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Fig. 25 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 25. Comparison of the carpus (plantar view) of Borocyon robustum and those of Panthera leo, Canis lupus, and Ursus arctos. See text for discussion. Gray tone indicates extent of articular surfaces for scapholunar on magnum and unciform; in ursid and B. robustum the scapholunar moves largely unimpeded over these surfaces during intracarpal flexion but in lion and wolf there is a bony stop (3) between unciform and scapholunar that arrests this movement (this stop is even more developed in the cheetah). Abbreviations as in figure 24: vp, volar process.
Fig. 22 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 22. Elongate radii of Borocyon robustum and the cheetah Acinonyx jubatus compared to the short, robust radius of Amphicyon galushai. A slender, elongate radius with flattened blade-like shaft and transversely narrow proximal and distal ends characterizes both B. robustum and the cheetah. Left, Acinonyx; center, B. robustum; right, A. galushai.
Fig. 39 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 39. Mandibular force profiles of large living carnivorans and the amphicyonid Borocyon robustum
Fig. 19 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 19. Ratio (in %) of length of (A) radius/humerus and (B) tibia/femur for species of Borocyon relative to living canids, felids, and ursids and some additional amphicyonids. Species farthest to right show greatest elongation of the distal fore- or hindlimb segments. Numbers within or adjacent to black bars indicate sample size.
Fig. 18 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 18. Comparison of (A) m1 dimensions and (B) m1 length relative to m2 length for species of the daphoenine subgenera Borocyon and Daphoenodon from the early Miocene of North America.
Fig. 16 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 16. Upper dentition and palate of Daphoenodon superbus (A) and Borocyon neomexicanus (B). Although the teeth of B. neomexicanus are worn, both species show similar unreduced premolar form, reduction of M3, and shearing P4. The New Mexican beardog has developed the ''folded'' M2, a synapomorphy of Borocyon species, not yet evident in D. superbus.
Fig. 15. Elongate metacarpals 4 and 5 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 15. Elongate metacarpals 4 and 5 of (A) Borocyon neomexicanus (F:AM 68242) from Standing Rock Quarry and (B) B. robustum (F:AM 68254) from Blick Quarry, Sandoval Co., New Mexico, demonstrating that the Borocyon lineage persisted in the southwestern United States from latest Arikareean into the early Hemingfordian. The only Hemingfordian record of Borocyon in the Southwest are these two metacarpals from Blick Quarry.
Fig. 12 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 12. Holotype cranium of Borocyon neomexicanus (F:AM 49239), Standing Rock Quarry, Zia Sand Fm., Sandoval Co., New Mexico. A, Dorsal view; B, ventral view. This is the only known cranium and is an old adult with worn teeth: P1–P4, M1–M3. Although reduced in size, an M3 persists in this species.
Fig. 13 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 13. Basicranium of Borocyon neomexicanus (F:AM 49239), Standing Rock Quarry, Zia Sand Fm., Sandoval Co., New Mexico. A, Right auditory region; B, left auditory region. Despite crushing, the auditory bulla and surrounding basicranium are anatomically similar to the bulla and basicranium of Daphoenodon superbus. The bulla of the Standing Rock amphicyonid is a thin-walled, flask-shaped, single chamber, as is the rudimentary auditory bulla of D. superbus.
Fig. 11 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 11. Associated holotype right forelimb of Borocyon niobrarensis Loomis (ACM 3452), Aletomeryx Quarry, Cherry Co., Nebraska.
Fig. 10 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 10. Holotype right mandible of Borocyon niobrarensis Loomis with c, p1–p4, and m1–m3 from Aletomeryx Quarry, lower Runningwater Fm., Cherry Co., Nebraska (ACM 3452).
Fig. 7 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 7. Comparison of dentitions of Borocyon robustum (A, B) and B. neomexicanus (C–E), end member species of the Borocyon lineage. A, UNSM 25547, P2, P4–M2, alveoli for C, P1, P3; B, UNSM 25684, c, p1–p4, m1–m3; C, F:AM 49241, juvenile, p2, p4–m3; D, F:AM 49239, P1–P4, M1–M3; E, F:AM 49239, c, p1–p4, m1, m3, alveoli of m2.
Fig. 38 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 38. Mandibular symphyses of (A) Borocyon robustum, (B) Ursus americanus, and (C) Canis lupus, in medial view, showing the symphyseal plate. Dashed line encloses the smooth bone for attachment of the subrectangular fibrocartilage pad (fc) in the wolf, which is inferred for Borocyon robustum. The symphyses of Borocyon and the wolf are considered to be flexible. The rugose, bony interdigitations of B. robustum symphyseal
Fig. 8 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 8. Occlusal views of p4–m3 of the end-member species of the Borocyon lineage. A, B. robustum, UNSM 25552; B, B. neomexicanus, F:AM 49241. The squared posterior border of p4 is characteristic of species of the subgenera Borocyon and Daphoenodon.
Fig. 34 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 34. Bivariate diagram of calcaneal width at the sustentaculum plotted against height. The more slender, distally narrow Borocyon calcanea are readily distinguished from the more robust calcanea of large contemporary amphicyonines.
Fig. 28 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 28. Tibia of Borocyon robustum (UNSM 25558) compared with the tibia of the cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (ZM 16913) showing a similarity in form. The sulcus muscularis (sm), a groove for the long digital extensor muscle of cheetah and wolf is absent in B. robustum, but the extended cnemial crest and developed tibial tuberosity are shared traits.
Fig. 4 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 4. Cranium of Borocyon robustum (UNSM 26416), Hemingford Quarry 12D, Box Butte Co., Nebraska, upper Runningwater Fm., early Hemingfordian. A, Dorsal view showing broad forehead for expanded frontal sinuses; B, ventral view showing broad palate, P4–M2, and characteristic absence of M3 in B. robustum.
Fig. 3 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 3. Peterson's holotype of Borocyon robustum (CM 1918): an anterior mandible with right p2, p1 alveolus, and worn canine; two caudal vertebrae indicating a long tail; distal right tibia and fibula; partial right tarsus-metatarsus including astragalus, navicular, ecto-, meso-, and entocuneiforms, and parts of metatarsals 3, 4, and 5. Runningwater Fm., Whistle Creek area, Sioux Co., Nebraska.
Fig. 5 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 5. Stereoimage of the diagnostic upper molars (M1–M2) and carnassial (P4) of Borocyon robustum (UNSM 25547), Hemingford Quarry 7B, upper Runningwater Fm., Box Butte Co., Nebraska. Note elongate P4, the notch (at arrow) in the anterolingual cingulum of M1, the ''folded'' M2 (see text), and absence of M3.
Fig. 33 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 33. Bivariate diagram of trochlear width of the astragalus plotted against height for species of Borocyon, large amphicyonines, and plesiomorphic species of Daphoenodon. A narrow trochlea sets B. robustum apart from large contemporary amphicyonines. Note that the holotype astragalus of B. robustum and the Oregon and Florida astragali fall within the B. robustum hypodigm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.