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Fig. 3 in Evolution and classification of Mesozoic mathildoid gastropods

Fig. 3. Type species and examples for Jurassic genera of the family Mathildididae. A. Carinathilda carinata Gründel, 1997, bore Kłęby (formerly Klemmen) 1/37, Poland, Bathonian; from Gründel (1997: pl. 7: 98). B. Angulathilda calloviensis (Gründel, 1997), erratic boulder from Hohendorf near Wolgast 3/96/3, Germany, Callovian; from Gründel (1997: pl. 7: 98, 101). Whole specimen (B1), detail of the ornament (B2). C. Erratothilda erratica (Gründel, 1990), erratic boulder from Bauer−Wehrland, Germany, Callovian; from Gründel (1997: pl. 7: 104, 105). Whole specimen (C1), detail showing ornament (C2).

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Fig. 2 in Evolution and classification of Mesozoic mathildoid gastropods

Fig. 2. Type species and examples for Cretaceous genera of the family Mathildidae. A. Gymnothilda levata Schröder, 1995, Wąwał, Valanginian; from Kaim (2004: fig. 113A1). B, C. Bathraspira pagodoidea (Kiel, 2006), Mahajanga Basin/Madagascar, Albian; from Kiel (2006: figs. 8.1, 8.2). Juvenile (B) and adult (C) specimens.

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Fig. 10 in Evolution and classification of Mesozoic mathildoid gastropods

Fig. 10. Type species and examples for Jurassic genera of the family Tofanellidae. A. Conusella conica Gründel, 1999, Grimmen, Germany, late Pliensbachian. Whole specimen (A1) from Gründel (1999: pl. 8: 8); protoconch in apical view (A2) from Gründel (1999: pl. 9: 2). B, C. Reinbergia inflata Gründel, 2007, borehole Kb Rnb Gm 4/66 Reinberg, Germany, late Pliensbachian. B. From Gründel (2007: pl. 7: 6, 7). C. From Gründel (2007: pl. 7: 8).

Fig. 5 in Worldwide distribution of the modiomorphid bivalve genus Caspiconcha in late Mesozoic hydrocarbon seeps

Fig. 5 Lectotype of modiomorphid bivalve Caspiconcha major (Gabb, 1869) MCZ 108539 from east of Knoxville, California, USA, Lower Cretaceous. The pairs A and B, C and D, and E and F are the same views, respectively with and without morphological interpretations. A, B. Left valve. C, D. Right valve. The shell of the specimen is missing forward of the anterior adductor muscle scar, leaving an internal mould. E, F. Dorsal view. G. Detail of ligament area of left valve. White arrowheads point to the anterior.

Fig. 4 in Worldwide distribution of the modiomorphid bivalve genus Caspiconcha in late Mesozoic hydrocarbon seeps

Fig. 4. Shell microstructure of modiomorphid bivalve Caspiconcha major (Gabb, 1869) CAS 72527−9 from Eagle Creek, California, USA, Upper Barremian (Lower Cretaceous). External shell surface upwards in all figures. A.Vertical cross section through shell in the pallial region; see Fig. 3B for location. B. Demarcation between middle (cross lamellar) and inner (complex cross lamellar) layers. C. Outer layer homogeneous structure. D. Lower part of inner layer, note diagenetic alteration at base.

Fig. 1. Locality map and outcrop photographs. A in Worldwide distribution of the modiomorphid bivalve genus Caspiconcha in late Mesozoic hydrocarbon seeps

Fig. 1. Locality map and outcrop photographs. A. Locality map of the Utagoesawa Creek site, Hatonosu, Yubari City, Hokkaido, Japan. Also shown is the location of the Omagari seep site. Solid pattern is the outcrop area of the Cretaceous Yezo Group strata. B. Outcrop photograph of an Utagoesawa Creek carbonate body showing large Caspiconcha sp. and/or probable lucinid bivalve fossils. C. Locality map of hydrocarbon seeps in California. Subpanel shows locality map of the Eagle Creek site, Ono, California, USA. Solid circle with number indicates Caspiconcha bearing sites. 1, Eagle Creek; 2, Cold Fork of Cottonwood Creek; 3, Paskenta; 4, Bear Creek; 5, Wilbur Springs; 6, east of Knoxville (exact place is unknown); +

Fig. 12. Modiomorphid bivalve Myoconcha americana Stanton, 1895 in Worldwide distribution of the modiomorphid bivalve genus Caspiconcha in late Mesozoic hydrocarbon seeps

Fig. 12. Modiomorphid bivalve Myoconcha americana Stanton, 1895 (USNM 23042), right valve. A. External view. B. Dorsal view. C. Detail of the hinge area showing a possible tooth. D. Detail of shell surface ornamentation. Growth lines show rectoangular shape of shell. Black arrowheads point to faint radiaxial ribs mostly obscured by the glue in this image. White arrowheads point to the anterior.

Fig. 10 in Worldwide distribution of the modiomorphid bivalve genus Caspiconcha in late Mesozoic hydrocarbon seeps

Fig. 10. Modiomorphid bivalve Caspiconcha major (Gabb, 1869) from east of Berryessa (A and D), Cold Fork of Cottonwood Creek (B and E), and Wilbur Springs (C), all California, USA. A. Right valve of large specimen CAS 72535 with missing posterior area, right valve (A1), dorsal view (A2). B. Right valve of small specimen UCMP 10226. C. Internal mould of right valve of small specimen CAS 72537; see Fig. 9G for cast. D. Articulated specimen internal mould with missing posterior margin CAS 72536, left valve (D1), dorsal view (D2). See Fig. 9I for casts. E. Articulated small specimen internal mould UCMP 10225, right (E1) and left (E2) valves, dorsal view (E3). See Fig. 9A for cast. White arrowheads point to the anterior.

Fig. 3 in Worldwide distribution of the modiomorphid bivalve genus Caspiconcha in late Mesozoic hydrocarbon seeps

Fig. 3. Modiomorphid bivalve Caspiconcha major (Gabb, 1869) CAS 72527−9 from Eagle Creek, California, USA, Upper Barremian (Lower Cretaceous). Right valve. A. External view. B. Internal view. Details of pedal elevator muscle scar (C) and mantle muscle scars indicated by small arrowheads (D). Location of shell microstructure analysis (Fig. 4) is marked with a dotted white line. Black arrowheads point to the anterior.

Fig. 9 in Worldwide distribution of the modiomorphid bivalve genus Caspiconcha in late Mesozoic hydrocarbon seeps

Fig. 9. Silicone rubber casts of modiomorphid bivalve Caspiconcha major (Gabb, 1869) from Cold Fork of Cottonwood Creek (A), Wilbur Springs (B–G), + East Berryessa (H, I) and Bear Creek (J), all California, USA. A. Internal surface of articulated small specimen UCMP 10225, right valve (A1), left valve (A2). B. Internal surface of left valve of small specimen UCMP 152077. C. Internal surface of right valve of small specimen CAS 71880. D. Internal surface of left valve of small specimen with some shell remains along the ventral margin CAS 71882. E. Internal surface of left valve of small specimen CAS 71881. F. Internal surface of right valve of small specimen CAS 71883. G. Internal surface of right valve of small specimen with some shell remains in posterior area CAS 72537. H. Internal surface of left valve of small specimen CAS 72548. I. Internal surfaces of articulated specimen CAS 72536 with missing posterior margin, right valve (I1), left valve (I2). J. Internal surface of left valve of partial large specimen with internal shell details highlighted with dotted white lines CAS 72534. White arrowheads point to the anterior.

Fig. 15 in Worldwide distribution of the modiomorphid bivalve genus Caspiconcha in late Mesozoic hydrocarbon seeps

Fig. 15. Ranges and palaeoecological interpretations of major group of chemosynthetic bivalves and brachiopods from Late Jurassic to Recent hydrocarbon seeps. The epifauna and semi−infauna almost vanished at the end of Early Cretaceous and did flourish again from the Eocene with the appearance of vesicomyids and bathymodiolins. Caspiconcha was common until the end of the Early Cretaceous after which there was only one occurrence in the Late Cretaceous. In contrast, infaunal bivalves were present continuously from the late Mesozoic to the Recent.

Fig. 6 in Worldwide distribution of the modiomorphid bivalve genus Caspiconcha in late Mesozoic hydrocarbon seeps

Fig. 6. Paralectotypes of modiomorphid bivalve Caspiconcha major (Gabb, 1869). A. MCZ108540 from east of Knoxville, California, USA, Lower Cretaceous. Internal mould of left valve (A1), dorsal view (A2). B–D. Three specimens of Caspiconcha major (Gabb, 1869) from Wilbur Springs, California, USA, Hauterivian (Lower Cretaceous). B. Left valve of MCZ 108538A. C. Internal mould of right valve of MCZ 108538B. D. Right valve of MCZ 108538C. White arrowheads point to the anterior.

Fig. 14 in Worldwide distribution of the modiomorphid bivalve genus Caspiconcha in late Mesozoic hydrocarbon seeps

Fig. 14. Palaeobiogeographical distribution of Caspiconcha and Caspiconcha−like species in the late Mesozoic world's oceans. A. Palaeomap at 120 Ma from http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/index.html. B. Caspiconcha major (Gabb, 1869), Late Jurassic (Tithonian) to Early Cretaceous (Albian) from California, USA. The specimen is from the Eagle Creek site. C. Caspiconcha sp., Lower Cretaceous (Albian) of Basque, Spain (image from Agirrezabala et al. in press). D. Caspiconcha whithami Kelly, 2000, Lower Cretaceous (Barremian) of Greenland (SMUC K 8318, holotype). E. Possible Caspiconcha, described as Calyptogena sp. in Hikida et al. (2003) from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Omagari site, Hokkaido, Japan. F. Caspiconcha sp., Lower Cretaceous (Albian), Utagoesawa Creek, Hokkaido, Japan. G. C. rubani Kiel et al. (2010), Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian) of Ukraine (image from Kiel et al. 2010). H. Caspiconcha sp., Lower Cretaceous to Upper Cretaceous (Upper Albian to middle Cenomanian) of New Zealand (image from Kiel et al. in press).

Fig. 2 in Worldwide distribution of the modiomorphid bivalve genus Caspiconcha in late Mesozoic hydrocarbon seeps

Fig. 2. Schematic illustration of the right valve internal features of Caspiconcha major (Gabb, 1869).

Fig. 6 in Xenoxylon synecology and palaeoclimatic implications for the Mesozoic of Eurasia

Fig. 6. Distribution and diversity of the fossil wood groups associated with Xenoxylon. A. Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous (1, Japan; 2, Northeast China-Beijing, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, and Inner Mongolia; 3, Southeast Mongolia; 4, Western China-Xinjiang; 5, Primorye; 6, Arctic; 7, Greenland; 8, Canada-Alberta; 9, Canadian Arctic Archipelago; 10, Alaska-Central North Slope). B. Late Cretaceous (1, Sakhalin; 2, Alaska-Central North Slope). Abbreviations: A, Protocedroxylon-group; B, Taxodioxylon-group; C, Phyllocladoxylon-group; D, Podocarpoxylon-group; E, Agathoxylon; F, Brachyoxylon-group; G, others (for the composition of each taxonomical group see Table 2).

Fig. 2 in Xenoxylon synecology and palaeoclimatic implications for the Mesozoic of Eurasia

Fig. 2. Fossil wood genera co-occurring with Xenoxylon from the Late Triassic to the Late Cretaceous in Northern Hemisphere.

Fig. 5 in Xenoxylon synecology and palaeoclimatic implications for the Mesozoic of Eurasia

Fig. 5. Distribution and diversity of the fossil wood groups associated with Xenoxylon. A. Late Triassic (modified from the DINODATA; www.dinodata. org; accessed Oct. 11. 2011) (1, Japan; 2, Korea; 3, Southern China-Guangdong; 4, Arctic. B. Early to Middle Jurassic (1, Japan; 2, Korea; 3, Northeast China-Beijing, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, and Inner Mongolia; 4, Central China-Henan; 5, Vietnam; 6, Uzbekistan; 7, Iran; 8, Lithuania; 9, Poland; 10, Georgia; 11, Germany; 12, UK; 13, Greenland). Abbreviations: A, Protocedroxylon-group; B, Taxodioxylon-group; C, Phyllocladoxylon-group; D, Podocarpoxylon-group; E, Agathoxylon; F, Brachyoxylon-group; G, others (for the composition of each taxonomical group see Table 2).

Fig. 4 in Xenoxylon synecology and palaeoclimatic implications for the Mesozoic of Eurasia

Fig. 4. Generic diversity of Xenoxylon wood-assemblages during the Mesozoic times—global curve and curve for specific geographic areas. Note that the real diversity was probably much lower, because of taxonomical bias. Abbreviations: LT, Late Triassic; EMJ, Early to Middle Jurassic; LJEK, Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous; LK, Late Cretaceous.

Fig. 3 in Xenoxylon synecology and palaeoclimatic implications for the Mesozoic of Eurasia

Fig. 3. Number of data for each taxonomical wood group (for the composition of each taxonomical group see Table 2); LT, Late Triassic; EMJ, Early to Middle Jurassic; LJEK, Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous; LK, Late Cretaceous.

Fig. 1. A in Xenoxylon synecology and palaeoclimatic implications for the Mesozoic of Eurasia

Fig. 1. A. In situ erect stump of Mesozoic Xenoxylon from Bayakodan, near Kuwajima in Shiraminemura, Japan. Used with the permission of Kazuo Terada (specimen no. 53901 in Suzuki and Terada 1992). B. Typical xenoxylean radial pitting and window-like cross-field pits in radial section of Xenoxylon (slide CBNU 73112).