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opencc-by-4.0Nov 2023View details →

Article database: Color shade and chemical influences on the capture of adults Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in blackberry crops

Samuel Cruz Esteban is a researcher on insect chemical ecology, plant-insect interaction, and biological and ethological pest control.

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Frankliniella fusca activity patterns in wheat

Tobacco thrips (Frankliniella fusca Hinds) are an important seedling pest of many agricultural crops including, but not limited to cotton, tomato, and tobacco. This insect is mobile and completes several generations on both crop and non-crop plants each growing season in the southern United States. We do know that this insect disperses through a predictable sequence of these habitats each spring, however, it is not well known how abundant early season host crops affect population development at a landscape scale. To better understand how spring crops influence tobacco thrips populations, we conducted a study of tobacco thrips activity in a key early host, winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). To do this, we measured larval and adult thrips abundance in 69 wheat fields across 5 North Carolina counties in 2019 and 2020. We first sampled wheat heads weekly to measure how many larvae were present in the crop over approximately 10 weeks before the wheat senesced and harvest occurred. At the same time, we measured the number of tobacco thrips dispersing from the crop into the surrounding landscape using yellow sticky cards placed along the wheat field edge. We linked these responses to both landscape and weather factors to describe variation in abundance. We also directly related the abundance of larvae found in wheat heads at different crop maturity stages to the number of adult thrips leaving the field. We found that larval counts during the milk and dough stage of wheat maturation related to the adult dispersal patterns two weeks later. This data provides a useful assessment for crop phenology driven dispersal for an economically important pest species in the southern United States.

opencc-zeroDec 2021View details →

opencc-by-4.0May 2022View details →

Nano-injection method for micro-insects without sedation using the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis

This data was collected over several trial periods. Female adult thrips were injected with water into the thoracic or abdominal areas,  non-injected thrips were used as control. Ten thrips per treatment were injected, then transferred into bioassay containers with a ventilation mesh screen. The thrips were observed daily and mortality at 24 h and 48 h was recorded. This data was analyzed using log-rank analysis (Proc Lifetest in SAS 9.4 and multiple comparisons with an adjusted sidak p-value. The figure produced from this data is a Kaplan-Meier survival curve.

opennotspecifiedSep 2017View details →

FIGURE 3 in Resolving the confused identity of Frankliniella panamensis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

FIGURE 3. Bayesian phylogenetic tree inferred from sequences of the COI gene. Posterior probabilities greater than 50% are given on appropriate clades. Species name and GenBank Accession numbers are listed for each taxon. Host and countries for each taxon are listed if known.

opennotspecifiedSep 2017View details →

FIGURES 1, 2 in Resolving the confused identity of Frankliniella panamensis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

FIGURES 1, 2. Microtrichia on upper surface of hind-coxae in Frankliniella species. (1) panamensis; (2) intonsa.

opennotspecifiedJan 2018View details →

FIGURES 34 in Two new species of Frankliniella (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) from Argentina with a key to species from Argentina and Chile

FIGURES 34–-44. Frankliniella spp. tergite IX–X 34–36: (34) F. condei; (35) F. inesae; (36) F. juancarlosi; tergite VIII 37– 40: (37) F. condei; (38) F. inesae; (39) F. juancarlosi; (40) F. longipennis. Craspedum on tergite VII of females 41–44: (41) F. australis; (42) F. valdiviana; (43) F. inesae; (44) F. juancarlosi.

opennotspecifiedJan 2018View details →

FIGURES 25–33 in Two new species of Frankliniella (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) from Argentina with a key to species from Argentina and Chile

FIGURES 25–33. Frankliniella spp. Pore plates. Sternite III of Frankliniella spp. female: (25) F. juancarlosi; 26-27 F. valdiviana: (26) two close together plaques; (27) one oval central plaque; (28) F. inesae; F. australis 29-31: (29) two circular plaques; (30) one circular plaque on left; (31) without plaques; sternites III–VII of Frankliniella spp. male 32–33: (32) F. inesae; (33) F. juancarlosi.

FIGURES 27–38 in Phylogenetic relationships within the Frankliniella genus-group based on morphology, with a revision of Iridothrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae)

FIGURES 27–38. Character states of Frankliniella genus-group. 27–28 antennae: (27) I. lobulatus; (28) I. mariae. 29–30 fore wing: (29) Fr. schultzei; (30) I. lobulatus. 31–33 tergite VIII: (31) Fr. cephalica; (32) Fr. williamsi; (33) K. pisivorus. 34–35 male: (34) Fi. firmus tergites IX–X; (35) I. lobulatus sternites VII–VIII. 36–38 sternite VII: (36) Fr. intonsa; (37) T. physapus; (38) I. lobulatus. [see Appendix 1 for character state codes].

FIGURES 19–26 in Phylogenetic relationships within the Frankliniella genus-group based on morphology, with a revision of Iridothrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae)

FIGURES 19–26. Character states on tergites: (19) Fr. tenuicornis IV–V; (20) Y. yangtzei V–VI; (21) I. lobulatus VII–VIII; (22) Pa. setifer VI–VIII; (23) T. physapus VII–VIII; (24) Ps. achaetus VII–VIII; (25) I. mariae VIII; (26) Fr. schultzei VII–VIII. [see Appendix 1 for character state codes].

FIGURES 13–18 in Phylogenetic relationships within the Frankliniella genus-group based on morphology, with a revision of Iridothrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae)

FIGURES 13–18. Character states on thorax. 13–15 pronotum: (13) I. lobulatus; (14) Pa. setifer; (15) Fr. tenuicornis. 16–18: meso and metanotum (16) Pa. setifer; (17) I. iridis; (18) I. lobulatus.

FIGURE 1 in Phylogenetic relationships within the Frankliniella genus-group based on morphology, with a revision of Iridothrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae)

FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic relationships of genera of Frankliniella genus-group. Tree generated from morphological phylogenetic analysis, unambiguous apomorphies mapped on branches, black circles indicate nonhomoplastic changes; bremer support values and bootstrap mapped near the nodes below and above branches respectively.

FIGURES 2–12 in Phylogenetic relationships within the Frankliniella genus-group based on morphology, with a revision of Iridothrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae)

FIGURES 2–12. Character states of Frankliniella genus-group. 2–7 head: (2) Fr. insularis; (3) Fr. schultzei; (4) Y. yangtzei; (5) I. mariae; (6) Ps. araucariae; (7) I. lobulatus. 8–12 head and pronotum: (8) Fr. zizaniophila; (9) Fr. williamsi; (10) S. calcaratus; (11) T. physapus; (12) P. achaetus. [see Appendix 1 for character state codes]

Figure 10 in The morphology and biology of the entomophilic Thripinema fuscum (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae), and the histopathological effects of parasitism on the host Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Figure 10. Transmission electron micrographs comparing energy and waste reserves in nonparasitized and Thripinema fuscum-parasitized Frankliniella fusca females including electrondense vesicles within the (A) fat body underlying the host cuticle and (B) midgut cells of a parasitized F. fusca; (C) an obvious depletion of glycogen (arrow) in the fat body and (D) a juvenile nematode with an accumulation of glycogen and lipid deposits probably sequestered from the host; (E) cross-section of healthy F. fusca muscle tissue and (F) of muscle tissue from a female parasitized by T. fuscum with the presence of numerous glycogen granules (arrowheads); (G) glycogen granules embedded between the muscle fibres and mitochondria in a parasitized female; (H) uric acid crystals formed from nitrogenous waste within the cytoplasm of a Malpighian tubule of a healthy female; (I) the accumulation of secretory vesicles and uric acid crystals in the cytoplasm of the Malpighian tubule of a parasitized host. Abbreviations: gly, glycogen; lp, lipid; mf, muscle fibres; mt, mitochondria; sv, secretory vesicle; tr, trachea; ua, uric acid crystals; ves, electron-dense vesicles. Scale bars: A, B, E, F, 2 µm; D, G, H 1 µm; C, I, 5 µm.

Figure 9. A in The morphology and biology of the entomophilic Thripinema fuscum (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae), and the histopathological effects of parasitism on the host Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Figure 9. A healthy Frankliniella fusca female with (A) a robust reproductive system with developing eggs in the ovary; transmission electron micrographs showing (B) an ovariole in a healthy female with distinct follicle cells surrounding the developing oocyte and (C) the tight ladderlike extensions between the oocyte and follicle cell, the abundance of organelles in the oocyte, and the well-defined nucleus in the follicle cell; (D) a F. fusca female parasitized by Thripinema fuscum with a reduced reproductive system with atrophied ovary; transmission electron micrographs showing (E) the displacement of host ovarioles as a result of the numerous juvenile nematodes in abdominal haemocoele and (F) the tears in the ladder-like connections between the oocyte and follicle cell, the depletion of organelles in the oocyte, and the poorly defined nucleus. Abbreviations: n, nucleus; nem, nematode; org, organelles, ov, ovariole. Scale bars: A, D, 0.5 mm; B, E, 10 µm; C, F, 2 µm.

Figure 8 in The morphology and biology of the entomophilic Thripinema fuscum (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae), and the histopathological effects of parasitism on the host Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Figure 8. Scanning electron micrographs that show (A) numerous juvenile Thripinema fuscum juveniles aggregated longitudinally in the female Frankliniella fusca haemocoele and (B) the resulting compressed host midgut (arrow) with depressions. Scale bars: A, 75 µm; B, 30 µm.

Figure 7 in The morphology and biology of the entomophilic Thripinema fuscum (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae), and the histopathological effects of parasitism on the host Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Figure 7. Scanning electron micrographs of the free-living Thripinema fuscum female with (A) annulated cuticle with transverse striations and fully-developed mouth, (B) excretory pore on the anterior ventral surface, and (C) two lateral lines extending the length of the body. Scanning electron micrographs showing (D) the T. fuscum male with (E) copulatory structures including caudal alae, paired spicules and a gubernaculum. Abbreviations: ep, excretory pore; ll, lateral lines. Scale bars: A, 2.73 µm; B, 5 µm; C, 8.57 µm; D, 60 µm; E, 6 µm.

Figure 6 in The morphology and biology of the entomophilic Thripinema fuscum (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae), and the histopathological effects of parasitism on the host Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Figure 6. (A) Thick section of a Frankliniella fusca female 9 days after parasitization with an aggregation of late-staged Thripinema fuscum juveniles in the hindgut; scanning electron micrographs of a fractured F. fusca revealing (B, C) T. fuscum aggregation in hindgut with (D) a male (arrow) coiled around the females; (E) gross dissection of the F. fusca female host showing a nematode mass in the hindgut. Abbreviations: mt, Malpighian tubules; nem, nematodes. Scale bars: A, 100 µm; B, 231 µm; C, 50 µm; D, 30 µm; E, 250 µm.

Figure 2 in The morphology and biology of the entomophilic Thripinema fuscum (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae), and the histopathological effects of parasitism on the host Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Figure 2. The life cycle of Thripinema fuscum in (A) an adult female Frankliniella fusca host: (B) the progressive enlargement of the parasitic female (right to left); (C) eggs (=J1) produced by the parasitic female; (D–F) J2-stage through J3-stage juveniles; (G) infectious free-living females; (H) free-living male; (G) ingress of a free-living female regenerates the cycle. Scale bar: 200 µm.

Figure 4 in The morphology and biology of the entomophilic Thripinema fuscum (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae), and the histopathological effects of parasitism on the host Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Figure 4. Thripinema fuscum eggs: (A) thick section of a host Frankliniella fusca female 6 days after parasitization with abdominal cavity full of nematode eggs; (B) scanning electron micrographs of T. fuscum eggs including J1 embryos visible through egg chorion; (C) transmission electron micrograph of a T. fuscum embryo curled inside chorion in the host abdomen; scanning electron micrographs of (D) protuberances on the egg's surface and (E) aeropylar process on egg (arrow), (F) eggs cushioned within host fat body, and (G) host immune factors on the egg surface. Abbreviations: nem eggs, nematode eggs. Scale bars: A, 100 µm; B, 10 µm; C, 30 µm; D, G, 2 µm; E, 1.2 µm; F, 30 µm.

Figure 5 in The morphology and biology of the entomophilic Thripinema fuscum (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae), and the histopathological effects of parasitism on the host Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Figure 5. Thripinema fuscum juveniles: (A) transmission electron micrograph documenting various cuticular structures; (B) scanning electron micrographs showing the host factors adhered to the cuticle surface, (C) shedding of the cuticle, (D) transmission electron micrograph of a juvenile completing ecdysis as evidenced by the shed outer cuticle (arrow) and the assembly of a new cuticle peripheral to the hypodermis, and (E) scanning electron micrograph of the developing mouthparts with visible stylet. Scale bars: A, 0.5 µm; B, E, 2 µm; C, 4.3 µm; D, 3.75 µm.