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Fig. 30 in Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 30. Mimagoniates inequalis, female, MAPA 811, 22.7 mm SL, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, tributary to rio Gravataí at Morungava.

Fig. 28 in Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 28. Glandulocauda caerulea, adult male, USNM 326756, 39.4 mm SL; jaws and dentition, lateral view, right side, anterior at right.

Fig. 4 in Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 4. Lophiobrycon weitzmani, paratype, adult female. MZUSP 83353, 21.8 mm SL; same locality data as in Fig. 3.

Fig. 27 in Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 27. Glandulocauda caerulea, adult male, USNM 326756, 39.4 mm SL; pelvic-fin rays, ventral view, left side.

Fig. 25 in Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 25. Glandulocauda caerulea, adult male, USNM 326756, 39.4 mm SL; caudal skeleton and fin rays. Cartilage outlined by dashed lines. Lateral view, left side.

Fig. 26 in Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 26. Glandulocauda caerulea, adult male, USNM 326756, 39.4 mm SL; anal-fin rays, lateral view, left side. Lateral view, left side.

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FIGURE 2 in Habitat and community structure modulate fish interactions in a neotropical clearwater river

FIGURE 2 | A. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) showing ordination of samples according to substratum composition (i.e., habitat categorization); B. PCoA performed with the abundance of fishes, points sized according to the sum of the abundance in the sample (logarithm scaled for better visualization); C. PCoA performed with the biomass of fishes, points sized according to the sum of the biomass in the sample (logarithm scaled for better visualization). Red lines indicate significative variables (p <0.05) while black lines nonsignificative. Anc spp = Ancistrus spp., Ast lac = Astyanax lacustris, Ast mar = Astyanax marionae, Bry mel = Bryconops melanurus, Cha spp = Characidium spp., Hyp equ = Hyphessobrycon eques, Jup aca = Jupiaba acanthogaster, Lep vit = Leporellus vittatus, Lep fri = Leporinus friderici, Meg mac = Megaleporinus macrocephalus, Odo peq = Odontostilbe pequira, Par nas = Parodon nasus, Phe teg = Phenacogaster tegatus, Pia mes = Piaractus mesopotamicus, Pro lin = Prochilodus lineatus, Sal bra = Salminus brasiliensis.

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FIGURE 3 in Habitat and community structure modulate fish interactions in a neotropical clearwater river

FIGURE 3 | Feeding pressure of the 18 fishes that bit the substratum, and their respective trophic groups (colours) at the Olho d´Água River. Black diamonds and lines represent the mean ± standard error, respectively. Habitats in which certain species did not fed on the substratum (zero values) are not represented in the graph. The Y-axis scale is log10 -transformed to better show data dispersion.

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FIGURE 1 in Habitat and community structure modulate fish interactions in a neotropical clearwater river

FIGURE 1 | A. Olho d'Água River located in the upper Paraguay River basin, Central Western Brazil. B. Note that clear water allows observation of the underwater vegetation even in aerial photographs. Three sampled habitats are: C. Lake; D. Plant; and E. Rock.

Fig. 6 in Integrated biomarker response index using a Neotropical fish to assess the water quality in agricultural areas

Fig. 6. DNA damage scores (mean ± SEM, n = 8) in erythrocytes of A. altiparanae exposed in situ for seven days in five sites along Água das Araras stream (S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5) and in a reference site (Ref). Different letters indicate significant differences between sites (P <0.05).

Fig. 2 in Integrated biomarker response index using a Neotropical fish to assess the water quality in agricultural areas

Fig. 2. Activity (mean ± SEM, n = 8) of glutathione S-transferase in liver (A) and gills (B) of A. altiparanae exposed in situ for seven days in five sites along Água das Araras stream (S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5) and in a reference site (Ref). Different letters indicate significant differences between sites (P <0.05).

Fig. 3 in Integrated biomarker response index using a Neotropical fish to assess the water quality in agricultural areas

Fig. 3. Activity (mean ± SEM, n = 8) of catalase in liver (A) and gills (B) of A. altiparanae exposed in situ for seven days in five sites along Água das Araras stream (S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5) and in a reference site (Ref). Different letters indicate significant differences between sites (P <0.05).

Fig. 4 in Integrated biomarker response index using a Neotropical fish to assess the water quality in agricultural areas

Fig. 4. Content (mean ± SEM, n = 8) of glutathione in liver (A) and gills (B) of A. altiparanae exposed in situ for seven days in five sites along Água das Araras stream (S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5) and in a reference site (Ref). Different letters indicate significant differences between sites (P<0.05).

Fig. 2 in Hydropeaking effects of on the diet of a Neotropical fish community

Fig. 2. Results from multivariate analysis nMDS (nonmetric multidimensional scaling) for fish collected in January and July 2010, downstream from Itutinga Dam, Grande River, in the four flow rate treatments (1 - constant flow rate in January; 2 - hydropeaking in January; 3 - constant flow rate in July; 4 - hydropeaking in July).

Fig. 1 in Hydropeaking effects of on the diet of a Neotropical fish community

Fig. 1. Schematic drawing of the Grande River basin upstream from Furnas Reservoir. The study area is highlighted by a black circle.

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Fig. 2 in Chromosome evolution in fishes: a new challenging proposal from Neotropical species

Fig. 2. Scatter-plot of (a, c) diploid number (2n), and (b, d) pg of DNA per haploid nucleus (C-Value), against the phylogenetic position of Actinopterygii families presented by Nelson (2006). Data include all available species (a, b) or exclude possible polyploidy species (c, d). Ellipses with 95% confidence are used as a correlation indicator.

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Fig. 1 in Chromosome evolution in fishes: a new challenging proposal from Neotropical species

Fig. 1. Scatter-plot of (a) diploid number (2n) and (b) fundamental number (FN), against the phylogenetic position of Actinopterygii families presented by Nelson (2006) for 103 fish species. Ellipses with 95% confidence are used as a correlation indicator.

Fig. 4 in Hydropeaking effects of on the diet of a Neotropical fish community

Fig. 4. Relationship among the diet dissimilarity between seasons and diet dissimilarity stable and hydropeaking treatments in January (a) and July (b). Line is representing a linear correlation. Correlation values (r and p) are indicated. Aa= Apareiodon affinis; Aal= Astyanax altiparanae; Af= Astyanax fasciatus; Bs= Bryconamericus stramineus; Cn= Cyphocharax nagelii; Ev= Eigenmmania virescens; Hy1= Hypostomus sp.1; Hym= Hypostomus aff. margaritifer; Ihe= Iheringichthys labrosus; Km= Knodus moenkhausii; La= Leporinus amblyrhynchus; Lo= Leporinus octofasciatus; Pa= Piabina argentea; Pm= Pimelodus maculatus; Sn= Schizodon nasutus.

Fig. 3 in Hydropeaking effects of on the diet of a Neotropical fish community

Fig. 3. Average frequency of occurrence of food items in the analyzed treatments based on SIMPER analysis, downstream from Itutinga Dam, Grande River. a - Assemblage level; b - Invertivores guild; c - Iliophagous guild; d - Generalists guild; e - Herbivores guild.