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345 results for “Sex chromosome”

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dryad36/100

Data from: Simulating effects of fitness and dispersal on the use of Trojan sex chromosomes for invasive species management

<ol> <li>The use of Trojan Y Chromosomes (TYC) for controlling invasive species involves manipulating the sex chromosomes of captive-raised individuals. Once released, the offspring of these individuals consist of only one sex, thereby skewing the sex-ratio of the invasive population and potentially leading to eradication. Simulation models are needed that can inform managers on how to maximize the likelihood of species eradication, since implementation of this novel management approach in the field is still rare.</li> <li>Here, we present the first spatially explicit, mechanistic simulation model of a real-world TYC program for invasive species eradication. Using a brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) system model, we investigated the effects of competitive and reproductive fitness of the captive-raised YY males, dispersal behavior upon their release, and landscape heterogeneity on eradication success.</li> <li>Likelihood of eradication was dependent on both the competitive and reproductive fitness of the Trojan individuals. Competitive fitness (i.e., survival) had a higher threshold for eradication, below which populations failed to be eradicated.</li> <li>Movement ecology of both the wild and YY male populations was important for eradication. Under a restricted dispersal scenario for YY males following their release, the wild population was not extirpated but maintained a stable, yet reduced, population size. In terms of landscape configuration, time to eradication of local patches increased with greater connectivity within the stream network.</li> <li>In addition to sex ratio distortion, density-dependent mortality resulting from outplantings made an important contribution to eradication and therefore may also affect native competitors.</li> <li>While our results indicate that eradication is possible, maximizing its likelihood requires an understanding of the fitness and movement ecology of both the wild and YY male populations of the invasive species. Both our model and the principles derived from this study related to fitness and behavioral landscape ecology can be broadly applied to other invaded species and systems.</li> </ol>

opencc-zeroApr 2020View details →

dryad36/100

Coverage data in males and females, and genetic markers used for genetic mapping of the guppy LG12 (sex chromosome pair)

The study used genetic mapping and coverage data in genome sequences of multiple male and female individuals of M. picta from multiple natural populations to investigate genetic degeneration of the Y chromosome, and quantify gene loss from the Y. The files include coverage results from the sex chromosome that were (i) used for sexing the sequenced individuals, and (ii) combined with autosomal results to analyze M/F, M/A and F/A depth of coverage ratios. Genetic mapping was also used to validate sex linkage, and the data set includes files with genotypes of genetic markers.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

zenodo36/100

Fig. 35 in Phylogeny Of Phyllostomid Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Data From Diverse Morphological Systems, Sex Chromosomes, And Restriction Sites

Fig. 35. Closeup dorsal views of a medial circumvallate papilla in A. Noctilio leporinus (AMNH

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2000View details →

zenodo36/100

Fig. 3 in Phylogeny Of Phyllostomid Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Data From Diverse Morphological Systems, Sex Chromosomes, And Restriction Sites

Fig. 3. Tree from Wenzel et al. (1966; redrawn from fig. 144) by de la Torre.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2000View details →

dryad36/100

Genetic sex determination, sex chromosome size and sex-specific lifespan across tetrapods

Sex differences in lifespan are ubiquitous across the tree of life and exhibit broad taxonomic patterns that remain a puzzle, such as males living longer than females in birds and vice versa in mammals. The prevailing "unguarded-X" hypothesis explains sex differences in lifespan by differential expression of recessive mutations on the X or Z chromosome of the heterogametic sex but has only received indirect support to date. An alternative hypothesis is that the accumulation of deleterious mutations and repetitive elements on the Y or W chromosome might lower the survival of the heterogametic sex ("toxic Y" hypothesis). Here, we use a new database to report lower survival of the heterogametic relative to the homogametic sex across 136 species of birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians, as expected if sex chromosomes shape sex-specific lifespans, and consistent with previous findings. We also found that the relative sizes of both the X and the Y chromosomes in mammals (but not the Z or the W chromosomes in birds) are associated with sex differences in lifespan, as predicted by the "unguarded-X" and the "toxic Y". Furthermore, we report that the relative size of the Y is negatively associated with male lifespan in mammals, so that small Y size correlates with increased male lifespan. In theory, toxic Y effects are expected to be particularly strong in mammals, and we did not find similar effects in birds. Our results confirm the role of sex chromosomes in explaining sex differences in lifespan across tetrapods and further suggest that, at least in mammals, "toxic Y" effects may play an important part in this role.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

dryad36/100

Data from: Context-dependent thermolability of sex determination in a lacertid lizard with heteromorphic sex chromosomes

Developmental conditions can profoundly impact key life history traits of the individual. In cases where offspring sex is driven by developmental reaction norms, permanent changes to the phenotype can fundamentally alter life history trajectories. Sex determination mechanisms in reptiles are remarkable diverse including well-characterized genetic and temperature-dependent sex determination. In rarer, but increasingly more commonly documented cases, sex can also be determined by a combination of the two, with temperature overriding the genetically determined sex. Thus, sex-by-temperature interactions is a mechanism that can be contextually labile, where reaction norms of sex against developmental environment might only be observable under certain conditions. We examine the effects of incubation temperature on hatchling sex in an oviparous lizard with clearly defined heteromorphic sex chromosomes presumed to determine sex solely on a genetic basis. We also test the repeatability of our results by replicating incubation experiments across three years. We show that warmer temperatures may override chromosomal sex and cause overproduction of daughters. However, this effect was inconsistent among years, with high temperature only resulting in a daughter-significant bias in one year. Warm-incubated daughters were more efficient at converting yolk into tissue, which would allow for greater resource allocation to other fitness-related processes, such as growth. This suggests that thermolabile sex determination could be a trait under selection. More energy-efficient embryos also produced faster-growing offspring, suggesting that energy utilization patterns of the embryo were maintained into the juvenile stage, which could have important implications for the ontogenetic development and evolution of life histories.

opencc-zeroMay 2023View details →

dryad36/100

The evolutionary maintenance of ancient recombining sex chromosomes in the ostrich

Sex chromosomes have evolved repeatedly across the tree of life and often exhibit extreme size dimorphism due to genetic degeneration of the sex-limited chromosome (e.g. the W chromosome of some birds and Y chromosome of mammals). However, in some lineages, ancient sex-limited chromosomes have escaped degeneration. Here, we study the evolutionary maintenance of sex chromosomes in the ostrich (Struthio camelus), where the W remains 65% the size of the Z chromosome, despite being more than 100 million years old. Using genome-wide resequencing data, we show that the population-scaled recombination rate of the pseudoautosomal region (PAR) is higher than similar-sized autosomes and is correlated with pedigree-based recombination rate in the heterogametic females, but not homogametic males. Genetic variation within the sex-linked region (SLR) (π = 0.001) was significantly lower than in the PAR, consistent with recombination cessation. Conversely, genetic variation across the PAR (π = 0.0016) was similar to that of autosomes and dependent on local recombination rates, GC content, and to a lesser extent, gene density. In particular, the region close to the SLR was as genetically diverse as autosomes, likely due to high recombination rates around the PAR boundary restricting genetic linkage with the SLR to only ~50Kb. The potential for alleles with antagonistic fitness effects in males and females to drive chromosome degeneration is therefore limited. While some regions of the PAR had divergent male-female allele frequencies, suggestive of sexually antagonistic alleles, coalescent simulations showed this was broadly consistent with neutral genetic processes. Our results indicate that the degeneration of the large and ancient sex chromosomes of the ostrich may have been slowed by high recombination in the female PAR, reducing the scope for the accumulation of sexually antagonistic variation to generate selection for recombination cessation.

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

dryad36/100