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1,108 results for “Parasitoid wasps”
Figure 18 in Comparative morphology, biology and phylogeny of terminal-instar larvae of the European species of Toryminae (Hym., Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) parasitoids of gall wasps (Hym. Cynipidae)
Figure 18. Strict consensus tree of 200 most parsimonious trees reconstructed from phylogenetic analyses of larval data.
Figure 11 in Comparative morphology, biology and phylogeny of terminal-instar larvae of the European species of Toryminae (Hym., Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) parasitoids of gall wasps (Hym. Cynipidae)
Figure 11. Terminal-instar larvae of Torymidae (anterior view of the head). A, Torymus chloromerus. B, Torymus cingulatus. C, Torymus cyaneus. D, Torymus geranii. E, Torymus nobilis. F, Torymus notatus. G, Torymus rubi.
Figure 10 in Comparative morphology, biology and phylogeny of terminal-instar larvae of the European species of Toryminae (Hym., Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) parasitoids of gall wasps (Hym. Cynipidae)
Figure 10. Terminal-instar larvae of Torymidae (anterior view of the head). A, Adontomerus impolitus. B, Adontomerus crassipes. C, Chalcimerus borceai. D, Glyphomerus tibialis. E, Glyphomerus stigma. F, Idiomacromerus centaureae. G, Idiomacromerus papaveris. H, Idiomacromerus silybi. I, Pseudotorymus papaveris. J, Torymus affinis. K, Torymus auratus. L, Torymus bedeguaris.
Figure 9 in Comparative morphology, biology and phylogeny of terminal-instar larvae of the European species of Toryminae (Hym., Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) parasitoids of gall wasps (Hym. Cynipidae)
Figure 9. Terminal-instar larvae of Torymidae (lateral view of the body). A, Torymus chloromerus. B, Torymus cingulatus. C, Torymus cyaneus. D, Torymus geranii. E, Torymus notatus. F, Torymus rubi. G, Torymus nobilis.
Figure 8 in Comparative morphology, biology and phylogeny of terminal-instar larvae of the European species of Toryminae (Hym., Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) parasitoids of gall wasps (Hym. Cynipidae)
Figure 8. Terminal-instar larvae of Torymidae (lateral view of the body). A, Adontomerus impolitus. B, Adontomerus crassipes. C, Chalcimerus borceai. D, Glyphomerus tibialis. E, Glyphomerus stigma. F, Idiomacromerus centaureae. G, Idiomacromerus silybi. H, Idiomacromerus papaveris. I, Pseudotorymus papaveris. J, Torymus affinis. K, Torymus auratus. L, Torymus bedeguaris.
Figure 4 in Comparative morphology, biology and phylogeny of terminal-instar larvae of the European species of Toryminae (Hym., Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) parasitoids of gall wasps (Hym. Cynipidae)
Figure 4. Terminal-instar larva of T. cingulatus Nees (anterior view of mouth parts; Mpu) illustrating the terminology used in the text. Letters refer to the following structures: clypeus (cl) with the clypeal setae (cs), the labrum (lb) with setae of labrum (lbs) and the under-lip complex: lbi, labium; ll, latero-medial setae of labium; mp, maxillary palps; ms, maxillary setae; mx, maxillae; pl, postero-medial setae of labium; ul, antero-medial setae of labium.
Figure 6 in Comparative morphology, biology and phylogeny of terminal-instar larvae of the European species of Toryminae (Hym., Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) parasitoids of gall wasps (Hym. Cynipidae)
Figure 6. Terminal-instar larvae of Torymidae (ventral view of the body). A, Adontomerus impolitus. B, Adontomerus crassipes. C, Chalcimerus borceai. D, Glyphomerus tibialis. E, Glyphomerus stigma. F, Idiomacromerus centaureae. G, Idiomacromerus silybi. H, Idiomacromerus papaveris. I, Pseudotorymus papaveris. J, Torymus bedeguaris. K, Torymus affinis. L, Torymus auratus. M, Torymus cingulatus.
Figure 1 in Comparative morphology, biology and phylogeny of terminal-instar larvae of the European species of Toryminae (Hym., Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) parasitoids of gall wasps (Hym. Cynipidae)
Figure 1. Terminal-instar larva of Torymus cyaneus Walker (ventral view) illustrating the terminology used in the text. Letters refer to the following structures: ABS1– ABS9, abdominal segments; ANS, anal segment; THS1– THS3, thoracic segments; vlr, ventrolateral region; vmr, ventromedial region.
Figure 2 in Comparative morphology, biology and phylogeny of terminal-instar larvae of the European species of Toryminae (Hym., Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) parasitoids of gall wasps (Hym. Cynipidae)
Figure 2. Terminal-instar larva of Torymus nobilis Boheman (lateral view) illustrating the terminology used in the text. Letters refer to the following structures: ABS1–ABS10, abdominal segments; ANS, anal segment; THS1–THS3, thoracic segments; adp, anterodorsal protuberances; epc, spiracles. Accordingly, the setae are referred to: dorsal area, D; pleural area, P; ventral area, V.
Figure 7 in Comparative morphology, biology and phylogeny of terminal-instar larvae of the European species of Toryminae (Hym., Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) parasitoids of gall wasps (Hym. Cynipidae)
Figure 7. Terminal-instar larvae of Torymidae (ventral view of the body). A, Torymus chloromerus. B, Torymus cyaneus. C, Torymus geranii. D, Torymus nobilis. E, Torymus notatus. F, Torymus rubi.
Figure 2 in Inferring life history from ovipositor morphology in parasitoid wasps using phylogenetic regression and discriminant analysis
Figure 2. Distal part of ovipositor of the four parasitoid species whose life history is unknown, plus a selection of species whose life history is known. The complete ovipositor of the four species is also shown in profile, drawn relative to the width of the head of the species. Species with known life history are as follows (see Tables 1 and 2 for full names and classification). Endoparasitoids: host is exposed – a Aleiodes, b Zele, c Mesoleptus, d Megastylus, e Ophion, f Microgaster; host is leafminer – g Dacnusa, h Sathon; host is under fruit skin – i Pristomerus; host is in decaying fruit – j Asobara; wasp probes for deeply concealed host – k Orgilus, l Rhimphoctona, m Eubazus; host is stem-borer – n Collyria; host is gall-former – o Orthopelma. Ectoparasitoids: wasp probes for deeply concealed host – p Pseudorhyssa, q Stenobracon; host is leaf-miner – r Colastes; wasp bores for deeply concealed host – s Coeloides.
Figure 4 in Inferring life history from ovipositor morphology in parasitoid wasps using phylogenetic regression and discriminant analysis
Figure 4. Plots of biology vs. phylogenetic regression (PR) estimates of biology for the taxa where the biology is known; results from the three best PR models shown. State 0 = taxa are ectoparasitoids and state 1 = taxa are endoparasitoids. Philomacroploea and Mesoleptus, which are wrongly classified with PR, are indicated. The characters used in the models (U, P and H) are explained in Table 3. Estimates are derived as follows: PR (U) = (0.5281 + 0.8821) ¥ (U - 4730). PR (U + P) = 0.5144 + 1.001 ¥ (U - 0.4617) + 0.1531 ¥ (P - 0.1531). PR (U + P + H) = 0.4948 + 0.9818 ¥ (U - 0.4456) + 0.7428 ¥ (P - 0.1571) - 10.17 ¥ (H - 0.0054).
Fig. 2 in Distributional range of the South African maritime spider-egg parasitoid wasp, Echthrodesis lamorali (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae: Scelioninae)
Fig. 2. Distribution of Desis formidabilis, Amaurobioides africanus, Heliophanus villosus and Echthrodesis lamorali along the transect spanning Jacobsbaai to Kidds Beach, surveyed during this study in March 2012.
Fig. 3 in Distributional range of the South African maritime spider-egg parasitoid wasp, Echthrodesis lamorali (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae: Scelioninae)
Fig. 3. Distribution of Palpimanus capensis, Desis formidabilis, Amaurobioides africanus, Heliophanus villosus and Echthrodesis lamorali along the coastline surveyed during this study in November 2012 (a – Cape Peninsula; b – Entire survey area).
Fig. 4 in Distributional range of the South African maritime spider-egg parasitoid wasp, Echthrodesis lamorali (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae: Scelioninae)
Fig. 4. Locality in Summerstrand (33°58'47.892"S 25°39'31.0674"E) during (A) March 2012 and (B) November 2012, showing marked visual differences, with a great reduction in invertebrate covering of the intertidal rocks.
Fig. 5 in Distributional range of the South African maritime spider-egg parasitoid wasp, Echthrodesis lamorali (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae: Scelioninae)
Fig. 5. Main biogeographiƇal zones bordering the 6outh AfriƇan Ƈoast ƖBraƇkets: Regions in whiƇh the border between zones Ƈould fall; 6tippled arrows: Current direƇtion and name; Grey Textboxes: Zone name] (After Teske et al. 2011).
Data from: Different genetic structures revealed resident populations of a specialist parasitoid wasp in contrast to its migratory host
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Data from: Differing thermal sensitivities in a host-parasitoid interaction: high, fluctuating developmental temperatures produce dead wasps and giant caterpillars
<p>1. Insect parasitoids, and the arthropod hosts they consume during development, are important ecological players in almost all environments across the globe. As ectothermic organisms, both parasitoid and host are strongly impacted by environmental temperature. If thermal tolerances differ between host insect and parasitoid, then the outcome of their interaction will be determined by the ambient temperature. As mean temperatures continue to rise and extreme temperatures become more frequent, we must determine the effect of high temperature stress on host-parasitoid systems to predict how they will fare in the face of climate change.</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacingCxSpMiddle">2. The majority of studies conducted on host-parasitoid systems focus on either performance under constant temperature, or a fixed metric of thermal tolerance (CT<sub>max</sub>) for individual organisms. However, performance at constant temperatures is not predictive of performance under ecologically relevant, fluctuating temperatures, and measurements of thermal thresholds provide little information regarding the effects of temperature throughout development. We address this by testing the effects of increasing mean temperature in both constant and fluctuating (±10°C) environments throughout development on the performance of the parasitoid wasp <i>Cotesia congregata</i> and its lepidopteran larval host, <i>Manduca sexta.</i></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacingCxSpLast">3. The growth of <i>M. sexta</i> was influenced by mean temperature, diurnal fluctuations, and parasitization status. Caterpillar growth rate increased with increasing mean temperature, but decreased in response to diurnal fluctuations and parasitization by <i>C. congregata </i>wasps.</p> <p>4. Wasp survival decreased with increasing mean temperature, and diurnal fluctuations decreased wasp survival, especially at higher mean temperatures. Diurnal fluctuations at our highest mean temperature treatment (30°C±10°C) resulted in complete wasp mortality, and parasitized hosts displayed abnormal physiology, wherein they failed to exhibit wasp emergence, did not enter the prepupal stage, continued to feed, and grew up to two-fold larger than a normal, unparasitized caterpillar.</p> <p>5. Our results indicate hosts and parasitoids in this system have different thermal tolerances during development; the parasitoid wasp suffered complete mortality at a temperature regime that is mildly stressful for the unparasitized caterpillar host species. Our findings suggest <i>C. congregata </i>will suffer more severely under increasing temperatures than <i>M. sexta</i>, with cascading trophic and ecological effects.</p>
Diversity of parasitoid wasps (Insecta, Hymenoptera) in oilseed rape fields in Serbia
<p>Oilseed rape is an important crop grown worldwide and used for various purposes, including oil extraction and animal feed. In Europe, there are six major pest species and several other minor pests that can significantly affect oilseed rape production, requiring growers to effectively control them in order to ensure crop yield. The host-parasitoid complexes of these pests have been studied in detail and recorded mainly in western, central and northern Europe. As an abundant source of pollen and nectar, oilseed rape may also be attractive to other parasitoids that do not have direct trophic interactions with oilseed rape pest species. The aim of this study is to fill the knowledge gap regarding the wider parasitoid community in oilseed rape fields, particularly in southern Europe.</p> <p>During the two-year study, a total of 3135 specimens of primary and secondary parasitoids were sampled, of which 2855 were found in oilseed rape fields and 280 in semi-natural habitats. We found 153 taxa, of which 119 were found in oilseed rape fields and 87 in semi-natural habitats. We identified 31 genera (33 species) as parasitoids of oilseed rape pests, 54 genera (97 species) parasitising non-pest species and 10 genera (23 species) as possible parasitoids of oilseed rape pests. This study shows that the parasitoid community in oilseed rape fields is very diverse and that includes parasitoids of both oilseed rape pest and non-pest species.</p>
Data from: Evolution of flexible biting in hyperdiverse parasitoid wasps
<p>One key event in insect evolution was the development of mandibles with two joints, which allowed powerful biting, but restricted their movement to a single degree of freedom. These mandibles define the Dicondylia, which constitute over 99 percent of all extant insect species. It was common doctrine that the dicondylic articulation of chewing mandibles remained unaltered for more than 400 million years. We report highly modified mandibles overcoming the restrictions of a single degree of freedom and hypothesize their major role in insect diversification. These mandibles are defining features of parasitoid chalcid wasps, one of the most species-rich lineages of insects. The shift from powerful chewing to precise cutting likely facilitated adaptations to parasitize hosts hidden in hard substrates, which pose challenges to the emerging wasps. We reveal a crucial step in insect evolution and highlight the importance of comprehensive studies even of putatively well-known systems.</p>
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