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218 results for “Global Warming”
Data from: Spatial dynamics of alpine treelines under global warming: what explains the mismatch between tree densification and elevational upward shifts at the treeline ecotone?
<p><b>Aim</b></p> <p>Most studies focusing on the alpine treeline responses to climate warming have used either the tree densification within the ecotone or its elevational upshift as indicators. However, it is acknowledged that the relation between densification and upshift is spatially heterogeneous, making inferences and comparability among studies tricky. The lack of consistent empirical evidence on this potential mismatch and its drivers leads us to focus on this issue in this study. The aim was twofold: (i) to quantify the mismatch between the two processes at a regional scale, and (ii) to identify its site-specific determinants.</p> <p><b>Location</b></p> <p>French eastern Pyrenees</p> <p><b>Time period</b></p> <p>1953-2015</p> <p><b>Major taxa studied </b></p> <p><i>Pinus</i><i> uncinata </i>(Ramond ex DC)</p> <p><b>Methods</b></p> <p>An object-oriented supervised classification procedure was performed on historical (1953) and current (2015) air-photos. Based on the resulting rasters, densification of the treeline ecotone and upward shift of the treeline were estimated at the two dates in 191 sites, then standardized, before finally being compared. Three site clusters were derived (no mismatch, densification prevalence, upshift prevalence). After having characterized their spatial patterns through join count statistics, a multinomial logistic regression model was computed to identify the correlates of these clusters among a list of site variables.</p> <p><b>Results</b></p> <p>No spatial pattern among the categories of responses emerges at a local scale, but buffers with no mismatch tend to aggregate at a larger scale. Changes in minimum air temperatures, site elevation, mean slope, slope morphometry and lithology appear as significant drivers of the observed mismatch, implying that the relation between densification and elevational upshift is context-specific.</p> <p><b>Main conclusions</b></p> <p><a name="_Hlk17817327">Our findings suggest that both </a><a name="_Hlk17816517">densification and upshift </a>should be considered in quantitative analyses of treeline spatial dynamics, since these two ecological processes are not controlled by the same drivers.</p>
Data from: Phylogeographic differentiation versus transcriptomic adaptation to warm temperatures in Zostera marina, a globally important seagrass
Populations distributed across a broad thermal cline are instrumental in addressing adaptation to increasing temperatures under global warming. Using a space-for-time substitution design, we tested for parallel adaptation to warm temperatures along two independent thermal clines in Zostera marina, the most widely distributed seagrass in the temperate Northern Hemisphere. A North–South pair of populations was sampled along the European and North American coasts and exposed to a simulated heatwave in a common-garden mesocosm. Transcriptomic responses under control, heat stress and recovery were recorded in 99 RNAseq libraries with ~13 000 uniquely annotated, expressed genes. We corrected for phylogenetic differentiation among populations to discriminate neutral from adaptive differentiation. The two southern populations recovered faster from heat stress and showed parallel transcriptomic differentiation, as compared with northern populations. Among 2389 differentially expressed genes, 21 exceeded neutral expectations and were likely involved in parallel adaptation to warm temperatures. However, the strongest differentiation following phylogenetic correction was between the three Atlantic populations and the Mediterranean population with 128 of 4711 differentially expressed genes exceeding neutral expectations. Although adaptation to warm temperatures is expected to reduce sensitivity to heatwaves, the continued resistance of seagrass to further anthropogenic stresses may be impaired by heat-induced downregulation of genes related to photosynthesis, pathogen defence and stress tolerance.
Data from: Projected changes in prevailing winds for transatlantic migratory birds under global warming
A number of terrestrial bird species that breed in North America cross the Atlantic Ocean during autumn migration when travelling to their non-breeding grounds in the Caribbean or South America. When conducting oceanic crossings, migratory birds tend to associate with mild or supportive winds, whose speed and direction may change under global warming. The implications of these changes for transoceanic migratory bird populations have not been addressed. We used occurrence information from eBird (1950–2015) to estimate the geographical location of population centres at a daily temporal resolution across the annual cycle for 10 transatlantic migratory bird species. We used this information to estimate the location and timing of autumn migration within the transatlantic flyway. We estimated how prevailing winds are projected to change within the transatlantic flyway during this time using daily wind speed anomalies (1996–2005 and 2091–2100) from 29 Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models implemented under CMIP5. Autumn transatlantic migrants have the potential to encounter strong westerly crosswinds early in their transatlantic journey at intermediate and especially high migration altitudes, strong headwinds at low and intermediate migration altitudes within the Caribbean that increase in strength as the season progresses, and weak tailwinds at intermediate and high migration altitudes east of the Caribbean. The CMIP5 simulations suggest that, during this century, the likelihood of autumn transatlantic migrants encountering strong westerly crosswinds will diminish. As global warming progresses, the need for species to compensate or drift under the influence of strong westerly crosswinds during the initial phase of their autumn transatlantic journey may be diminished. Existing strategies that promote headwind avoidance and tailwind assistance will likely remain valid. Thus, climate change may reduce time and energy requirements and the chance of mortality or vagrancy during a specific but likely critical portion of these species' autumn migration journey.
Data from: Modeling intraspecific adaptation of Abies sachalinensis to local altitude and responses to global warming, based on a 36-year reciprocal transplant experiment
Intraspecific adaptation in Abies sachalinensis was examined using models based on long-term monitoring data gathered during a reciprocal transplant experiment with eight seed source populations and six transplantation sites along an altitudinal gradient. The consequence of local adaptation was evaluated by testing the home-site advantage for upslope and downslope transplants at five ages. The populations' fitness-linked trait was set as their productivity (tree height ×survival rate) at each age. The effects of global warming were evaluated on the basis of the 36-year performance of downslope transplants. Evidence was found for adaptive genetic variation affecting both height and survival from an early age. Increasing the distance between seed source and planting site significantly reduced productivity for both upslope and downslope transplantation, demonstrating the existence of a significant home-site advantage. The decrease in productivity was most distinct for upslope transplantations, indicating strong local adaptation to high altitudes. Global warming is predicted to increase the productivity of high-altitude populations. However, due to their existing local adaptation, all tested populations exhibited lower productivity under warming than demes that were optimal for the new climate. These negative predictions should be considered when planning the management of locally-adapted plant species such as A. sachalinensis.
Data from: The past ecology of Abies alba provides new perspectives on future responses of silver fir forests to global warming
Paleoecology can provide valuable insights into the ecology of species that complement observation and experiment-based assessments of climate-impact dynamics. New paleoecological records (e.g. pollen, macrofossils) from the Italian Peninsula suggest a much wider climatic niche of the important European tree species Abies alba (silver fir) than observed in its present spatial range. To explore this discrepancy between current and past distribution we analyse climatic data (e.g. temperature, precipitation, frost, humidity, sunshine) and vegetation-independent paleoclimatic reconstructions (e.g. lake levels, chironomids) and use global coupled carbon-cycle climate (NCAR CSM1.4) and dynamic vegetation (LANDCLIM) modelling. The combined evidence suggests that during the mid-Holocene (ca. 6000 years ago), prior to humanization of vegetation, A. alba formed forests under conditions that exceeded modern (1961-1990) upper temperature limit of the species by ca. 5-7 {degree sign}C (July means). Annual precipitation during this natural period was comparable to today (>700-800 mm), with drier summers and wetter winters. In the meso-mediterranean to sub-mediterranean forests A. alba co-occurred with thermophilous taxa such as Quercus ilex, Q. pubescens, Olea europaea, Phillyrea, Arbutus, Cistus, Tilia, Ulmus, Acer, Hedera helix, Ilex aquifolium, Taxus, and Vitis. Results from the last interglacial (ca. 130,000-115,000 BP), when human impact was negligible, corroborate the Holocene evidence. Thermophilous Mediterranean A. alba stands became extinct during the last 5000 years when land-use pressure and specifically excessive anthropogenic fire and browsing disturbance increased. Our results imply that the ecology of this key European tree species is not yet well understood. On the basis of the reconstructed realized climatic niche of the species, we anticipate that the future geographic range of A. alba may not contract regardless of migration success, even if climate should become significantly warmer than today with summer temperatures increasing by up to 5-7{degree sign}C, as long as precipitation does not fall below 700-800 mm/year, and disturbance (e.g. fire, browsing) does not become excessive. Our finding contradicts recent studies that projected range contractions under global-warming scenarios, but did not factor how millennia of human impacts reduced the realized climatic niche of A. alba.
Data from: Altered embryonic development in northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) induced by pre-incubation oscillatory thermal stresses mimicking global warming predictions
Global warming is likely to alter reproductive success of ground-nesting birds that lay eggs normally left unattended for days or even weeks before actual parental incubation, especially in already warm climates. The native North American bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) is such a species, and pre-incubation quail eggs may experience temperatures >45°C. Yet, almost nothing is known about embryonic survival after such high pre-incubation temperatures. Freshly laid bobwhite quail eggs were exposed during a 12 day pre-incubation period to one of five thermal regimes: low oscillating temperatures (25-40°C, mean=28.9°C), high oscillating temperatures (30-45°C, mean=33.9°C), low constant temperatures (28.85°C), high constant temperatures (mean=33.9°C), or commercially employed pre-incubation temperatures (20°C). After treatment, eggs were then incubated at a standard 37.5°C to determine subsequent effects on embryonic development rate, survival, water loss, hatching, and embryonic oxygen consumption. Both quantity of heating degree hours during pre-incubation and specific thermal regime (oscillating vs. non-oscillating) profoundly affected important aspects of embryo survival and indices of development and growth Pre-incubation quail eggs showed a remarkable tolerance to constant high temperatures (up to 45°C), surviving for 4.5±0.3 days of subsequent incubation, but high oscillating pre-incubation temperature increased embryo survival (mean survival 12.2±1.8 days) and led to more rapid development than high constant temperature (maximum 38.5ºC), even though both groups experienced the same total heating degree-hours. Oxygen consumption was ~200-300 μl O2.egg.min-1 at hatching in all groups, and was not affected by pre-incubation conditions. Oscillating temperatures, which are the norm for pre-incubation quail eggs in their natural habitat, thus enhanced survival at higher temperatures. However, a 5°C increase in pre-incubation temperature, which equates to the predicted long-term increases of 5°C or more, nonetheless reduced hatching rate by approximately 50%. Thus, while pre-incubation bobwhite eggs may be resiliant to moderate oscillating temperature increases, global warming will likely severely impact wild bobwhite quail populations, especially in their strongholds in southern latitudes.
Data from: Seed dispersers help plants to escape global warming
Plants are shifting their ranges towards higher elevations in response to global warming, yet such shifts are occurring at a rate slower than is needed to keep pace with a rapidly changing climate. There is, however, an almost complete lack of knowledge on seed dispersal across altitude, a key process to understand what constrains climate-driven range shifts. Here, we report the first direct empirical evidence on altitudinal seed dispersal mediated by two common frugivorous mammals: the red fox Vulpes vulpes and the pine marten Martes martes. We conducted a three-year (bait-marking) experiment in a mountainous region of Spain. We offered experimental fruits containing colour-coded seed mimics at feeding stations that simulated source trees. The colour codes allowed us to identify the exact origin of seed mimics found later in mammal scats. Nearly half (47%) of the dispersal events occurred towards higher elevations, despite only ca 25% of the study area being above the average altitude of the feeding stations (1344 m). Seeds dispersed uphill gained an average of 106 m (median = 111 m) and a maximum of 288 m, greatly exceeding the estimated requirements to escape warming (35.4 m per decade). Yet, foxes mediated much more uphill seed dispersal than martens (57% and 26% of dispersal events, respectively), which can be explained by between-disperser differences in home range size and habitat specificity. Dispersers with larger home ranges move farther and potentially disperse more seeds to higher altitudes, while habitat generalism is necessary to transport seeds above vegetation belts delimiting contrasting habitat types. We discuss how both traits (home range size and habitat specificity) can be used to infer altitudinal seed dispersal across disperser species and mountainous landscapes.
Supporting data for Relative increases in CH4 and CO2 emissions from wetlands under global warming dependent on soil carbon substrates
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
ROM data and code for Dakar Niño variability under global warming investigated by a high-resolution regionally coupled model
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data for: The Precipitation Response to Warming and CO2 Increase: A Comparison of a Global Storm Resolving Model and CMIP6 Models
<p>Data to reproduce figures in manuscript "The Precipitation Response to Warming and CO$_2$ Increase: A Comparison of a Global Storm Resolving Model and CMIP6 Models" submitted to GRL</p>
Dataset on Scenarios for Urban Emissions and LUE with Increments of Global Warming
<p>This dataset supports the original research article on “<strong>Framework for comparing urban emissions and land use efficiency scenarios to avoid increments of global warming</strong>” (Kılkış, forthcoming). <br><br>A total of 28 datasheets are involved in this dataset that is organised into four main domains as follows: </p> <ol> <li>The first domain with 3 datasheets contains urban emissions data for three urban emissions scenarios (SSP1-1.9, SSP1-2.6, and SSP1-RE) on an annual basis. The data is summed to obtain cumulative urban emissions between 2020 and 2050 per urban area for 465 urban areas.</li> <li>The second domain with 9 datasheets provides the quantification of the original parameter on contributions to increments of global warming based on cumulative urban emissions data for three urban emissions scenarios (SSP1-1.9, SSP1-2.6, and SSP1-RE) between 2020 and 2050. The best estimate of the transient climate response to cumulative carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) emissions (TCRE) and its 5-95th percentile range are considered within the quantifications of this analysis.</li> <li>The third domain with 4 datasheets has the annual CO<sub>2</sub> sequestration penalties of four land use efficiency scenarios (LUE 5%, LUE 15%, LUE Av, and LUE Best). Data is summed for cumulative CO<sub>2</sub> sequestration penalties between 2020 and 2050 per urban area for 135 urban areas.</li> <li>The fourth domain with 12 datasheets contains the quantification of the original parameter on contributions to increments of global warming based on CO<sub>2</sub> sequestration penalties for four land use efficiency scenarios (LUE 5%, LUE 15%, LUE Av, and LUE Best) between 2020 and 2050. The analysis is based on the best estimate of TCRE as well as its 5-95th percentile range.</li> </ol> <p>The data structure is described in the information sheet and the 28 datasheets contain 292,100 cells in total. The method and results that utilise the data are described in the original article submitted to <em>Energy</em>. The dataset of this research article should be cited as: Kılkış (2023), Dataset on Scenarios for Urban Emissions and LUE with Increments of Global Warming (v1.0.0). Zenodo. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10407848">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10407848</a></p>
X-SHiELD model verification figures, related to: "The Precipitation Response to Warming and CO$_2$ Increase: A Comparison of a Global Storm Resolving Model and CMIP6 Models"
<p>Figures comparing differrent fields in X-SHiELD with observations. Similar information can be recived at https://extranet.gfdl.noaa.gov/%7EAlex.Kaltenbaugh/verification/</p>
Codes for "Summer westerly wind intensification weakens Southern Ocean seasonal cycle under global warming" - submitted to Geophysical Research Letters
<pre>This repository contains the NCAR Command Language (NCL) codes (*.ncl files) used to produce the related contents of Zhang et al. (2024). For queries about this repository and its contents, please contact me (zhangyiwen2024@gmail.com). Figure 1.ncl: For plotting main Fig.1. Figure 2.ncl: For plotting main Fig.2. Figure 3.ncl: For plotting main Fig.3. Figure 4.ncl: For plotting main Fig.4.<br>Figure 5.ncl: For plotting main Fig.5. References: Zhang et al. Summer westerly wind intensification weakens Southern Ocean seasonal cycle under global warming. Geophysical Research Letters. (2024).</pre>
The simulation data for paper: Permafrost response and feedback under temperature stabilization and overshoot scenarios with different global warming levels
<p>Data description can be found in the accompanying <code>README.md</code>.</p>
Global warming pattern formation: the role of ocean heat uptake
<p>Datasets for the paper:</p> <p>Hu, S., Xie, S.-P., and Kang, S. M. (2021) Global warming pattern formation: the role of ocean heat uptake. Journal of Climate. Resubmitted after minor revision.</p>
Data for the paper Robust expansion of extreme extratropical storms under global warming
<p>Data for the paper "Robust expansion of extreme extratropical storms under global warming"</p>
Data for the paper Robust expansion of extreme extratropical storms under global warming (CMIP6)
<p>Data for the paper "Robust expansion of extreme extratropical storms under global warming"</p>
Increased wheat price spikes and larger economic inequality with 2oC global warming
<p>This is data for the paper "Increased wheat price spikes and larger economic inequality with 2oC global warming" published on One Earth. </p>
Changes of MJO propagation characteristics under global warming
<p>The change of Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) propagation and periodicity characteristics under global warming is investigated using two selected CMIP5 models. It is found that the MJO period tends to be shorter, while its eastward propagation tends to be accelerated. Meanwhile the main MJO activity center shifts eastward toward the central equatorial Pacific. Two factors are possibly responsible for the increased eastward phase speed of the MJO. The first is attributed to the increase of atmospheric static stability that accelerates equatorial Kelvin wave speed. The second is attributed to the increase of zonal asymmetry of MJO-scale moist static energy (MSE) tendency, which is contributed to the combined effect of anomalous circulation and mean MSE gradient. A theoretical framework is constructed to understand the relative role of anomalous heating and mean static stability changes in determining MJO-scale circulation change. It is found that their effect is phase dependent. During the initial warming phase the circulation change is primarily controlled by the heating change, whereas during the later warming phase it is primarily controlled by the static stability change. The eastward shift of the main MJO activity center is possibly caused by the occurrence of an El Niño-like mean SST change and associated vertical overturning circulation change in the tropical Pacific.</p>
Model and input files for Iyer & Ou, et al. 2022 (Ratcheting of climate pledges needed to limit peak global warming )
<p>The GCAM model (GCAMv5.3 NDC) and input files used to conduct Iyer & Ou, et al. 2022 (Ratcheting of climate pledges needed to limit peak global warming )</p> <ol> <li>The model needs to be compiled using third-party libraries (see https://jgcri.github.io/gcam-doc/gcam-build.html). Source code has been included in the GCAMv5.3_NDC/csv</li> <li>Default GCAM input files have been included in GCAMv5.3_NDC/input/gcamdata/xml</li> <li>Additional input files for NDC scenarios have been included in GCAMv5.3_NDC/input/NDC_Ratchet_policy</li> <li>A sample configuration_NDC_sample.xml has been included in GCAMv5.3_NDC/exe with detailed setup instruction</li> </ol>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.