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Fig. 2. A in Carcharocles-bitten sperm whale tooth from the Neogene of the Coastal Eastern United States

Fig. 2. A possible origin of the Otodus tooth bite traces on the root of the Neogene sperm whale tooth CMM-V-8955. An Otodus sp. (foreground) is biting the rostrum of a sperm whale (background). That the bite traces occur on the tooth of the sperm whale hints at a live antagonistic interaction between these two macropredators.

Fig. 1 in Carcharocles-bitten sperm whale tooth from the Neogene of the Coastal Eastern United States

Fig. 1. Otodus-bitten sperm whale tooth (CMM-V-8955) from the Neogene of the Aurora Phosphate Mine, North Carolina, USA; in lingual (A1) and anteromedial (A2) views, showing all three bite traces, as indicated by the numbers 1–3; A3, enlarged view of the two primary bite traces, one of which shows the serration marks left as the shark tooth cut into the sperm whale tooth. The specimen was whitened with sublimed ammonium chloride to enhance contrast.

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Dataset: Neogen Corporation (NEOG) Stock Performance

This dataset provides historical stock market performance data for specific companies. It enables users to analyze and understand the past trends and fluctuations in stock prices over time. This information can be utilized for various purposes such as investment analysis, financial research, and market trend forecasting.

FIGURE 4 in Amateur collectors are critical to the study of fossil vertebrates: A case study from two Neogene localities in Northern California (Santa Margarita and Purisima formations)

FIGURE 4. Examples of rare, scientifically significant specimens collected from challenging Purisima Formation exposures in Santa Cruz, California, by amateur collectors. A) Globicephaline dolphin periotic, UCMP 219487, collected by S. Jarocki; B) alcid bird humerus, UCMP 168879, collected by S. Jarocki; C) sulid (Morus sp.) bird skull, UCMP 119463, collected by G. Macy; D) lipotid dolphin skull (Parapontoporia sp.), UCMP 219673, collected by F. Sheperd; E) baleen whale skull (Parabalaenoptera sp.), SCMNH 9990.15, collected by W. Miller; F) walrus skull (Valenictus sp.), UCMP 219091, collected by F. Sheperd; G) fur seal skull (Thalassoleon macnallyae), SCMNH 9975.1, collected by G. Macy.

FIGURE 3 in Amateur collectors are critical to the study of fossil vertebrates: A case study from two Neogene localities in Northern California (Santa Margarita and Purisima formations)

FIGURE 3. Comparison of amateur versus professional collected specimens at SCMNH and UCMP from the Santa Margarita Sandstone and the Purisima Formation. A) Pie charts showing proportion of amateur v. professionally collected fossils from each rock unit and each institution; B) Comparison of the proportion of fossils collected by amateurs and professionals between each rock unit (institutions pooled); C) comparison of the proportion of fossils collected by amateurs and professionals between museums for the Santa Margarita Sandstone; D) comparison of the proportion of fossils collected by amateurs and professionals between museums for the Purisima Formation.

FIGURE 1 in Amateur collectors are critical to the study of fossil vertebrates: A case study from two Neogene localities in Northern California (Santa Margarita and Purisima formations)

FIGURE 1. Map of the study area showing the location of inland exposures of the Santa Margarita Sandstone and coastal exposures of the Purisima Formation in northern California.

FIGURE 2 in Amateur collectors are critical to the study of fossil vertebrates: A case study from two Neogene localities in Northern California (Santa Margarita and Purisima formations)

FIGURE 2. Typical localities and collecting in the study area. A) amateur collector Claudio Argento prospecting for marine vertebrates and echinoderms in the upper Santa Margarita Sandstone in Zayante Quarry, near Zayante, California; B) the author dry screening for shark teeth in the former Santa Cruz Aggregates Co. quarry (Bean Creek 1, =UCMP locality V4004), photo by Eric Holt; C) the author excavating an odontocete mandible from a fallen block of Purisima Formation near Capitola (UCMP locality V99868) with playwright Claudia Stevens (photo by S. Michalies); D) prospecting for fossil vertebrates amongst fallen blocks of Purisima Formation near Capitola (UCMP locality V99869) with amateur collector Linda Meneses.

FIGURE 5 in Neogene and early Pleistocene flora from Alaska, USA and Arctic/Subarctic Canada: New data, intercontinental comparisons and correlations

FIGURE 5. SEM micrographs of selected plant macrofossils from Mary Sachs gravel at Duck Hawk Bluffs, southern Banks Island. (A) Microdiptera/Mneme type (Lythraceae), seed, cross-section with germination valve to top, sample MRA 7-18-91-3, GSC 141399; note the absence of obvious dorsal furrows as seen on specimen from the Ballast Brook Formation (Fyles et al., 1994). Germination valve contains approximately ten rows of pits; (B) Parthenocissus? (Vitaceae), half of seed, ventral face showing one ventral infold, sample MRA 7-1-88-2, GSC 141400; (C) Microdiptera/Mneme type (Lythraceae), two joined seeds, ventral view with apex up, sample MRA 7-18-91-3, GSC 141401; note that the specimen on the right contains a fold on the wing, undoubtedly due to packing of the seeds in the capsule. This indicates how one of the characters used to distinguish Microdiptera from Mneme, relative development of the 'wings' is likely due to considerable variation even in seeds from the same plant and supports Tiffneyʼs (1981) conclusion about the dubious validity of the many named species; (D) Orchidaceae?, seed, sample FG 91-13a, GSC 141402; (E) Nigrella sp. (Melastomaceae), seed, from the site 3 type section of the Ballast Brook Formation (see Fyles et al. 1994), GSC 141421.

FIGURE 9 in Neogene and early Pleistocene flora from Alaska, USA and Arctic/Subarctic Canada: New data, intercontinental comparisons and correlations

FIGURE 9. SEM micrographs of selected plant fossils from Neogene deposits in the high terrace sections on Ellesmere Island, and Beaufort Formation, Meighen Island. (A) cf. Tubela (Betulaceae), seed, Riediger site, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, sample FG 89-28a, GSC 141414; a specimen very similar to this one was dissected and found to contain an Alnus-type seed like those referred to A. tertiaria in Matthews, 1987; (B) Picea mariana/rubra type (Pinaceae), cross-section of needle showing resin canals (arrows), Beaver Peat, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, sample FG- 88-51b, GSC 141415; (C) Thesium? (Santalaceae), seed, Prince Patrick Island, NWT, Green Bay beds, sample FG 87-10a/2, GSC 141416; (D) Calla sp. (Araceae), seed, Beaver Pond, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, FG 88-8b, GSC 141417; (E) Unknown seed, Beaver Pond, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, FG-88-8b, GSC 141418; (F) Comptonia sp. (Myricaceae), seed, Meighen Island, Nunavut, sample MRA 7-25-75-5, GSC 141419.

FIGURE 8 in Neogene and early Pleistocene flora from Alaska, USA and Arctic/Subarctic Canada: New data, intercontinental comparisons and correlations

FIGURE 8. Selected leaf fossils from the Fyles Leaf Beds site (17), Ellesmere Island, Nunavut. Scale bar equals 10 mm. (A–V) Betula spp. (Betulaceae). Note the diversity of types ranging from some similar to those from the dwarf shrub species, B. nana (e.g., D, G, O, Q), contrasted with others (e.g., S, U, V) which are more typical of high shrub and tree species of Betula; (W) Skeletonized leaf of Salix, very similar to the type seen in S. reticulata (Salicaceae). (X) Fragment of Vaccinium sp. (Ericaceae) leaf showing peculiar circular perforations; (Y) Skeletonized leaf of Salix sp. (Salicaceae); (Z) Photograph of leaves in situ in the alternating sand and organic layers of Fyles Leaf Beds. (AA– II) Dryas cf. octopetala type (Rosaceae).

FIGURE 1 in Neogene and early Pleistocene flora from Alaska, USA and Arctic/Subarctic Canada: New data, intercontinental comparisons and correlations

FIGURE 1. Distribution of sites and geographical features mentioned in the text. Siberian localities are from Baranova and Biske (1979). Shaded areas are shown in greater detail in Figures 2 and 4. Numbers refer to site codes used in Appendix 1 and throughout this paper.

FIGURE 7 in Neogene and early Pleistocene flora from Alaska, USA and Arctic/Subarctic Canada: New data, intercontinental comparisons and correlations

FIGURE 7. SEM micrographs of selected plant macrofossils from Mary Sachs gravel at Duck Hawk Bluffs, southern Banks Island, NWT. (A) Saxifraga sp. (Saxifragaceae), seed, sample FG 91-13a, GSC 141407; (B) Hydrangea?, sample FG 91-13a, GSC 141408; (C) Morus sp. (Moraceae), seed, sample MRA 7-23-85-2, GSC 141409; (D) Physalis sp. (Solanaceae), seed, sample MRA 7-7-88-3, GSC 141412; note in magnified view of the seed the pits in the lumina which distinguish Physalis from Solanum (Mai and Walther, 1988); (E) Teucrium sp. (Lamiaceae), seed, sample MRA 7-18-91-3, GSC 141413.

FIGURE 3 in Neogene and early Pleistocene flora from Alaska, USA and Arctic/Subarctic Canada: New data, intercontinental comparisons and correlations

FIGURE 3. SEM micrographs of Epipremnum from Banks Island. (A) Epipremnum seed, external view, Ballast Brook, "lower Beaufort Lignite", GSC 108847; (B) Epipremnum seed, internal view, Ballast Brook Formation, lower member, Sample 2, GSC 141420.

FIGURE 10 in Neogene and early Pleistocene flora from Alaska, USA and Arctic/Subarctic Canada: New data, intercontinental comparisons and correlations

FIGURE 10. Correlation diagram. See text for details. Black circles and sites in bold face are independently dated. Note scale change in the Miocene part of the table. Double pointed arrows indicate possible age range of the site. Shaded column between certain sets indicates sites in stratigraphic superposition. Grey dotted line (10) indicates that although the flora appears mid-Miocene, the flora and surrounding sediment may have been redeposited much later. (1) Lava Camp mine, western Alaska (5.9 Ma); (2) Lost Chicken mine, east central Alaska (2.9 Ma); (3) Niguanak site, northern Alaska; (4) Cone Bluff, Porcupine River, east central Alaska; (5) Canyon Village section, Porcupine River, east central Alaska (6.4 Ma, late Miocene); (6) Upper Ramparts site, Porcupine River, east central Alaska (16 Ma); (7) Circle Gravels, east central Alaska (early Pliocene); (8a and 8b) Chʼijeeʼs Bluff, Unit 1 (8a) and Unit 2 (8b), northern Yukon; (9a and 9b) Bluefish Section, northern Yukon; (10) Mary Sachs gravel, southern Banks Island, NWT; (11a and 11b) Ballast Brook Formation (11a) and Beaufort Formation (11b) at Ballast Brook, northern Banks Island, NWT; (12a and 12b) Prince Patrick Island, NWT; typical Beaufort deposits from many sites on the island (12a) and Green Bay beds (12b); (13) Melville Island, NWT; Beaufort Formation; (14) Bathurst Island, Nunavut; Beaufort Formation; (15a and 15b) Meighen Island, Nunavut; deposits below (15a) and above (15b) the approximately 3 Ma marine unit within the Beaufort Formation; (16) Beaver Pond locality, Strathcona Fiord, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut (3.9 Ma); (17) Fyles Leaf beds site near the Beaver Pond locality at Strathcona Fiord, Ellesmere Island, NWT (3.8 Ma); (18a) Riediger Site, Ellesmere Island, NWT; (18b) Site within 2 km of Riediger Site, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut; (19a) Rochon Site, Vendom Fiord region, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut; (19b) Typical high terrace sediments near the Rochon site on Vendom Fiord, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut; (20) Isachsen Site near the head of Makinson Inlet, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut; (21) Capping gravels and sands at Geodetic Hills Eocene locality, Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut; (22) West River site near Horton River upland, northern mainland, coast, NWT; (23) Plateau Cap gravels, Horton upland, northern mainland coast, NWT; (24) Remus Creek site, Fosheim Peninsula, Ellesmere Island, NWT; (25) South Bay site, Fosheim Peninsula, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut; (26) Fosheim Dome, Fosheim Peninsula, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut.

FIGURE 6 in Neogene and early Pleistocene flora from Alaska, USA and Arctic/Subarctic Canada: New data, intercontinental comparisons and correlations

FIGURE 6. SEM micrographs of selected plant macrofossils from the Neogene on the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. (A) Rubus sp. (Rosaceae), seed, Mary Sachs gravel, sample MRA 7-7-88-1, GSC 141422; (B) Ludwigia sp. (Onagraceae), seed, Mary Sachs gravel, sample FG 91-13a, GSC 141403; (C) Verbena sp. (Verbenaceae), seed, Prince Patrick Island, NWT, Beaufort Formation, GSC 141404; (D) Unknown seed; Beaver Pond, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, sample FG 88-8b, GSC 141405; (E) Cross-section of seed of the same type as shown in D, Beaver Pond, sample FG 88-8b, GSC 141406.

FIGURE 8 in Body length estimation of Neogene macrophagous lamniform sharks (Carcharodon and Otodus) derived from associated fossil dentitions

FIGURE 8. Correlation between summed crown width and total body length in 17 modern Carcharodon carcharias individuals, comparing the upper versus lower dentition. (A) linear function (upper dentition: R2 = 0.93); (B) power function (upper dentition: R2 = 0.97); (C) linear function (lower dentition: R2 = 0.90); and (D) power function (lower dentition: R2 = 0.95).

FIGURE 3 in Body length estimation of Neogene macrophagous lamniform sharks (Carcharodon and Otodus) derived from associated fossil dentitions

FIGURE 3. Associated dentitions of Otodus megalodon in lingual view. (A) UF-VP-311000; (B) GHC 1; (C) CH-31- 46P; and (D) UF-VP-460000. Scale bars equal 5 cm.

FIGURE 4 in Body length estimation of Neogene macrophagous lamniform sharks (Carcharodon and Otodus) derived from associated fossil dentitions

FIGURE 4. Associated dentitions of Otodus chubutensis in lingual view. (A) USNM 411881 (adapted from Perez et al., 2019; fig. 5); (B) USNM 299832; (C) GHC 3; and (D) UF-VP-312864. Scale bars equal 5 cm.

FIGURE 1 in Body length estimation of Neogene macrophagous lamniform sharks (Carcharodon and Otodus) derived from associated fossil dentitions

FIGURE 1. Premise of summed crown width method. (A) Carcharodon carcharias dentition in lingual view, with applicable terminology. The right half is an illustration of the typical dental formula for C. carcharias. The left half is from a 5.18 m female with one less posterior tooth in the lower tooth series (originally figured in Hubbell, 1996; figure 5). Scale bar equals 5 cm. (B) The most complete known associated dentition of Otodus megalodon (CH-31-46P) in lingual view. Scale bar equals 5 cm. (C) Body length of fossil taxa is calculated under the assumption that the ratio of summed crown width to total body length (TL) is proportional in ecologically and taxonomically related species. Silhouette proportions for O. megalodon are based on Cooper et al. (2020). A/a = anterior, I = intermediate, and L/l = lateral. Uppercase letters denote upper teeth and lowercase letters denote lower teeth.