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FIGURE 6 in Distribution and variation of the giant alpha anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) of the genus Dactyloa in the highlands of western Panama, with the description of a new species formerly referred to as D. microtus
FIGURE 6. Integration of morphological and molecular evidence. (A) ML tree of sampled voucher specimens; (B) Lineages as confirmed by molecular evidence; (C) Lineages as confirmed by morphological evidence; (D) Taxonomic identities of inferred CGLs.
FIGURE 4 in Distribution and variation of the giant alpha anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) of the genus Dactyloa in the highlands of western Panama, with the description of a new species formerly referred to as D. microtus
FIGURE 4. Variation in selected morphological characters among our sample of Dactyloa from western Panama, separated by males (circles, left) and females (triangles, right) for each lineage. See text for details.
FIGURE 3 in Distribution and variation of the giant alpha anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) of the genus Dactyloa in the highlands of western Panama, with the description of a new species formerly referred to as D. microtus
FIGURE 3 Results of molecular analyses. (A) Consensus tree from Bayesian analysis. Scale bar refers to number of substitutions per site. (B) Parsimony network with a 95% parsimony probability resulting in a connection limit of 10 steps; each node represents a unique haplotype separated from the next by one substitution step. Small circles represent unsampled haplotypes, rectangles the probably ancestral haplotypes. Locality numbers refer to Fig. 1. (C) Consensus tree from Maximum Parsimony analysis. Scale bar refers to number of changes over whole sequence.
FIGURE 5 in Distribution and variation of the giant alpha anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) of the genus Dactyloa in the highlands of western Panama, with the description of a new species formerly referred to as D. microtus
FIGURE 5. Discriminant function analysis of the eight Dactyloa lineages using two morphometric and four pholidotic characters. See text for details.
FIGURE 2 in Distribution and variation of the giant alpha anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) of the genus Dactyloa in the highlands of western Panama, with the description of a new species formerly referred to as D. microtus
FIGURE 2. (A) Maximum likelihood consensus tree of 19 Panamanian anoles. Black bars demarcate smallest well-supported clusters. (B) Sampled individuals in life, with locality numbers referring to Fig. 1. (C) Taxonomic identity derived from morphology on the basis of available literature.
FIGURE 21 in Distribution and variation of the giant alpha anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) of the genus Dactyloa in the highlands of western Panama, with the description of a new species formerly referred to as D. microtus
FIGURE 21. Distribution of Dactyloa ibanezi and D. insignis in western Panama (main map) and Lower Central America (inset). Localities of specimens with 16S barcodes included in the molecular analyses are marked with an asterisk (*).
FIGURE 14 in Distribution and variation of the giant alpha anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) of the genus Dactyloa in the highlands of western Panama, with the description of a new species formerly referred to as D. microtus
FIGURE 14. Female specimens of Dactyloa insignis from western Panama: (A) juvenile female SMF 91477 from Willie Mazú; (B) adult female SMF 89482 from Cerro Mariposa at daytime, and (C) at night immediately after capture; (D–E) dewlaps of (D) SMF 89482 and (E) SMF 91477; (F) lateral and (G) dorsal views of head of SMF 89482; (H) dorsal and (I) ventral views of head of SMF 91477; ventral views of (J) entire specimen, (K) left foot, and (L) right hand of SMF 91477.
FIGURE 9 in Distribution and variation of the giant alpha anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) of the genus Dactyloa in the highlands of western Panama, with the description of a new species formerly referred to as D. microtus
FIGURE 9. Specimens of Dactyloa ginaelisae from Chiriquí and the Comarca Ngöbe-Buglé: (A) adult male MHCH 2237 from RFLF; (B) female SMF 89501 from RFLF in sleeping position and (C) the next day; (D) female SMF 91503 from Cerro Saguí in sleeping position and (E) the next day; (F) female SMF 89497 and (G) female MHCH 2234 from La Nevera; (H) uncollected female juvenile and (I) uncollected female from La Nevera; (J–M) dewlaps of (J) adult male SMF 89738 from RFLF, (K) male juvenile SMF 89737 from PNVB, (L) female SMF 89499 from RFLF, and (M) female SMF 89501; (N) lateral, (O) dorsal, and (P) ventral views of head of SMF 89501; (Q) ventral view of MHCH 2234; (R) enlarged postcloacal scales of SMF 89738; ventral views of (S) left foot and (T) left hand of male holotype SMF 91504 from Cerro Saguí.
FIGURE 11 in Distribution and variation of the giant alpha anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) of the genus Dactyloa in the highlands of western Panama, with the description of a new species formerly referred to as D. microtus
FIGURE 11. Specimens of Dactyloa casildae from the Comarca Ngöbe-Buglé: (A) adult male SMF 89454, and (B) adult female SMF 89453 in sleeping position, from La Nevera; (C) uncollected female from Río Flor; (D) female juvenile MHCH 2126 from La Nevera; (E–H) dewlaps of (E) adult male SMF 91454 and (F) male juvenile SMF 91453 from Río Flor; (G) female MHCH 2122 from La Nevera, and (H) female juvenile MHCH 2129 from Río Flor; (I) lateral, (J) dorsal, and (K) ventral views of head of preserved female SMF 89452 from La Nevera; enlarged postcloacal scales of (L) SMF 91454 and (M) SMF 91453; ventral views of (N) left foot and (O) left hand of MHCH 2129.
FIGURE 13 in Distribution and variation of the giant alpha anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) of the genus Dactyloa in the highlands of western Panama, with the description of a new species formerly referred to as D. microtus
FIGURE 13. Specimens of Dactyloa ibanezi from western Panama: (A) female SMF 91475 from Willie Mazú in sleeping position and (B) the next day; (C) male MHCH 2184 from Cerro Mariposa; (D) juvenile from Sendero Pianista, photo by Johannes J. Köhler; (E–G) dewlaps of (E) male paratype SMF 89459 from Cerro Mariposa, (F) male SMF 91476 from Willie Mazú, and (G) female SMF 91475; (H) lateral, (I) dorsal, and (J) ventral views of head of SMF 91475; enlarged postcloacal scales of (K) SMF 89459 and (L) MHCH 2184; ventral views of (M) left foot and (N) right hand of SMF 89459.
FIGURE 1 in Distribution and variation of the giant alpha anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) of the genus Dactyloa in the highlands of western Panama, with the description of a new species formerly referred to as D. microtus
FIGURE 1. Collection localities of Dactyloa specimens in western Panama (main map) and Lower Central America (inset). Black circles represent examined specimens and reliable photo records listed in the Appendix, gray circles stand for other localities that are mentioned in the text. One symbol may summarize several localities close to each other. See text for abbreviations and details. (1) Río Changena; (2) Bajo Mono, Sendero La Cascada; (3) Alto Chiquero; (4) Sendero El Pianista, Casa de Calixto; (5) Sendero Pianista, 1500 m; (6) Cerro Guayabo; (7) headwaters of Río Chiriquí Malí; (8) Quebrada Arena; (9) Willie Mazú; (10) Cerro Pata de Macho; (11) Cerro Saguí; (12) Río Flor; (13) Río Hacha; (14) W slope Cerro Santiago, La Nevera; (15) E slope Cerro Santiago, Quebrada Ardilla; (16) Cerro Mariposa; (17) Cerro Negro; (18) Río Chilagres; (19) Distrito de Donoso: between Botija, Brazo, Petaquilla, and Rio del Medio; (20) Camp Summit; (21) La Palma; (22) Cerro Dantas; (23) Parque Nacional Tapantí; (24) Sendero Quetzales on N slope Volcán Barú, 7000 ft = 2130 m; (25) Cerro Horqueta; (26) Boquete; (27) BPPS, transect of Hofer and Bersier (2001); (28) Smithsonian station at RFLF; (29) Quebrada Frank; (30) road to Almirante, 400 m; (31) PNGDOTH north of El Copé; (32) Valle de Antón; (33) Altos de Campana; (34) Isla Barro Colorado; (35) Nusagandí.
FIGURE 10 in Distribution and variation of the giant alpha anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) of the genus Dactyloa in the highlands of western Panama, with the description of a new species formerly referred to as D. microtus
FIGURE 10. Specimens of Dactyloa casildae from RFLF, Chiriquí (if not otherwise mentioned from western slope of Cerro Pata de Macho): (A) adult male SMF 89673 in sleeping position; (B) subadult male MHCH 2121; (C) female SMF 89458; (D) female MHCH 2120; (E) female juvenile MHCH 2123 in sleeping position and (F) the next day; (G) uncollected adult male exhibiting brown phase at night; (H) female juvenile MHCH 2127 in sleeping position; (I–L) dewlaps of (I) adult male SMF 89673, (J) subadult male MHCH 2121, (K) female SMF 90098 from Cerro Guayabo, and (L) female juvenile MHCH 2127; (M) lateral, (N) dorsolateral, and (O) ventral views of head of SMF 89458; cloacal regions of (P) uncollected male shown in G showing enlarged postcloacal scales, and of (Q) male SMF 89673 lacking enlarged postcloacal scales; (R) left foot and (S) left hand of SMF 89673.
FIGURE 8 in Distribution and variation of the giant alpha anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) of the genus Dactyloa in the highlands of western Panama, with the description of a new species formerly referred to as D. microtus
FIGURE 8. Holotype of Dactyloa ginaelisae sp. nov. (SMF 91504, adult male, SVL = 107 mm), (A–E) in life: (A) lateral view at time of capture; (B) portrait the next day; (C) dorsal view of entire specimen; (D) dewlap (width of forceps = 3 mm); (E) ventral view of cloacal region showing enlarged postcloacal scales; (F–M) specimen after approximately two years in preservative: (F) dorsal and (G) ventral view of entire specimen; (H) dorsal, (I) lateral, and (J) ventral view of head; (K) detail of dorsal scales at midbody, arrows indicate middorsal rows; (L) detail of subcaudal scales with one prominent keel; (M) detail of multicarinate scales on upper surface of right forearm. All arrows point posteriorly, scale bars = 1 mm.
FIGURE 20 in Distribution and variation of the giant alpha anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) of the genus Dactyloa in the highlands of western Panama, with the description of a new species formerly referred to as D. microtus
FIGURE 20. Distribution of Dactyloa casildae and D. frenata in western Panama (main map) and Lower Central America (inset). Localities of specimens with 16S barcodes included in the molecular analyses are marked with an asterisk (*). Records of D. frenata from Colombia, such as the type locality, are not shown.
FIGURE 17 in Distribution and variation of the giant alpha anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) of the genus Dactyloa in the highlands of western Panama, with the description of a new species formerly referred to as D. microtus
FIGURE 17. Hemipenes of Dactyloa from western Panama: (A–C) Dactyloa casildae, SMF 91454: (A) sulcate, (B) asulcate, and (C) lateral view; (D–F) Dactyloa frenata, SMF 89467: (D) sulcate, (E) asulcate, and (F) lateral view; (G–I) Dactyloa ginaelisae, SMF 89498: (G) sulcate, (H) asulcate, and (I) lateral view; (J–L) Dactyloa ibanezi, MHCH 2184: (J) sulcate, (K) asulcate, and (L) lateral view; (M–O) Dactyloa kunayalae, SMF 91484: (M) sulcate, (N) asulcate, and (O) lateral view; all scale bars equal 1 mm.
FIGURE 22 in Distribution and variation of the giant alpha anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) of the genus Dactyloa in the highlands of western Panama, with the description of a new species formerly referred to as D. microtus
FIGURE 22. Distribution of Dactyloa ginaelisae, D. kunayalae, and D. microtus in western Panama (main map) and Lower Central America (inset). Localities of specimens with 16S barcodes included in the molecular analyses are marked with an asterisk (*).
FIGURE 16 in Distribution and variation of the giant alpha anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) of the genus Dactyloa in the highlands of western Panama, with the description of a new species formerly referred to as D. microtus
FIGURE 16. Specimens of Dactyloa microtus from Río Changena, Bocas del Toro: young male SMF 91499 in (A) sleeping position and (B) the next day; (C) and (D) young male SMF 91500; (E–G) dewlaps of (E) young male SMF 91499, (F) young male SMF 91500, and (G) female hatchling SMF 91501; (H) lateral, (I) dorsal, and (J) ventral views of head of SMF 91500; enlarged postcloacal scales of (K) SMF 91500 and (L) SMF 91499; ventral views of (M) right foot and (N) right hand of SMF 91500.
Microtus agrestis microbiome reads, taxonomy and related animal metadata
<p class="MsoNormal">Mammalian gastrointestinal microbiomes are highly variable, both within individuals and across populations, with changes linked to time and ageing being widely reported. Discerning patterns of change in wild mammal populations can therefore prove challenging. We used high-throughput community sequencing methods to characterise the microbiome of wild field voles (<em>Microtus agrestis</em>) from faecal samples collected across 12 live-trapping field sessions, and then at cull. Changes in α- and β-diversity were modelled over three timescales. Short-term differences (following 1–2 days captivity) were analysed between capture and cull, to ascertain the degree to which the microbiome can change following a rapid change in environment. Medium-term changes were measured between successive trapping sessions (12–16 days apart), and long-term changes between the first and final capture of an individual (from 24 to 129 days). The short period between capture and cull was characterised by a marked loss of species richness, while over medium- and long-term in the field, richness slightly increased. Changes across both short and long timescales indicated shifts from a Firmicutes-dominant to a Bacteroidetes-dominant microbiome. Dramatic changes following captivity indicate that changes in microbiome diversity can be rapid, following a change of environment (food sources, temperature, lighting etc.). Medium- and long-term patterns of change indicate an accrual of gut bacteria associated with ageing, with these new bacteria being predominately represented by Bacteroidetes. While the patterns of change observed are unlikely to be universal to wild mammal populations, the potential for analogous shifts across timescales should be considered whenever studying wild animal microbiomes. This is especially true if studies involve animal captivity, as there are potential ramifications both for animal health, and the validity of the data itself as a reflection of a 'natural' state of an animal.</p>
Fig. 4.—A Bayesian cytochrome b in A precarious future for distinctive peripheral populations of meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus)
Fig. 4.—A Bayesian cytochrome b (Cytb) gene tree for 50 individuals of Microtus pennsylvanicus. Colors correspond to Cytb clades depicted in Fig. 2. Posterior probability of> 0.95 are denoted by an asterisk. Four species of Microtus were used as outgroups and are shown in black (M. longicaudus, M. townsendii, M. canicaudus, and M. montanus).
Fig. 3.—A Bayesian cytochrome b in A precarious future for distinctive peripheral populations of meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus)
Fig. 3.—A Bayesian cytochrome b (Cytb) gene tree for 63 species of Microtus. Posterior probability of> 0.95 are depicted by asterisk. The inset shows M. breweri nested within M. pennsylvanicus. Two species of Chionomys were used as outgroups and are shown at the bottom of the tree (C. roberti and C. nivalis).
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