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339 results for “Host specificity”
Data from: Identification of combinatorial host-specific signatures with a potential to affect host adaptation in influenza A H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes
Background: The underlying strategies used by influenza A viruses (IAVs) to adapt to new hosts while crossing the species barrier are complex and yet to be understood completely. Several studies have been published identifying singular genomic signatures that indicate such a host switch. The complexity of the problem suggested that in addition to the singular signatures, there might be a combinatorial use of such genomic features, in nature, defining adaptation to hosts. Results: We used computational rule-based modeling to identify combinatorial sets of interacting amino acid (aa) residues in 12 proteins of IAVs of H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes. We built highly accurate rule-based models for each protein that could differentiate between viral aa sequences coming from avian and human hosts. We found 68 host-specific combinations of aa residues, potentially associated to host adaptation on HA, M1, M2, NP, NS1, NEP, PA, PA-X, PB1 and PB2 proteins of the H1N1 subtype and 24 on M1, M2, NEP, PB1 and PB2 proteins of the H3N2 subtypes. In addition to these combinations, we found 132 novel singular aa signatures distributed among all proteins, including the newly discovered PA-X protein, of both subtypes. We showed that HA, NA, NP, NS1, NEP, PA-X and PA proteins of the H1N1 subtype carry H1N1-specific and HA, NA, PA-X, PA, PB1-F2 and PB1 of the H3N2 subtype carry H3N2-specific signatures. M1, M2, PB1-F2, PB1 and PB2 of H1N1 subtype, in addition to H1N1 signatures, also carry H3N2 signatures. Similarly M1, M2, NP, NS1, NEP and PB2 of H3N2 subtype were shown to carry both H3N2 and H1N1 host-specific signatures (HSSs). Conclusions: To sum it up, we computationally constructed simple IF-THEN rule-based models that could distinguish between aa sequences of avian and human IAVs. From the rules we identified HSSs having a potential to affect the adaptation to specific hosts. The identification of combinatorial HSSs suggests that the process of adaptation of IAVs to a new host is more complex than previously suggested. The present study provides a basis for further detailed studies with the aim to elucidate the molecular mechanisms providing the foundation for the adaptation process.
Data from: Biogeography and host-related factors trumps parasite life-history: limited congruence among the genetic structures of specific ectoparasitic lice and their rodent hosts
Parasites and hosts interact across both micro- and macroevolutionary scales where congruence among their phylogeographic and phylogenetic structures may be observed. Within southern Africa, the four-striped mouse genus, Rhabdomys, is parasitized by the ectoparasitic sucking louse, Polyplax arvicanthis. Molecular data recently suggested the presence of two cryptic species within P. arvicanthis that are sympatrically distributed across the distributions of four putative Rhabdomys species. We tested the hypotheses of phylogeographic congruence and cophylogeny among the two parasite lineages and the four host taxa, utilizing mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data. Despite the documented host-specificity of P. arvicanthis, limited phylogeographic correspondence and nonsignificant cophylogeny was observed. Instead, the parasite–host evolutionary history is characterized by limited codivergence and several duplication, sorting and host-switching events. Despite the elevated mutational rates found for P. arvicanthis, the spatial genetic structure was not more pronounced in the parasite lineages compared with the hosts. These findings may be partly attributed to larger effective population sizes of the parasite lineages, the vagility and social behaviour of Rhabdomys, and the lack of host-specificity observed in areas of host sympatry. Further, the patterns of genetic divergence within parasite and host lineages may also be largely attributed to historical biogeographic changes (expansion-contraction cycles). It is thus evident that the association between P. arvicanthis and Rhabdomys has been shaped by the synergistic effects of parasite traits, host-related factors and biogeography over evolutionary time.
Data from: Inbreeding within human Schistosoma mansoni: do host- specific factors shape the genetic composition of parasite populations?
The size, structure and distribution of host populations are key determinants of the genetic composition of parasite populations. Despite the evolutionary and epidemiological merits, there has been little consideration of how host heterogeneities affect the evolutionary trajectories of parasite populations. We assessed the genetic composition of natural populations of the parasite Schistosoma mansoni in northern Senegal. A total of 1346 parasites were collected from 14 snail and 57 human hosts within three villages and individually genotyped using nine microsatellite markers. Human host demographic parameters (age, gender and village of residence) and co-infection with Schistosoma haematobium were documented, and S. mansoni infection intensities were quantified. F-statistics and clustering analyses revealed a random distribution (panmixia) of parasite genetic variation among villages and hosts, confirming the concept of human hosts as 'genetic mixing bowls' for schistosomes. Host gender and village of residence did not show any association with parasite genetics. Host age, however, was significantly correlated with parasite inbreeding and heterozygosity, with children being more infected by related parasites than adults. The patterns may be explained by (1) genotype-dependent 'concomitant immunity' that leads to selective recruitment of genetically unrelated worms with host age, and/or (2) the 'genetic mixing bowl' hypothesis, where older hosts have been exposed to a wider variety of parasite strains than children. The present study suggests that host-specific factors may shape the genetic composition of schistosome populations, revealing important insights into host–parasite interactions within a natural system.
Data from: Asymmetric hybridization and gene flow between Joshua trees (Agavaceae: Yucca) reflects differences in pollinator host specificity.
The angiosperms are by far the largest group of terrestrial plants. Their spectacular diversity is often attributed to specialized pollination. Obligate pollination mutualisms where both a plant and its pollinator are dependent upon one another for reproduction are thought to be prone to rapid diversification through co-evolution and pollinator isolation. However, few studies have evaluated the degree to which pollinators actually mediate reproductive isolation in these systems. Here, we examine evidence for hybridization and gene flow between two subspecies of Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia brevifolia and Yucca brevifolia jaegeriana) pollinated by two sister species of yucca moth. Previous work indicated that the pollinators differ in host specificity, and DNA sequence data suggested asymmetric introgression between the tree subspecies. Through intensive sampling in a zone of sympatry, a large number of morphologically intermediate trees were identified. These included trees with floral characters typical of Y. b. jaegeriana, but vegetative features typical of Y. b. brevifolia. The opposite combination—Y. b. brevifolia flowers with Y. b. jaegeriana vegetative morphology—never occurred. Microsatellite genotyping revealed a high frequency of genetically admixed, hybrid trees. Coalescent-based estimates of migration indicated significant gene flow between the subspecies and that the direction of gene flow matches differences in pollinator host fidelity. The data suggest that pollinator behaviour determines the magnitude and direction of gene flow between the two subspecies, but that specialized pollination alone is not sufficient to maintain species boundaries. Natural selection may be required to maintain phenotypic differences in the face of ongoing gene flow.
FIGURES 71–73 in Rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) associated with Aenictus laeviceps (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Sarawak, Malaysia: Strict host specificity, and first myrmecoid Aleocharini
FIGURES 71–73. Procantonnetia opacithorax sp. nov. (71, 72, holotype). 71, Median lobe of aedeagus, lateral view; 72, ditto, ventral view; 73, spermatheca.
FIGURES 1–9 in Rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) associated with Aenictus laeviceps (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Sarawak, Malaysia: Strict host specificity, and first myrmecoid Aleocharini
FIGURES 1–9. Three morphotypes of Aenictus laeviceps (sensu Wilson, 1964). 1–3, Morphotype L1; 4–6, Morphotype L2; 7– 9, Morphotype S (all SEM photographs; 1, 4, 7, habitus, laeral view; 2, 5, 8, alitrunk, lateral view; 3, 6, 9, petiole and postpetiole, lateral view).
FIGURES 74–81 in Rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) associated with Aenictus laeviceps (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Sarawak, Malaysia: Strict host specificity, and first myrmecoid Aleocharini
FIGURES 74–81. Weissflogia pubescens sp. nov. (76–81, SEM photographs). 74, Habitus, dorsal view; 75, ditto, lateral view; 76, head, pronotum and anterior part of elytra, lateral view; 77, head, dorsal view; 78, pronotum, dorsal view; 79, abdominal tergites III–VI, dorsal view; 80, abdomen, lateral view; 81, abdominal sternite III–V, ventral view.
FIGURES 43–47 in Rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) associated with Aenictus laeviceps (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Sarawak, Malaysia: Strict host specificity, and first myrmecoid Aleocharini
FIGURES 43–47. Aenictocleptis lambirensis sp. nov. 43, male tergite VIII, dorsal view (holotype); 44, median lobe of aedeagus, lateral view; 45, ditto, ventral view; 46, apical lobe of paramere; 47, spermatheca.
FIGURES 38–42 in Rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) associated with Aenictus laeviceps (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Sarawak, Malaysia: Strict host specificity, and first myrmecoid Aleocharini
FIGURES 38–42. Aenictocleptis hirsutoides sp. nov. 38, male tergite VIII, dorsal view, holotype; 39, median lobe of aedeagus, lateral view; 40, ditto, ventral view; 41, apical lobe of paramere; 42, spermatheca.
FIGURES 63–70 in Rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) associated with Aenictus laeviceps (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Sarawak, Malaysia: Strict host specificity, and first myrmecoid Aleocharini
FIGURES 63–70. Procantonnetia opacithorax sp. nov. (65–70, SEM photographs). 63, Habitus, dorsal view; 64, ditto, lateral view; 65, head, pronotum and anterior part of elytra, lateral view; 66, head, dorsal view; 67, pronotum, dorsal view; 68, abdomen, dorsal view; 69, ditto, lateral view; 70, ditto, ventral view.
FIGURE 88 in Rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) associated with Aenictus laeviceps (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Sarawak, Malaysia: Strict host specificity, and first myrmecoid Aleocharini
FIGURE 88. Myrmecoid (highly integrated) Lomechusini genera and species and their Aenictus laeviceps (sensu Wilson, 1964) host morphotypes as recorded in Ulu Gombak, Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia, and Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak, Boneo. Data from Ulu Gombak was based on investigations conducted in 2003–2011 (Maruyama, unpublished data). Broken line indicates closest species relationship based on morphological information.
FIGURES 32–37. Aenictocleptis spp. 32–34, A in Rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) associated with Aenictus laeviceps (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Sarawak, Malaysia: Strict host specificity, and first myrmecoid Aleocharini
FIGURES 32–37. Aenictocleptis spp. 32–34, A. hirsutoides sp. nov.; 35–37, A. lambirensis sp. nov. (33, 34, 36, 37, SEM photographs). 32, 35, habitus, dorsal view; 33, 36, head, pronotum and elytra, dorsal view; 34, 37, right antenna, dorsal view.
FIGURES 57–62 in Rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) associated with Aenictus laeviceps (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Sarawak, Malaysia: Strict host specificity, and first myrmecoid Aleocharini
FIGURES 57–62. Mimaenictus spp.: 57–59, M. matsumotoi sp. nov.; 60–62, M. wilsoni (57, 60, median lobe of aedeagus, lateral view; 58, 61, ditto, ventral view; 59, 62, spermatheca. 57, 58, holotype).
FIGURES 19–25 in Rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) associated with Aenictus laeviceps (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Sarawak, Malaysia: Strict host specificity, and first myrmecoid Aleocharini
FIGURES 19–25. Myrmecosticta exceptionalis gen. et sp. nov. 19, labrum, dorsal view; 20, right mandible, dorsal view; 21, right maxilla, ventral view; 22, mentum, ventral view; 23, labium, ventral view; 24, median lobe of aedeagus, lateral view (holotype); 25, spermatheca.
FIGURES 82–87. Weissflogia spp. 82–84, W in Rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) associated with Aenictus laeviceps (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Sarawak, Malaysia: Strict host specificity, and first myrmecoid Aleocharini
FIGURES 82–87. Weissflogia spp. 82–84, W. pubescens sp. nov.; 85–87, W. rhopalogaster (82, 85, median lobe of aedeagus, lateral view; 83, 86, ditto, ventral view; 84, 87, spermatheca; 82, 83, holotype).
FIGURES 48–56 in Rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) associated with Aenictus laeviceps (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Sarawak, Malaysia: Strict host specificity, and first myrmecoid Aleocharini
FIGURES 48–56. Mimaenictus matsumotoi sp. nov. (50–56, SEM photographs). 48, Habitus, dorsal view; 49, ditto, lateral view; 50, head, pronotum and anterior part of elytra, lateral view; 51, head, dorsal view; 52, pronotum, dorsal view; 53, abdominal tergites III–VI, dorsal view; 54, abdomen, lateral view; 55, abdominal sternite III–VI, ventral view; 56, gland opening on abdominal sternite IV, ventral view.
FIGURES 10–18 in Rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) associated with Aenictus laeviceps (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Sarawak, Malaysia: Strict host specificity, and first myrmecoid Aleocharini
FIGURES 10–18. Myrmecosticta exceptionalis gen. et sp. nov. (12–18, SEM photographs). 10, habitus, dorsal view; 11, ditto, lateral view (holotype); 12, head, pronotum and anterior part of elytra, lateral view; 13, head, dorsal view; 14, head, ventral view; 15, pronotum, dorsal view; 16, meso- and metathorax, coxae and trochanters, ventral view; 17, abdomen, dorsal view; 18, ditto, ventral view.
FIGURE 1 in An updated concept and revised composition for Hamacreadium Linton, 1910 (Opecoelidae: Plagioporinae) clarifies a previously obscured pattern of host-specificity among species
FIGURE 1. Hamacreadium mutabile specimen SI NMNH IZ #1402929 collected by Dr M. J. Andres from Lutjanus griseus in the Gulf of Mexico. Ventral perspective of (a) adult worm, (b) terminal genitalia and (c) ovarian complex. Abbreviations: C, caecum; Cs, cirrus-sac; E, egg; Ep, excretory pore; Ev, excretory vesicle; Ga, genital atrium; Gp, genital pore; Lc, Laurer's canal; Mg, Mehlis' gland; Mp, male pore; O, ovary; Oes, oesophagus; Oo, ootype; Os, oral sucker; P, pharynx; Pp, pars prostatica; Sr, seminal receptacle; Sv, seminal vesicle; T, testis; U, uterus; Vd, vitelline duct; Vf, vitelline follicles; Vr, vitelline reservoir; Vs, ventral sucker. Scale: 1000 µm, 300 µm, 300 µm.
FIGURE 5 in An updated concept and revised composition for Hamacreadium Linton, 1910 (Opecoelidae: Plagioporinae) clarifies a previously obscured pattern of host-specificity among species
FIGURE 5. Reproduction with modification of type illustration for (a) Hamacreadium morgani Baz, 1946 and (b) Hamacreadium phyllorchis (Bilqees, 1976) Cribb, 2005. Abbreviations: C, caecum; Cs, cirrus-sac; Ep, excretory pore; Ev, excretory vesicle; Gp, genital pore; O, ovary; Oes, oesophagus; Os, oral sucker; P, pharynx; T, testis; U, uterus; Vf, vitelline follicles; Vs, ventral sucker. Scale: 1000 µm, 1000 µm.
FIGURE 4 in An updated concept and revised composition for Hamacreadium Linton, 1910 (Opecoelidae: Plagioporinae) clarifies a previously obscured pattern of host-specificity among species
FIGURE 4. Reproduction with modification of type illustrations for (a) Hamacreadium longivesiculum (Yamaguti, 1952) n. comb. and (b) Hamacreadium lutiani (Shen, 1990) n. comb. Abbreviations: C, caecum; Cs, cirrus-sac; Ep, excretory pore; Ev, excretory vesicle; Gp, genital pore; O, ovary; Oes, oesophagus; Os, oral sucker; P, pharynx; T, testis; U, uterus; Vf, vitelline follicles; Vs, ventral sucker. Scale: 1000 µm, 1000 µm.
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