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FIGURE 4 in Re-evaluation of characters in Apolemiidae (Siphonophora), with description of two new species from Monterey Bay, California

FIGURE 4. Apolemia lanosa sp. nov. Medium sized nectophore from the holotype specimen (living, A–C). Photographs and drawings of upper (A, D), lower (B, E), and lateral (C, F) views. Scale bar (5 mm) in C applies to figures. (G–S) Photographs of "upper" view of nectophores from the holotype and lateral view of the paratype specimen (T–U). All the nectophores had been fixed apart from those shown in Q, T and U. (G–P) Photographs showing change in nectophore morphology and proportions during growth. Axial wings were close to each other in young nectophores and widely apart in mature ones. The thrust block was well developed and the axial wings were proportionally shorter in older nectophores. (Q–S) Photographs of the same nectophore after relaxation while living (Q), and after fixation (R–S). Appearance of nectophore morphology in fixed state varied significantly with viewing angle and how the nectophore was presented in the dish. In S the nectophore was gently stretched in the longitudinal direction. T–U show the same nectophore, while living, of specimen D329-SS6 freshly detached from the stem in an uncontracted (T) and fully contracted (U) state. Scale bar (1 cm) in (S) applies to nectophores in G–S. Scale bar (1cm) in (U) applies to T–U.

FIGURE 1 in Re-evaluation of characters in Apolemiidae (Siphonophora), with description of two new species from Monterey Bay, California

FIGURE 1. (A) Phylogenetic position of Apolemiidae within Siphonophora (after Dunn et al. 2005). (B) Schematic lateral view of an apolemiid nectophore, showing the major axes and the directions of the "upper" and "lower" views used in graphic presentations in this study.

FIGURE 13 in Re-evaluation of characters in Apolemiidae (Siphonophora), with description of two new species from Monterey Bay, California

FIGURE 13. Apolemia rubriversa sp. nov. Early siphosomal organization of the holotype (live). Ventral view, anterior up. Numbers indicate gastrozooids starting with the youngest. (A) Anterior part of the siphosome. Frame indicates region shown in B. (B) Close-up of siphosomal growth zone. Gastrozooids (numbered) become arranged in a defined biserial organization. Palpon buds are first visible at the base of the gastrozooid and later on the gastrozooidal stalk. An indentation forms at the proximal end of the gastrozooid body separating the future basigaster region from the main body. Nematocysts become visible as opaque cells in basigaster of gastrozooid 7. (C) Siphosomal horn bending towards the right side of the siphosomal stem. Pigment has been lost as a result of tissue manipulation. Scale bars in (A) 2 mm, (B, C) 1 mm.

FIGURE 7 in Re-evaluation of characters in Apolemiidae (Siphonophora), with description of two new species from Monterey Bay, California

FIGURE 7. Apolemia lanosa sp. nov. Gastrozooid bracts of the holotype specimen (fixed). (A) Upper view of bracts. Bract at bottom with discharged nematocyst tubules visible. Scale bar 5 mm. (B) Close-up of nematocyst patches. Refractile cells appear as larger white specks within nematocyst patches. Scale bar 400 µm. (C) Distal end of bracteal canal bends into the mesoglea and back towards the lower bract surface (end of canal at bottom). Scale bar 1 mm.

FIGURE 9 in Re-evaluation of characters in Apolemiidae (Siphonophora), with description of two new species from Monterey Bay, California

FIGURE 9. Apolemia lanosa sp. nov. Female gonophores (live). (A) Ventral view of palpon clusters framed by two gastrozooids (g). A cluster of female gonophores (go) is attached laterally. Scale bar 2 mm. (B) Close-up of a single female gonophore. Two smaller gonophores can be seen to the right. Gonophores sit on peduncles which attach to the stalk of the gonodendron (not visible) which itself is a small protrusion on the stem of the colony. Scale bar 1 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Re-evaluation of characters in Apolemiidae (Siphonophora), with description of two new species from Monterey Bay, California

FIGURE 3. Apolemia lanosa sp. nov. Nectosome of the holotype specimen (live, A–C) and specimen from Doc Ricketts dive D329 (live, D). (A) Nectosomal growth zone with young nectophores still attached. The pneumatophore is at center and posterior at the bottom. (B) Close-up of the nectosomal growth zone. The pneumatophore is just out of frame to the upper left. (C) Posterior part of nectosome and anterior part of siphosome after removal of nectophores, with nectosomal palpons still attached to the ventral side of the stem. Anterior is up. (D) Close-up of twisted nectosomal organization with nectophores still attached. Anterior is up. Scale bars in A–D 5 mm.

FIGURE 6 in Re-evaluation of characters in Apolemiidae (Siphonophora), with description of two new species from Monterey Bay, California

FIGURE 6. Apolemia lanosa sp. nov. Cormidial organization of the holotype specimen (live). Anterior is to the left, ventral is up. (A–C) Sequential photographs of the anterior part of siphosome. Scale bar in (A) 2mm applies to (A–C). (B) Early palpacles and a young bract associated with a primary gastrozooid. (C) Sphincter region posterior to a primary gastrozooid. (D) Developing gastrozooidal bract associated with primary gastrozooid 10. Scale bar 1 mm. (E) Curled bracteal canal and attachment lamella that remained after detachment of the gastrozooidal bract. Scale bar 1 mm. (F) Secondary gastrozooids intercalated between primary gastrozooids in older cormidia. Scale bar 5 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Re-evaluation of characters in Apolemiidae (Siphonophora), with description of two new species from Monterey Bay, California

FIGURE 5. Anterior portion of Apolemia lanosa sp. nov. siphosome, including the siphosomal growth zone, photographed while living. Ventral view, anterior is up. (A) Scale bar 5 mm. (B) Close-up of the first eight cormidia from the region framed by the dashed box in (A). Scale bar 1 mm. Numbers indicate primary gastrozooids starting with the youngest.

FIGURE 15 in Re-evaluation of characters in Apolemiidae (Siphonophora), with description of two new species from Monterey Bay, California

FIGURE 15. Apolemia rubriversa sp. nov. Palpons, gastrozooids and siphosomal organization of the holotype (A,C) and specimen D195 (B, D) (fixed tissue). (A) SEM of branched cormidium with primary branch (red) bearing the gastrozooid. Secondary branches (blue) branch off the primary branch and branch further (green). Palpons bud off branches of higher order and could be found at all different stages of development. Each palpon was accompanied by a bract and a palpacle. Scale 500 µm. (B) Mature palpons. Scale 2 mm. (C) Close-up of palpon showing highly prismatic cells and red pigmented cells in the distal region where the main gastric cavity ends. Scale 1 mm. (D) Mature gastrozooid with tentacle. Scale 2 mm.

FIGURE 14 in Re-evaluation of characters in Apolemiidae (Siphonophora), with description of two new species from Monterey Bay, California

FIGURE 14. Apolemia rubriversa sp. nov, Bracts of the holotype (living A,B,C) and specimen D195 (fixed, D,E). (A) Change of nematocyst patch distribution during bract maturation. Anterior to the left. Scale bar 3 mm. (B) Young bract with irregularly shaped bracteal canal. Scale bar 1mm. (C) Refractile cells (white dots) scattered in between but not within nematocyte patches. Scale bar 400 µm. (D) Bracteal canal with diverticula, and the distal end (at bottom) of the canal penetrating into the mesoglea. Scale 2 mm. (E) More mature bract with distinct keel. Scale bar 2 mm.

FIGURE 8 in Re-evaluation of characters in Apolemiidae (Siphonophora), with description of two new species from Monterey Bay, California

FIGURE 8. Apolemia lanosa sp. nov. Palpons and gastrozooids. (A) The most anterior palpon cluster of a cormidium. The arrow indicates bare stem in between youngest palpon clusters and the next older cluster. Scale bar 1 mm. (B) Mature palpon. Scale bar 2 mm. (C) Close-up of proximal end of palpon in B showing basigaster and the proximal end of palpacle. Scale bar 1 mm. (D) Distal regions of palpacles with pairs of nematocysts. Scale bar 200 µm. (E) Gastrozooid of the holotype (live). Scale bar 2 mm. (F) Gastrozooid of specimen D329-SS6 with tentacle. Scale bar 2 mm. A, D, E holotype (living). B, C, F specimen D329-SS6 (fixed).

FIGURE 19 in Re-evaluation of characters in Apolemiidae (Siphonophora), with description of two new species from Monterey Bay, California

FIGURE 19. Cormidial organization of Apolemia lanosa (A) and Apolemia rubriversa (B). Anterior is to the left. Ventral is up. (A) Lateral view of the siphosomal stem showing a cormidium with two palpon clusters. The bracteal lamella (bl) of a removed gastrozooidal bract and the gastrozooid of the next younger cormidium is visible to the left. (B) Branched cormidial organisation. All siphosomal zooids are attached to the stem via the gastrozooid peduncle. The proximal portion of another cormidium is shown in the lower left of the pane. Anterior is to the left. Ventral is up.

FIGURE 12 in Re-evaluation of characters in Apolemiidae (Siphonophora), with description of two new species from Monterey Bay, California

FIGURE 12. Apolemia rubriversa sp. nov. (A–F) Medium sized nectophore of the holotype (live). Canals were colored red by prey pigment. Photographs and drawings of upper (A, D), lower (B, E) and lateral (C, F) views. Lower view of type specimen (B) revealed red pigmentation within the ventral furrow and on the thrust block. Scale bar (5mm) in C applies to all figures A– F. (G–N) Available fixed nectophores of sample D195 shown in upper view. Scale bar (1 cm) in J applies to G–N.

FIGURE 11 in Re-evaluation of characters in Apolemiidae (Siphonophora), with description of two new species from Monterey Bay, California

FIGURE 11. Apolemia rubriversa sp. nov. Nectosome of the holotype (live, A,B) and specimen D195 (fixed, C). (A) Nectosomal growth zone and pnematophore. Older nectophores, densely covered in nematocysts, are at the bottom of the frame. Scale bar 1 mm. Anterior is pointing out of the page, ventral to the lower right of the pane. (B) Contracted nectosome and anterior portion of the siphosome. Anterior is to the left, ventral is down. 1, 2, 3: nectophoral palpons accompanying a single nectophore. Nectosomal palpons with colored gastric content. Scale bar 2 mm. (C) Ventral view of posterior part of the nectosome showing nectophoral palpon attachment scars (dashed circles) to the left of the posterior end of the associated nectophore lamellae. Dashed line indicates one nectophore lamella. Scale bar 2 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Re-evaluation of characters in Apolemiidae (Siphonophora), with description of two new species from Monterey Bay, California

FIGURE 2. (A–B) In situ photographs of holotype specimens. (A) Apolemia lanosa sp. nov., approximate length 2 m. (B) Apolemia rubriversa sp. nov., approximately 1.2 m in length. (C–D) Anterior regions of the collected, unfixed specimens of (C) A. lanosa, which had already lost most of its bracts (Scale bar 2 cm); and (D) A. rubriversa, whith most of its mature nectophores detached (Scale bar 2.5 mm).

FIGURE 43 in A description of two new species of the genus Erenna (Siphonophora: Physonectae: Erennidae), with notes on recently collected specimens of other Erenna species

FIGURE 43. Erenna sirena sp. nov. A. Young and B. mature gastrozooids. Scale bar 5 mm. b: basigaster; p: proboscis.

FIGURE 36 in A description of two new species of the genus Erenna (Siphonophora: Physonectae: Erennidae), with notes on recently collected specimens of other Erenna species

FIGURE 36. Erenna insidiator sp. nov. A. Gonophores at various stages of development. Scale bar 5 mm. B. Individual male gonophores. Scale bar 1 mm.

FIGURE 35 in A description of two new species of the genus Erenna (Siphonophora: Physonectae: Erennidae), with notes on recently collected specimens of other Erenna species

FIGURE 35. Erenna insidiator sp. nov. palpons, prior to preservation. Scale bar 5 mm. Inset. Nematocyst from mouth region of palpon. Scale bar 50 µm.

FIGURE 33 in A description of two new species of the genus Erenna (Siphonophora: Physonectae: Erennidae), with notes on recently collected specimens of other Erenna species

FIGURE 33. Erenna insidiator sp. nov. A. Tentillum. Scale bar 5 mm. B–D. Detail of distal end of tentillum. B. Lateral, and C. outer views of cnidoband. Scale bars 5 mm. D. Lateral view of ocellus. Scale bar 1 mm.

FIGURE 34 in A description of two new species of the genus Erenna (Siphonophora: Physonectae: Erennidae), with notes on recently collected specimens of other Erenna species

FIGURE 34. Erenna insidiator sp. nov. A. Young tentilla. Scale bar 5 mm. B–C. Nematocysts on cnidoband. Scale bars B. 100 µm; C. 50 µm.