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FIGURE 5. A in Symbiosis in corals and stromatoporoids from the Silurian of Baltica

FIGURE 5. A. Coll. No. 2602/92-155, Helicosalpinx concoenatus inside a stromatoporoid, the sample was collected from the core of borehole 5483, depth 249 m. B. Cornulites sp. in Mesosolenia sp., coll. No. 2602/8762b, the sample was collected from the core of borehole 5414, depth 561,5 m. C. Rugosan within Clathrodictyon planum, coll. No. 2602/6957a, the sample was taken from outcrop No.117-156, Kozhym River (Komi Republic), Gerd'yu Formation (Přidolian). D. Helicosalpinx concoenatus Clarke, 1908 inside a stromatoporoid, coll. No. 2602/6943d, the sample was taken from outcrop No236-156, Kozhym River (Komi Republic), Gerd'yu Formation (Přidolian). E. Microconchid Palaeoconchus sp. inside Parallelostroma sp., coll. No. 2602/92-121d, the sample was taken from the core of borehole 5478, depth 214 m. F. Microconchid Palaeoconchus sp. inside a stromatoporoid, coll. No. 2602/805a, the sample was taken from the core of borehole Scherbin -11, depth 434 m (Podlasie-Brest Depression).

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FIGURE 4 in Symbiosis in corals and stromatoporoids from the Silurian of Baltica

FIGURE 4. Lithostratigraphic columns accompanied by gamma-ray logs for the studied wells from the southwestern and western parts of Baltica (Moldova, Ukraine and Belarus). Legend is explained within Figure 3.

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Fig. 6 in Silurian thelodonts from the Niur Formation, central Iran

Fig. 6. The distribution of Loganellia grossi in Laurentia, Baltica, and Kara; Loganellia sp. cf. L. grossi in Canadian Arctic and the central Iranian terrane of peri−Gondwana in the Wenlock–Ludlow (base map from Cocks and Torsvik 2002, with modifications). Source of records: Wenlock— Severnaya Zemlya: Märss and Karatajātė−Talimaa (2002); Canadian Arctic: Märss et al. (2006); North Greenland: Blom (1999), Norway and Sweden (type locality): Turner and Turner (1974), Fredholm (1990); Estonia: Märss (1986, 1996). Early–?middle Ludlow—Canadian Arctic: Märss et al. (2006). Late Ludlow—central Iran: this paper. Abbreviations: Al, Alborz; Sa, Sanand; Za, Zagros.

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Fig. 1. A, B in Silurian thelodonts from the Niur Formation, central Iran

Fig. 1. A, B. The position of the Derenjal Mountains, north of Tabas, east central Iran, and the sampled section of the Niur Formation. C. Composite stratigraphic column of the sampled section showing fish−bearing beds.

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Fig. 5 in Silurian thelodonts from the Niur Formation, central Iran

Fig. 5. Indeterminable acanthodians, SEM micrographs of micro−remains from sample S30, late Ludlow of the Niur Formation, east central Iran. A. Scale AEU 4128 in crown (A1) and lateral (A2) views. B.?dentigerous jaw bone fragment AEU 4129 in occlusal (B1) and lateral (B2) views.

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Text-fig. 2. The Prague Basin and localities of the documented scolecodont occurrences (map after Havlíček and Štorch 1990) 1. Kosov Quarry, 2. Pod lanovkou, 3. Koledník, 4. Liščí Quarry, 5. cut of the road from Loděnice to Bubovice, 6. Arethusina Gorge. in Revision Of Kettnerites Žebera, 1935 (Scolecodonta, Silurian Of The Barrandian Area, Czech Republic): Preliminary Results

Text-fig. 2. The Prague Basin and localities of the documented scolecodont occurrences (map after Havlíček and Štorch 1990) 1. Kosov Quarry, 2. Pod lanovkou, 3. Koledník, 4. Liščí Quarry, 5. cut of the road from Loděnice to Bubovice, 6. Arethusina Gorge.

Fig. 6 in Silurian myodocope ostracods from Poland

Fig. 6. Myodocope ostracod Nudator elegantulus sp. nov., details of the ornament, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland; Ludlow Series, Silurian. A. Holotype ZPAL O.63/15. Left valve (A1): detail of the ornament anterodorsally (A3, A6); detail of the ornament anteroventrally (A2, A5). B. ZPAL O.63/13. Left valve (B1): detail of the ornament anteriorly (B3, B6); detail of the ornament posterior to the adductorial sulcus (B2, B5). A4, B4, light photographs; A5, A6, B5, B6, SEM photographs; A1–A3, B1–B3, explanatory drawings; all lateral views of silicone casts of external moulds.

Fig. 10 in Silurian myodocope ostracods from Poland

Fig. 10. Palaeogeographical distribution of Silurian myodocope bearing regions; map for Ludow (420 Ma, after Torsvik and Cocks 2013), but species span from late Wenlock to Pridoli. The position of the occurrence in Uzbekistan is poorly constrained palaeogeographically.

Fig. 2 in Silurian myodocope ostracods from Poland

Fig. 2. Selected Silurian myodocope species, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland; Ludlow Series, Silurian. A, B. Bolbozoe anomala Barrande, 1872. A. ZPAL O.63/1, incomplete left valve. B. ZPAL O.63/2, juvenile right valve. C. Bolbozoe psittaca Perrier, Siveter, Williams, and Palmer, 2019, ZPAL O.63/3, left valve. D, E. Parabolbozoe bohemica (Barrande, 1872). D. ZPAL O.63/4, juvenile left valve. E. ZPAL O.63/5, right valve. F. Richteria migrans (Barrande, 1872), ZPAL O.63/6, left valve. G, H. Nudator angiportatus Perrier, Siveter, Williams, and Palmer, 2019. G. ZPAL O.63/7, juvenile left valve. H. ZPAL O.63/8, left valve. I, J. Nudator inflatus Perrier, Siveter, Williams, and Palmer, 2019. I. ZPAL O.63/9, right valve showing post-mortem diagenetic structures. J. ZPAL O.63/9, right valve. K. Silurocypridina retroreticulata Perrier, Vannier, and Siveter, 2011, ZPAL O.63/10, incomplete right valve. L. Silurocypridina calva Perrier, Vannier, and Siveter, 2011, ZPAL O.63/11, right valve. M. Cypridinid?, ZPAL O.63/12, right valve. All light photographs in lateral view. A–H, J, M, silicone casts of external moulds; I, K, L, internal moulds. Scale bars 1 mm, except M 2 mm.

Fig. 1 in Silurian myodocope ostracods from Poland

Fig. 1. Distribution of Silurian myodocope-bearing localities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. A. Location of the Holy Cross Mountains. B. Myodocope-bearing localities (asterisks) sampled in the Holy Cross Mountains (geological map modified from Kozłowski et al. 2014).

Fig. 4 in Silurian myodocope ostracods from Poland

Fig. 4. Valve length/height plot (A) and position of the adductor muscle scar (A/B, where A and B are the distance between the muscle scar and the posterior end of the valve and the ventral margin, respectively) against length/height (B) of complete specimens of entomozoid species from the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland; Ludlow Series, Silurian.

Fig. 5 in Silurian myodocope ostracods from Poland

Fig. 5. Myodocope ostracod Nudator elegantulus sp. nov., Holy Cross Mountains, Poland; Ludlow Series, Silurian. A. ZPAL O.63/13, left valve. B. ZPAL O.63/14, right valve. C. Holotype ZPAL O.63/15, left valve. Light stereo-pair photographs in lateral view (of silicone casts of external moulds).

Fig. 7 in Silurian myodocope ostracods from Poland

Fig. 7. Idealized reconstructions and terminology of Nudator elegantulus sp. nov. (A) and Rhomboentomozoe rhomboidea (B) from the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland; Ludlow Series, Silurian. In left lateral (A1, B1) and dorsal (A2, B2) views.

Fig. 25 in Faunal dynamics across the Silurian-Devonian positive isotope excursions (δ C, δ O) in Podolia, Ukraine: Comparative analysis of the Ireviken and Klonk events

Fig. 25. Scheme of main environmental changes and faunal responses across the Klonk Event and the S–D transition carbon isotope excursion (SIDECIE) in the Dnistrove succession. Sea−level pattern after Walliser (1996: fig. 1; see other sea−level curves in Haq and Schutter 2008: fig. 2; Brett et al. 2009: fig. 20; Johnson 2010: fig. 1; Munnecke et al. 2010: fig. 2); for discussion of differently recorded eustasy, as well as climatic setting see Buggisch and Joachimski (2006) and Małkowski and Racki (2009). Shades of gray denote two slices of the SIDECIE.

Fig. 24 in Faunal dynamics across the Silurian-Devonian positive isotope excursions (δ C, δ O) in Podolia, Ukraine: Comparative analysis of the Ireviken and Klonk events

Fig. 24. Scheme of main environmental changes and faunal responses across the Ireviken Event and early Sheinwoodian carbon isotope excursion (ESCIE) in the Kytayhorod succession. Overall eustatic pattern and climatic events compiled from Johnson (2010: fig. 2; see other sea−level curves in Lüning et al. 2000: fig. 9; Cramer and Saltzman 2007: fig. 5; Brett et al. 2009: fig. 20; Ray and Butcher 2010: fig. 1) and Lehnert et al. (2010: figs. 1–3), respectively. Regional bathymetric curve modified from Koren et al. (1989: fig. 1). Note a distinctive discrepancy of the both sea−level patterns in some intervals, probably mostly controlled by regional epeirogenic activity in the Podolian shelf domain. Shades of gray denote three slices of the ESCIE.

Fig. 23. Faunal dynamics through the Klonk Event and S–D in Faunal dynamics across the Silurian-Devonian positive isotope excursions (δ C, δ O) in Podolia, Ukraine: Comparative analysis of the Ireviken and Klonk events

Fig. 23. Faunal dynamics through the Klonk Event and S–D transition carbon isotope excursion (SIDECIE) at Dnistrove. Shades of gray denote two slices of the SIDECIE.

Fig. 22 in Faunal dynamics across the Silurian-Devonian positive isotope excursions (δ C, δ O) in Podolia, Ukraine: Comparative analysis of the Ireviken and Klonk events

Fig. 22. Stereoscan microphotographs of selected Chitinozoa from the Dnistrove section. A, H. Calpichitina aff. gregaria Paris and Křiž, 1984. A. Single specimen in oblique lateral view, ZPAL Ch. 8/159S117, sample V−15. H. Vesicles aggregated in cluster, ZPAL Ch. 8/161S101, sample V−13. B. Calpichitina velata (Wrona, 1980), ZPAL Ch 8/160S53, sample V−27. C. Pterochitina sp., ZPAL Ch. 8/152S099, sample V−28. D. Vinnalochitina pilosa (Wrona, 1980), ZPAL Ch 8/159S054, sample V−27. E–F. Vinnalochitina cf. suchomastyensis Paris and Laufeld, 1981. E. ZPAL Ch 8/152S054, sample V−25. F. ZPAL Ch 8/152S107, sample V−27. G, K–N. Urnochitina urna (Eisenack, 1934). G. ZPAL Ch 8/160S55, sample V−09. K. Specimen with wide copula and operculum attached, ZPAL Ch 8/160S102, sample V−10. L. Detail of aboral part showing operculum attachment, ZPAL Ch 8/160S85, sample V−10. M. Chain of three closely similar vesicles, ZPAL Ch 8/161S112, sample V−13. N. Two marginal vesicles of a chain, showing small terminal vesicle, ZPAL Ch 8/161S104, sample V−15. I. Cingulochitina ex. gr. ervensis (Paris, 1979), Chain of four vesicles, ZPAL Ch 8/159S094, sample V−27. J. Margachitina catenaria Obut, 1973, Chain of three vesicles, ZPAL Ch 8/159S094, sample V−27. O–Q. Eisenackitina barrandei Paris and Křiž, 1984. O. ZPAL Ch 8/161S001, sample V−04. P. ZPAL Ch 8/152S017, sample V−05. Q. ZPAL Ch 8/152S058, sample V−13. R. Ramochitina cf. longispina (Wrona, 1980), ZPAL Ch 8/172S077, sample V−03. S. Ancyrochitina cf. aurita Wrona, 1980, ZPAL Ch 8/159Y02, sample V−27. T–V. Anthochitina ex. gr. superba Eisenack, 1971. T. ZPAL Ch 8/152S056, sample V−25. U. ZPAL Ch 8/159S042, sample V−25. V. ZPAL Ch 8/159S082, sample V−25. W. Angochitina sp., ZPAL Ch 8/159S160, sample V−13. X. Eisenackitina sp., ZPAL Ch 8/160S54, sample V−03. Y. Eisenackitina bohemica (Eisenack, 1934), ZPAL Ch 8/159S127, sample V−23. Scale bars 50 µm.

Fig. 7 in Faunal dynamics across the Silurian-Devonian positive isotope excursions (δ C, δ O) in Podolia, Ukraine: Comparative analysis of the Ireviken and Klonk events

Fig. 7. Stratigraphical distribution of the Al−normalized abundance for selected major and trace elements as well as Al2O3 and TOC contents (wt. %) and the U/Th ratio (for redox thresholds see Racka et al. 2010) from the Kytayhorod section (see SOM 2). Thicker vertical lines indicate level of the ratios for average limestone after Wedepohl (1971, 1991). Approximated proxy values, resulted from the content of Mo below the detection levels, are asterisked. Shades of gray denote three slices of the ESCIE.

Fig. 11 in Faunal dynamics across the Silurian-Devonian positive isotope excursions (δ C, δ O) in Podolia, Ukraine: Comparative analysis of the Ireviken and Klonk events

Fig. 11. Lowermost Wenlock lithologic and faunal succession at Kytayhorod, against the key brachiopod assemblages (see Fig. 10) and a representative micritic microfacies of the Restiv Beds, i.e., bioturbated skeletal wackestone to packstone with shelly bioclasts, crinoids, and trilobites (compare Fig. 5). Note onset of the carbon isotope excursion (ESCIE) before the ending of Ireviken Event.

Fig. 21 in Faunal dynamics across the Silurian-Devonian positive isotope excursions (δ C, δ O) in Podolia, Ukraine: Comparative analysis of the Ireviken and Klonk events

Fig. 21. Distribution of chitinozoans species, diversity, and ecological indices through the S–D boundary beds in the Dnistrove section. Shades of gray denote two slices of the SIDECIE.