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389 results for “Herbs”
Data from: Carbon isotopes of C3 herbs correlate with temperature on removing the influence of precipitation across a temperature transect in the agro-pastoral ecotone of Northern China
Plant δ13C–temperature (δ-T) relation has been established in many systems and is often used as paleotemperature transfer function. However, it is still unclear about the exact contributions of temperature variation to plant 13C discrimination because of covariation between temperature and precipitation (aridity), which reduces confidence in reconstruction of paleoclimate. In this study, we measured carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of 173 samples of C3 perennial herbs from 22 sites across a temperature gradient along the 400 mm isohyet in the farming-pastoral zone of North China. The results showed that precipitation obviously affected the correlations of temperatures and foliar δ13C. After removing the influence of precipitation by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), a more strongly positive relationship was obtained between site-mean foliar δ13C and annual mean temperature (AMT), with a regression coefficient of 0.1636‰/°C (p = .0024). For widespread species, Artemisia lavandulaefolia and Artemisia capillaries, the slopes (or coefficients) of foliar δ13C and AMT were significantly steeper (larger) than those of foliar δ13C and AMT where the precipitation influence was not excluded, whereas the δ-T coefficients of Polygonum persicaria and Leymus chinensis showed little change across the transect after deducting the precipitation effect. Moreover, the positive relationship between temperature and δ13C over the transect could be explained by soil moisture availability related to temperature. Our results may afford new opportunities for investigating the nature of past climate variability.
Data from: High-elevation range limit of an annual herb is neither caused nor reinforced by declining pollinator service
1. Pollination failure has been proposed to be an important determinant of plant species' range limits, if pollinator activity declines along an environmental gradient, directly limiting plant populations, or if plant populations decline along an environmental gradient and subsequently fail to attract sufficient visitation. Both mechanisms predict reduced pollinator visitation, increased pollen limitation, and decreased seed production towards range limits, and the first additionally predicts declining pollinator abundance independent of any particular plant species. However, many self-compatible species have some capacity for autonomous self-fertilization, which may buffer reproductive success from declining pollinator visitation if inbreeding depression is mild. Thus pollinator-mediated limits may also predict selection for reduced reliance on pollinators towards range limits. 2. We tested these predictions towards the high-elevation limit of the self-compatible, bumble bee (Bombus) pollinated Rhinanthus minor, along two elevation transects in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta, Canada. 3. Bombus abundance was highest at mid- (range-centre) and high-elevation (range limit) sites, so declining pollinator abundance is unlikely to impose high-elevation limits for bumble bee pollinated species in this area. 4. Flowers per plant and per m2 declined at upper range limits, potentially rendering edge populations less attractive. However, visitation rate did not decline towards the range limit at either transect. Stigmatic pollen receipt declined with increasing elevation, but seed set did not, nor did outcross pollen supplementation increase seed set at any site. 5. Investment in floral attractiveness (corolla area/ovary area) increased towards range limits, but capacity for high-quality autonomous seed set and adult inbreeding coefficients inferred from genetic markers were uniformly high, suggesting frequent self-fertilization and weak inbreeding depression throughout the range. 6. Synthesis We found no evidence for pollination failure towards the upper range limit of R. minor. Moreover, unlike some species with a capacity for autogamy, autonomous selfing makes a major contribution to R. minor's mating system and demography, and likely buffers reproductive success from stochasticity in pollination. Continued investment in floral attractiveness despite high autonomous selfing suggests some evolutionary benefit to pollinator-mediated outcrossing, rather than ecological benefits via increasing seed quantity or quality. Given that >50% of angiosperms are self-compatible, the reproductive assurance provided by selfing may reduce the importance of pollination in limiting plant distributions compared to other biotic interactions.
Data from: Demographic stimulation of the obligate understorey herb, Panax quinquefolius L., in response to natural forest canopy disturbances
1.Natural and anthropogenic forest canopy disturbances significantly alter forest dynamics and lead to multi-dimensional shifts in the forest understorey. An understorey plant's ability to exploit alterations to the light environment caused by canopy disturbance leads to changes in population dynamics. The purpose of this work was to determine if population growth of a species adapted to low light increases in response to additional light inputs caused by canopy disturbance, or alternatively, declines due to long-term selection under low light conditions. 2.To address this question, we quantified the demographic response of an understorey herb to three contrasting forest canopy disturbances (ice storms, tent caterpillar defoliation and lightning strikes) that encompass a broad range of disturbance severity. We used a model shade-adapted understorey species, Panax quinquefolius, to parameterize stage-based matrix models. Asymptotic growth rates, stochastic growth rates and simulations of transient dynamics were used to quantify the population-level response to canopy disturbance. Life table response experiments were used to partition the underlying controls over differences in population growth rates. 3.Population growth rates at all three disturbed sites increased in the transition period immediately after the canopy disturbance relative to the transition period prior to disturbance. Stochastic population models revealed that growth rates increased significantly in simulations that included disturbance matrices relative to those simulations that excluded disturbance. Additionally, transient models indicated that population size (n) was larger for all three populations when the respective disturbance matrix was included in the model. 4.Synthesis Obligate shade species are most likely to be pre-adapted to take advantage of canopy gaps and light influx to a degree, and this pre-adaptation may be due to long-term selection under dynamic old growth forest canopies. We propose a model whereby population performance is represented by a parabolic curve where performance is maximized under intermediate levels of canopy disturbance. This study provides new evidence to aid our understanding of the population-level response of understorey herbs to disturbances whose frequency and intensity are predicted to increase as global climates continue to shift.
Data from: Constraints of cold and shade on the phenology of spring ephemeral herb species
Spring ephemeral herb species in temperate deciduous forests are active above-ground only briefly each year. This study tested experimentally how two countervailing constraints – cold and darkness – influence the phenology of six spring herb species. Dormancy of underground structures, maintained by cold temperatures in a growth chamber, was broken at six 25-day intervals from January or February to June in two consecutive years. Upon emergence, survival and flowering were measured on cohorts grown outdoors. Shade cloth was added at the time of normal canopy closure. Cardamine concatenata, Dicentra cucullaria, Erythronium albidum and Trillium recurvatum had no or low 2-year survival in the two or three earliest cohorts and no or low survival in the latest cohort, relative to their natural cohort. Allium canadense and Claytonia virginica had survival in all cohorts. Flowering never occurred in the first two or three cohorts for three species and never occurred or declined in later cohorts in all species. Despite widely differing emergence dates, senescence was completed within a 40-day period soon after shade was imposed for all cohorts for all species. Consequently, leaf life span became shorter as date of emergence was delayed among cohorts. In general, the brief growth period of spring herb species is an adaptation to avoid winter cold and late-spring canopy shade. These constraints are species-specific and differ for survival and flowering for some species. Claytonia virginica is the most tolerant among the species to a wider range of conditions. Synthesis. Knowing that cold and shade constrain a plant's non-dormant period is important because of the significant role plant phenology plays in responses to climate change.
Data from: Dispersal constraints for the conservation of the grassland herb Thymus pulegioides L. in a highly fragmented agricultural landscape
Species-rich grassland communities are one of the most important habitats for biodiversity and of high conservation priority in Europe. Restoration actions are mainly focused on the improvement of abiotic conditions, such as nutrient depletion techniques, and are generally based on the assumption that the target community will re-establish at the restored site when the target species exist in the neighborhood. Information on the contemporary seed-dispersal range is therefore crucial to develop effective conservation measures. Here, we investigated the contemporary long-distance seed dispersal and genetic structure of the grassland herb Thymus pulegioides in an intensively managed agricultural landscape in Flanders (Northern Belgium). Assignment tests based on amplified fragment length polymorphisms revealed very low levels of effective seed dispersal between populations although seed availability and seed viability was not a limiting factor. The process of fragmentation has resulted in a high population differentiation and without further incoming gene flow the remnant populations are prone to further genetic erosion and perhaps extinction. Our findings illustrate that restoring suitable abiotic habitat conditions in the neighborhood of existing populations does likely not guarantee colonization for this grassland specialist. For the survival of the species, existing populations should be functionally connected and seed addition may be necessary for successful conservation to overcome dispersal-limitation.
Data from: Effects of pollination intensity on offspring number and quality in a wind-pollinated herb
Low pollination intensity may cause low seed set in plant populations and is thought to be responsible for evolutionary transitions from outcrossing to selfing, or from animal to wind pollination. Variation in pollination intensity may also affect seed quality both through its influence on the degree of pollen competition (with lower quality offspring produced under low pollen intensities) and through seed size–number trade-offs (with plants under low pollination intensity producing fewer but larger seeds). Here, we use a field experiment to examine the effects of pollination intensity on both quantity and quality of progeny. We manipulated pollen receipt to stigmas of the wind-pollinated dioecious plant Mercurialis annua by varying the distance of females from males. We then compared seed size and number, seedling growth and allocation to male and female function, for the progeny produced by females subjected to different pollination intensities. Our experiment revealed a reduction in pollen load with increasing distance to males, translating into large reductions in the number of seeds produced but only small effects on the performance of offspring. The main effect on offspring quality was through a seed size–number trade-off, with pollen-limited females producing fewer but larger seeds, which subsequently performed better. Sons and daughters were affected differently by this trade-off, pointing to gender-dependent effects of pollination intensity on progeny performance. Synthesis. Our results highlight the importance of pollination intensity on both the quantity and quality of progeny. Nevertheless, fitness calculations suggest that the enhanced quality of seed produced by pollen-limited mothers was not sufficient to offset their losses in terms of quantity.
FIGURE 3. Cataracta microphysa comb. nov. A. Perennial herb with a in Cataracta, a new monotypic genus segregated from Physalis (Solanaceae)
FIGURE 3. Cataracta microphysa comb. nov. A. Perennial herb with a rhizome of 30–40 cm long. B. One flower per axil, corolla plane rotated with a slight yellowish or greenish tinge. C. The fruiting calyx is teretish, ovate-oblong to campanulate, and open-flaring apically. D. Fruit with a thin, dry pericarp, with dark brown seeds and faveolated-rugous testa. E. The dry fruits dehiscing along irregular lines (Photos of Pilar Zamora-Tavares and Mahinda Martínez).
Supplementary material 1 from: Gioria M, Carta A, Balogianni V, Fornara D, Pyšek P, Osborne BA (2023) Changes in the functional and phylogenetic diversity of above- and below-ground plant communities invaded by two alien herbs. NeoBiota 88: 75-101. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.88.109185
Species lists, list of traits, and results of Bayesian phylogenetic generalized linear mixed models of species richness and abundance data in the vegetation and the soil seed bank
Data from: Molecular docking and dynamics studies to identify novel active compounds targeting potential breast cancer receptor proteins from an indigenous herb Euphorbia thymifolia Linn
<p>Breast cancer has become most prevalent disease and their incidence has doubled in Indian scenario. Targeted therapy with the novel compounds derived from plants could be the promising approach for the development of drugs. <em>Euphorbia thymifolia</em> L is a widely growing tropical herb which has been reported for its various ethnopharmacological properties, including anticancer properties. The aim of the present study was to identify the active phytocompounds present in the methanolic extract using an <em>I</em><em>n-silico</em> approach. The methanolic extract of <em>E. thymifolia</em> (ME.ET) was subjected to GC-MS analysis and the identified compounds were docked with potential protein targets implicated in breast cancer such as ERK1, AKT, EGFR/HER2, ER, MELK, PLK1, PTK6. Compounds with good docking score were further subjected to dynamics study to understand the protein ligand binding stability, ligand pathway calculation, molecular mechanics energies combined with Poisson-Boltzmann (MM/PBSA) calculation using Schrodinger suite. Out of 219 unique phytocompounds subjected to docking, two compounds namely, 3,6,9,12-tetraoxatetradecane-1,14-diyl dibenzoate (TTDB) and succinic acid, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl 4-isopropylphenyl ester (SADPE) showed good docking score. Molecular dynamics study showed high affinity and low binding energy for TTDB with HER2, ERK1 and SADPE with ER. Hence this is the first study to identify and report active compounds from <em>E.thymifolia</em> linn. Further <em>invitro</em> and <em>invivo</em> anticancer studies can be performed to confirm these results and understand the molecular mechanism by which TTDB and SADPE exhibit anticancer activity against breast cancer.</p>
FIGURES 1–6 in New herb gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Aulacideini) from Kyrgyzstan, with description of a new genus and a review of the genus Panteliella Kieffer, 1901
FIGURES 1–6. Soparia oshensis Nastasi gen. and sp. nov. All images show holotype female INHS Insect Collection 288148. (1) Lateral habitus. (2) Head in anterior view; dotted line indicates ventral margin of clypeus. (3) Mesoscutum in dorsal view. (4) Scutellum in dorsal view. (5) Mesopleuron in lateral view. (6) Wings.
FIGURES 15–21 in New herb gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Aulacideini) from Kyrgyzstan, with description of a new genus and a review of the genus Panteliella Kieffer, 1901
FIGURES 15–21. Isocolus barakus Nastasi sp. nov. All images show holotype female INHS Insect Collection 288135. (9) Lateral habitus. (10) Head in anterior view; dotted line indicates ventral margin of clypeus. (11) Pronotum in anterior view; arrows indicate conspicuously defined range of pronotal lateral suture. (12) Proximal antennomeres. (13) Mesopleuron in lateral view. (14) Mesoscutum in dorsal view. (15) Scutellum in dorsal view; posterior scutellum (partially covered by wings and thus clouded posteriorly in image).
FIGURES 9–14 in New herb gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Aulacideini) from Kyrgyzstan, with description of a new genus and a review of the genus Panteliella Kieffer, 1901
FIGURES 9–14. Panteliella rugosa Nastasi sp. nov. All images show holotype female INHS Insect Collection 288137. (9) Lateral habitus. (10) Head in anterior view; dotted line indicates ventral margin of clypeus. (11) Mesoscutum in dorsal view. (12) Scutellum in dorsal view. (13) Mesopleuron in lateral view. (14) Fore wing.
Data from: Spring and autumn phenology in an understorey herb are uncorrelated and driven by different factors
<p><strong>Premise:</strong> Climate warming has altered the start and end of growing seasons in temperate regions. Ultimately, these changes occur at the individual level, but little is known about how previous seasonal life history events, temperature, and plant resource state simultaneously influence the spring and autumn phenology of plant individuals.</p> <p><strong>Methods: </strong>We studied the relationships between the timing of leaf-out and shoot senescence over three years in a natural population of the long-lived understory herb <em>Lathyrus vernus</em> and investigated the effects of spring temperature, plant size, reproductive status and grazing on spring and autumn phenology.</p> <p><strong>Key results</strong>: The timing of leaf-out and senescence were consistent within individuals among years. Leaf-out and senescence were not correlated with each other within years. Larger plants both leafed out and senesced later, and there was no effect of size on growing season length. Reproductive plants leafed out earlier and had longer growing seasons than non-reproductive plants. Grazing had no detectable effects on phenology. Colder spring temperatures delayed senescence in two of three study years.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The timing of seasonal events, such as leaf-out and senescence in plants can be expressed largely independently within and among seasons and are influenced by different factors. Growing season start and length can often be condition-dependent and dependent on plant reproductive status. To more accurately predict species and community responses to environmental variation, knowledge about the drivers of growing season length of individuals is essential.</p>
FIGURE 2 in Lectotypification and notes on the distribution of the giant herb Phenakospermum guyannense (Rich.) Miq. (Strelitziaceae)
FIGURE 2. Phenakospermum guyannense (Rich.) Miq. A. Habit. B. Flower in lateral view, inside the boat-shaped bract. C. Immature fruits. D. Dissected woody capsule of the fruit. E. Arillate seeds (Photographs by A.W.C. Ferreira from Silva-Júnior & Ferreira 311).
FIGURE 3 in Lectotypification and notes on the distribution of the giant herb Phenakospermum guyannense (Rich.) Miq. (Strelitziaceae)
FIGURE 3. Distribution of Phenakospermum guyannense (Rich.) Miq. A. South America. B. New records for Maranhão state, Brazil. Abbreviations: Countries and Territories: BOL: Bolivia; COL: Colombia; ECU: Ecuador; FRG: French Guiana; GUY: Guyana PER: Peru; SUR: Suriname and VEN: Venezuela. Brazilian States: AM: Amazonas; AP: Amapá; MA: Maranhão; MT: Mato Grosso; PA: Pará; PI: Piauí; RO: Rondônia; RR: Roraima.
Spring-flowering herbs in North American temperate forests advance their phenology more than trees with warming temperatures
<ol> <li>The phenologies of co-occurring trees and spring-blooming understory herbs in northeastern hardwood forests appear to be regulated by different environmental drivers—air temperature and soil temperature/snowpack, respectively. Accordingly, it has been hypothesized that climate change-driven asymmetry in the advancement of canopy leaf-out relative to the timing of understory growth could reduce photosynthetic rates and reproductive success of understory herbs through greater early-season shading.</li> <li>To determine whether trees and spring-flowering spring-flowering forest herbs are advancing their phenologies at different rates with respect to increasing global temperatures, we examined the phenological responses to warming of 10 species of trees and 11 species of spring-flowering forest herbs (8,045 observations from 965 sites) in northeastern North America using 13 years of data collected by citizen scientists under the auspices of the USA-National Phenology Network.</li> <li>Contrary to expectation, the timing of leaf-out of spring-flowering forest herbs was more strongly associated with temperature than was timing of tree leaf-out, with a mean response rate of −4.9 days/˚C (95% BCI [−5.2, −4.6]) for spring-flowering forest herbs <em>vs.</em> −3.3 days/℃ (95% BCI [−3.5, −3.1]) for trees. However, the response to temperature was not consistent across the latitudinal range, with spring-flowering forest herbs responding more strongly to warming than trees at middle (40–44˚N) and higher (45–48˚N) latitudes but not at lower latitudes (35–39˚N). </li> <li>In contrast to what has been suggested previously, our results suggest that the growing season and carbon uptake of spring-flowering forest herbs could increase as spring temperatures rise. Our study is the first to show spring-flowering forest herbs advancing their phenology at a higher rate than trees with respect to warming.</li> </ol>
FIGURE 9 in Description of Fumariphilus Nieves-Aldrey, gen. nov., a new genus of herb gall wasps, with a key to genera of the tribe Aulacideini (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)
FIGURE 9. Pronotum in antero-dorsal view and head in anterior view of (A, E) Liposthenes kerneri (Wachtl). (B, F) Panteliella fedtschenkoi (Rübsaamen). (C, G) Antistrophus silphii Gillette. (D, H) Aulacidea martae Nieves-Aldrey.
FIGURE 13 in Description of Fumariphilus Nieves-Aldrey, gen. nov., a new genus of herb gall wasps, with a key to genera of the tribe Aulacideini (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)
FIGURE 13. Mesosoma in dorsal view and forewing of (A, E) Antistrophus silphii Gillette. (B) Rhodus oriundus Quinlan. (C, F) Hedickiana levantina (Hedicke). (D, G) Neaylax verbenaca (Nieves-Aldrey).
FIGURE 10 in Description of Fumariphilus Nieves-Aldrey, gen. nov., a new genus of herb gall wasps, with a key to genera of the tribe Aulacideini (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)
FIGURE 10. Liposthenes kerneri (Wachtl) (A–D). (A) Mesosoma, dorsal view. (B) Propodeum. (C) Metasoma, lateral view. (D) Female antenna. Panteliella fedtschenkoi (Rübsaamen) (E–H). (E). (E) Mesosoma, dorsal view. (F) Propodeum. (G) Metasoma, lateral view. (H) Female antenna
FIGURE 5 in Description of Fumariphilus Nieves-Aldrey, gen. nov., a new genus of herb gall wasps, with a key to genera of the tribe Aulacideini (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)
FIGURE 5. Habitus, forewing and terminal instar larvae of Fumariphilus hypecoi, n. comb. (A), (C), (E) and Fumariphilus versicolor, n. comb. (B), (D) and (F). All in lateral view.
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