of a new genus

Figure 4. Bayesian inference majority rule tree based on a combined analysis of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), elongation factor 1α (EF1α) and 28S. Each main and sublineage was included only once. Black vertical bars indicate those lineages whose specimens feature an elongated condyle (originally classified as Caenestheriella), whereas grey vertical bars indicate those with a short and rounded condyle (originally classified as Caenestheria). For each branch, posterior probabilities and bootstrap support of the Maximum Parsimony analyses are given. #, For support values ≥ 0.95 or ≥ 95; +, for support values ≥ 0.90 or 90, respectively (– indicates support <0.9 or <90, if both are lower, no support is stated).

Figure 6 in Evolutionary systematics of the Australian Cyzicidae (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Spinicaudata) with the description of a new genus

Figure 6. Median-joining haplotype networks of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI). Networks were calculated for each respective main lineage separately ('numbering' by letters corresponds to main lineages). Possible sublineages are indicated by dotted lines. All available sequences were included and each circle represents a specific sequence (= haplotype), with the size corresponding to its frequency (see scale). The colours code for the localities from which specimens were collected and correspond to Fig. 1. The vertical marks or numbers on the lines connecting haplotypes represent the respective mutational steps between haplotypes.

Figure 1 in Evolutionary systematics of the Australian Cyzicidae (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Spinicaudata) with the description of a new genus

Figure 1. Map showing the sampled localities used in the present study. The larger map depicts the main drainage systems (red lines) and the catchments of individual rivers (black lines). Geographically closely associated localities were grouped together, and the colour coding corresponds to the networks shown in Figs 3, 5. The numbers correspond to the locality numbers in the Supporting information (Table S1).

Figure 5 in Evolutionary systematics of the Australian Cyzicidae (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Spinicaudata) with the description of a new genus

Figure 5. Scales on the tip of the movable finger of male clasper. A, overview of typical spinicaudatan male clasper (lineage N [AM P.82401] first right clasper, posterior view), the arrow indicates the relevant scales at the tip of the movable finger. B–J, details of the scales of various cyzicid species (mostly in frontal view); B, lineage N (AM P.82401), second right clasper; C, lineage N (AM P.80859), first right clasper; D, lineage C (AM P.82576), first right clasper; E, lineage K (AM P.82540), second right clasper; F, lineage O (AM P.91628), second right clasper; G, lineage R (AM P.82538), second right clasper; H, lineage S (AM P.82536), first right clasper; I, Cyzicus californicus (Richter, private collection), first right clasper; J, Cyzicus tetracerus (Richter, private collection), first right clasper. AM numbers correspond to registration numbers of specimens in the collection of the Australian Museum (for details, see Table S2). Scale bars: A, 100 μm, B–J, 10 μm. lp, large palpus; mf, movable finger; pa, palm; sp, small palpus.

opennotspecifiedAug 2016View details →

Figure 2 in Evolutionary relationships and systematics of Atoposauridae (Crocodylomorpha: Neosuchia): implications for the rise of Eusuchia

Figure 2. Previously recovered inter-relationships between Atoposauridae and other major crocodyliform clades: (A) Adams (2014; (B) Rogers (2003); (C) Turner & Pritchard (2015).