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Figures 31–39 in A survey of proximal sensilla associated with denticle subrows on scorpion pedipalp fingers (Arachnida: Scorpiones), with observations on scorpion fluorescence

Figures 31–39. Dentate margins of pedipalp movable fingers. Buthidae: 'Buthus' group. Figures 31–33. Apistobuthus pterygocercus ♂. Right finger (31), distal finger (32), and subrow 3 (33). Figures 34–36. Buthacus nigroaculeatus ♂. Right finger (34), distal finger (35), and subrow 5 (36). Figures 37–39. Compsobuthus acutecarinatus ♂. Left finger (mirrored) (37), distal finger (38), and subrow 6 (39). Denticle subrow numbering and arrow conventions as described under Figs. 5–10. Scale bars: 2 mm (31), 200 μm (32–33), 1 mm (34), 100 μm (35–36), 1 mm (37), 100 μm (38–39). UV fluorescence.

Figures 19–24 in A survey of proximal sensilla associated with denticle subrows on scorpion pedipalp fingers (Arachnida: Scorpiones), with observations on scorpion fluorescence

Figures 19–24. Dentate margins of pedipalp movable fingers. Pseudochactidae and Chaerilidae. Figures 19–21. Pseudochactas ovchinnikovi ♀. Right finger (19), distal finger (20), and subrow 3 (21). Figures 22–24. Chaerilus hofereki ♂. Left finger (mirrored) (22), distal finger (23), and subrows 4–5 (24). Denticle subrow numbering and arrow conventions as described under Figs. 5–10. Scale bars: 400 μm (19, 22), 50 μm (20–21), and 50 μm (23–24). UV fluorescence.

Figures 5–10 in A survey of proximal sensilla associated with denticle subrows on scorpion pedipalp fingers (Arachnida: Scorpiones), with observations on scorpion fluorescence

Figures 5–10. Dentate margins of pedipalp fingers. Buthidae. Buthus mardochei ♂. Figures 5–7. Left fixed finger (mirrored) (5), distal finger (6), and denticle subrow 7 (7). Figures 8–10. Left movable finger (mirrored) (8), distal finger (9), and denticle subrow 7 (10). In Figs. 5 and 8, denticle subrows are numbered from distal to proximal, with numbers placed near proximal ends of subrows where a subrow proximal

Figures 11–18 in A survey of proximal sensilla associated with denticle subrows on scorpion pedipalp fingers (Arachnida: Scorpiones), with observations on scorpion fluorescence

Figures 11–18. Dentate margins of pedipalp fingers. Vaejovidae. Mesomexovis punctatus ♂. Figures 11–13. Left fixed finger (mirrored) (11), distal finger (12), and denticle subrow 4 (13). Figures 14–18. Left movable finger (mirrored) (14), distal finger (15), denticle subrow 3 (16), and enlarged proximal median denticle of subrow 3 with associated subrow proximal sensillum (SPS), internal lateral aspects (17–18). Denticle subrow numbering and arrow conventions as described under Figs. 5–10. Scale bars: 400 μm (11, 14), 100 μm (12–13, 15–16), and 50 μm (17–18). UV fluorescence (11–16, 18) and transmitted white light (17).

Figures 1–4 in A survey of proximal sensilla associated with denticle subrows on scorpion pedipalp fingers (Arachnida: Scorpiones), with observations on scorpion fluorescence

Figures 1–4. Examples of scorpion appendage segments bearing a mixture of Type N sensilla (non-fluorescent 'macrosetae') and Type F sensilla (fluorescent 'microsetae'). Figures 1–2. Right telotarsus, prolateral aspect, of Androctonus australis ♀ (1) and Smeringurus vachoni ♀ (2). Figures 3–4. Right pedipalp chela of Diplocentrus whitei ♂, external (3) and internal (4) aspect. Scale bars: 1 mm (1–2), 2 mm (3–4). UV fluorescence.

opencc-zeroMar 2024View details →

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Identifying the proximal cue(s) for pupal color variation in the bordered patch butterfly, Chlosyne lacinia (Geyer 1837; Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

<p>Color is a multifaceted trait with many functions such as predator defense, thermoregulation, and immune response. We investigated pupal color variation in <em>Chlosyne lacinia</em> pupae, focusing on identifying the cue for increased melanization. Through laboratory experiments, we demonstrated pupae reared on black backgrounds exhibited significantly higher melanization compared to those on white backgrounds. Additionally, black pupae experienced longer developmental periods, suggesting a trade-off between defense and developmental time. Our findings support crypsis as a likely evolutionary driver for increased melanization in response to substrate color. We discuss potential implications for predator avoidance, immune response, and developmental costs associated with melanization. This study provides insights into the adaptive significance of pupal melanization in response to environmental cues, shedding light on the complex interplay between life history traits in butterflies.</p>

FIG. 2 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use

FIG. 2. — Free-body diagram of the phalanx in the different scenarios. This figure depicts the boundary conditions, areas of insertion of muscles, and direction of forces. For all loading configurations, joint reaction forces resulted from the rigid boundary constraints that were fixed at the distal joint in X, Y and Z-axes (light blue area), and at the proximal joint in the X-axis (dark blue area). The hammer reaction force (HRF) was applied to the entire palmar surface of the bone. 3.29 N for the HRF was simulated for Sc 1 and 3, and 7.65 N for Sc 2 and 4. Phalanges are shown in palmar (right) and radial (left) views.

FIG. 5 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use

FIG. 5. — Box-plots of von Mises stress (MPa) distribution for all species under different scenarios, until Q95 (Sc 1 in grey, Sc 2 in yellow, Sc 3 in green and Sc 4 in red). The first row shows stress distribution of the models using the extant human as a reference to scale muscular forces in all other specimens, whereas the second one shows the results when the chimpanzee is used as a reference. Species are ordered from higher to lower peak stresses.

FIG. 1 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use

FIG. 1. — Biomechanical model of hammerstone use: B, corresponds to a zoom in palmar view of the area of interest during A, the grip of a human individual (based on Marzke et al. 1998). B, shows the angles of the muscular forces acting on the PP1. HRF is in 90° relative to the horizontal line for scenarios 1 and 2 and in 45° for scenarios 2 and 4. This force was applied on the entire palmar surface of the PP1 except in the joint areas and is represented with a hatched rectangle. Angles of the muscle forces are shown relative to the horizontal line. Abbreviations: FAP, Adductor Pollicis Force; FAPB, Abductor Pollicis Brevis Force; FFPB, Flexor Pollicis Brevis Force; EPB, direction force was applied in 16.7° and is not showed here as it attached on the dorsal surface of the PP1. Grey rectangles represent the origin areas of the muscles.

FIG. 3 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use

FIG. 3. — Von Mises stress maps for all analyzed species under different loading scenarios using the extant human as reference to scale the simulated muscular forces in all other specimens. Species are ordered from higher to lower peak stresses values. Phalanges are shown at the same length. MPa bar is set at 12 MPa.

FIG. 4 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use

FIG. 4. — Von Mises stress maps for all analyzed species under different loading scenarios using the chimpanzee as reference to scale the simulated muscular forces in all other specimens. Species are ordered from higher to lower peak stresses values. Images are not scaled. MPa is set at 25 MPa.

TABLE 2 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use

<p>TABLE 2. — Percentage of main locomotor behavoir of the non-human sample, according to Hunt (2004).</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Taxon</b></th><th><b>Climb</b></th><th><b>Braquiate</b></th><th><b>Clamber</b></th><th><b>Walk</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>6.5</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.0</td><td>89.9</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>19.7</td><td>3.6</td><td>0.0</td><td>64.4</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>31.3</td><td>15.5</td><td>40.7</td><td>12.0</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>34.2</td><td>51.2</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td></tr></tbody></table>

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2022View details →

Dataset for "Detailed cartography of Cotopaxi's 1877 primary lahar deposits obtained by drone-imagery and field surveys in the proximal northern drainage"

<p>Contains the following datasets supporting the results in "Detailed cartography of Cotopaxi’s 1877 primary lahar deposits obtained by drone-imagery and field surveys in the proximal northern drainage": 1) Drone-NDVI 25cm/pixel imagery for the four surveyed plains. 2) Geospatial vector layer for the geological fieldwork control points. 3) Geospatial vector layer for the 1877 deposit contact lines. 4) Geospatial vector layer for the 1877 deposit polygons.</p>

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2022View details →

Spin-mixing enhanced proximity effect in aluminum-based superconductor-semiconductor hybrids

<p>In superconducting quantum circuits, aluminum is one of the most widely used materials. It is currently also the superconductor of choice for the development of topological qubits. In this application, however, aluminum-based devices suffer from poor magnetic field compatibility. In this article, we resolve this limitation by showing that adatoms of heavy elements (e.g. platinum) increase the critical field of thin aluminum films by more than a factor of two. Using tunnel junctions, we show that the increased field resilience originates from spin-orbit scattering introduced by Pt. We exploit this property in the context of the superconducting proximity effect in semiconductor-superconductor hybrids, where we show that InSb nanowires strongly coupled to Al/Pt films can maintain superconductivity up to 7 T. The two-electron charging effect, a fundamental requirement for topo- logical quantum computation, is shown to be robust against the presence of heavy adatoms. Additionally, we use non-local spectroscopy in a three-terminal geom- etry to probe the bulk of hybrid devices, showing that it remains free of sub-gap states. Finally, we demonstrate that semiconductor states which are proximi- tized by Al/Pt films maintain their ability to Zeeman-split in an applied magnetic field. Combined with the chemical stability and well-known fabrication routes of aluminum, Al/Pt emerges as the natural successor to Al-based systems and is a compelling alternative to other superconductors, whenever high-field resilience is required. </p> <p> </p>

opencc-by-4.0May 2012View details →

Fig.ç3.D isasterina akajimaensis sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6758). A, Anal pore and a patch; B, madreporite; C, proximal part of arm, abactinal view; D, oral plate pair and interradial uncalci ed area, some oral spines have been lost (see also Fig. 6 for oral plate pair and interradial uncalci ed area at another interradius); E, proximal part of ambulacral furrow (oral plates seen at the lower-le corner are drawn in Fig. 6); F, inferomarginal spinelets, abactinal view. Abbreviations: als, actinolateral spine; apo, anal pore; fs, furrow spine; imp, inferomarginal plate; ims, inferomarginal spine; ir, interradial; iua, interradial uncalci ed area; md, madreporite; op, oral plate; os, oral spine; r, radial; rp, rigid patch; sas, subambulacral spine. in A New Asterinid Sea Star, Disasterina akajimaensis (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from the Ryukyu Islands, Japan, with Notes on the Genus Disasterina

Fig.ç3.D isasterina akajimaensis sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6758). A, Anal pore and a patch; B, madreporite; C, proximal part of arm, abactinal view; D, oral plate pair and interradial uncalci ed area, some oral spines have been lost (see also Fig. 6 for oral plate pair and interradial uncalci ed area at another interradius); E, proximal part of ambulacral furrow (oral plates seen at the lower-le corner are drawn in Fig. 6); F, inferomarginal spinelets, abactinal view. Abbreviations: als, actinolateral spine; apo, anal pore; fs, furrow spine; imp, inferomarginal plate; ims, inferomarginal spine; ir, interradial; iua, interradial uncalci ed area; md, madreporite; op, oral plate; os, oral spine; r, radial; rp, rigid patch; sas, subambulacral spine.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2022View details →

FIG. 2 in Relations between metatarsal proximal extremity parameters and weight and height at the withers of the dromedary (Camelus dromedarius Linnaeus, 1758) in the Sahraoui and Targui "breeds".

FIG. 2. — Principal component analysis (PCA), graphs for seven parameters per bone, 43 right metatarsal bones.A, graph of variables;B, scatterplot of individuals; C, 95% confidence ellipsis for breed; D, 95% confidence ellipsis for sex; E, 95% confidence ellipsis for breed and sex. Abbreviations: BpT, proximal width with T at the extremity for the metatarsal; BW, body weight; Dim, Factor of the PCA (Dim 1 = Factor 1, Dim 2 = Factor 2); DpT, proximal depth with T at the extremity for the metatarsal; F, female; GC, surface for the great cuneiform bone; HW, height at the withers; M, male; NC1, great cranial articular surface for the cuboid bone; NC2, little caudal articular surface for the cuboid bone; S, Sahraoui breed; SA, total proximal articular surface; SF, female Sahraoui; SM, male Sahraoui; T, Targui breed; TF, female Targui; TM, male Targui.

Text-fig. 3. Upper Cretaceous to Oligocene/Miocene Sciadopityspollenites taxa, all scale bars in LM and SEM overview images 10 µm, scale bars in SEM detailed images 2 µm. a–f: cf. Sciadopityspollenites serratus from Vilui basin (Siberia), a – LM image, equatorial view, b – SEM equatorial overview with leptoma, c – detail SEM of leptoma? and echinate verrucae, d – LM image equatorial view, e – SEM of distal polar view, f – SEM detailed view of verrucate, echinate perforate sexine sculpturing; g–i: Sciadopityspollenites serratus from Bayerhof Maar (Germany), g – LM image of proximal polar side, h – SEM overview of distal polar side, i – SEM detail of verrucate, echinate, perforate sculpturing. in The Occurrence Of Pollen Of Sciadopityaceae Luerss. Through Time

Text-fig. 3. Upper Cretaceous to Oligocene/Miocene Sciadopityspollenites taxa, all scale bars in LM and SEM overview images 10 µm, scale bars in SEM detailed images 2 µm. a–f: cf. Sciadopityspollenites serratus from Vilui basin (Siberia), a – LM image, equatorial view, b – SEM equatorial overview with leptoma, c – detail SEM of leptoma? and echinate verrucae, d – LM image equatorial view, e – SEM of distal polar view, f – SEM detailed view of verrucate, echinate perforate sexine sculpturing; g–i: Sciadopityspollenites serratus from Bayerhof Maar (Germany), g – LM image of proximal polar side, h – SEM overview of distal polar side, i – SEM detail of verrucate, echinate, perforate sculpturing.

Text-fig. 2. Aptian to Albian Cerebropollenites taxa, all scale bars in LM and SEM overview images 10 µm, scale bars in SEM detailed images 2 µm. a–c: Cerebropollenites thiergartii from St. Pölten (Austria), a – LM image, equatorial view, b – SEM equatorial overview with visible, less sculptured leptoma, c – detail of echinate verrucae; d–f: Cerebropollenites thiergartii from Khovil basin (Mongolia), d – LM image polar view with well visible thin-walled leptoma, e – SEM of proximal polar view with faintly sculptures leptoma, f – SEM detailed view of transition from leptoma to normal sexine sculpturing; g–i: Cerebropollenites macroverrucosus from Khovil basin (Mongolia), g – LM image of oblique equatorial view, h – SEM of oblique equatorial view with concave leptoma, i – SEM detail of the rugulate to verrucate sexine and smaller sculpturing in leptoma area. in The Occurrence Of Pollen Of Sciadopityaceae Luerss. Through Time

Text-fig. 2. Aptian to Albian Cerebropollenites taxa, all scale bars in LM and SEM overview images 10 µm, scale bars in SEM detailed images 2 µm. a–c: Cerebropollenites thiergartii from St. Pölten (Austria), a – LM image, equatorial view, b – SEM equatorial overview with visible, less sculptured leptoma, c – detail of echinate verrucae; d–f: Cerebropollenites thiergartii from Khovil basin (Mongolia), d – LM image polar view with well visible thin-walled leptoma, e – SEM of proximal polar view with faintly sculptures leptoma, f – SEM detailed view of transition from leptoma to normal sexine sculpturing; g–i: Cerebropollenites macroverrucosus from Khovil basin (Mongolia), g – LM image of oblique equatorial view, h – SEM of oblique equatorial view with concave leptoma, i – SEM detail of the rugulate to verrucate sexine and smaller sculpturing in leptoma area.

Text-fig. 1. Extant Sciadopitys verticillata pollen. a–c: LM images (scale bars 10 µm), a – polar view, b – equatorial view, c – equatorial view with well visible thinning of proximal leptoma; d–e: SEM overview images (scale bar 10 µm), d – distal polar view, e – oblique equatorial view; f – equatorial view with leptoma at top; g–i: SEM detailed images (scale bars 2 µm), g – detail of verrucate, echinate, perforate sexine of distal pol, h – wall break displaying thin nexine and verrucate, echinate sexine, i – ripped open leptoma displaying transition from verrucate sculpturing to nearly psilate state. in The Occurrence Of Pollen Of Sciadopityaceae Luerss. Through Time

Text-fig. 1. Extant Sciadopitys verticillata pollen. a–c: LM images (scale bars 10 µm), a – polar view, b – equatorial view, c – equatorial view with well visible thinning of proximal leptoma; d–e: SEM overview images (scale bar 10 µm), d – distal polar view, e – oblique equatorial view; f – equatorial view with leptoma at top; g–i: SEM detailed images (scale bars 2 µm), g – detail of verrucate, echinate, perforate sexine of distal pol, h – wall break displaying thin nexine and verrucate, echinate sexine, i – ripped open leptoma displaying transition from verrucate sculpturing to nearly psilate state.

Text-fig. 20. Proximal right ulna of an embrithopod from White Patch Bone Site. a: lateral view; b: proximal view (anterior to the left); c: stereo view of the articular surface for the humerus. Note the damaged medial and lateral sides of the articular surface (dotted lines) which makes the distal part of the articular surface look narrower than it would have been in life. in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique

Text-fig. 20. Proximal right ulna of an embrithopod from White Patch Bone Site. a: lateral view; b: proximal view (anterior to the left); c: stereo view of the articular surface for the humerus. Note the damaged medial and lateral sides of the articular surface (dotted lines) which makes the distal part of the articular surface look narrower than it would have been in life.