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FIGURE 1 in Land-use changes affect the functional structure of stream fish assemblages in the Brazilian Savanna

FIGURE 1 | Headwater streams (N = 40; black dots) sampled for fish and local physical habitat. All sites drain to Nova Ponte Reservoir in the Araguari River basin, Upper Paraná River, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

FIGURE 3 in Functional responses of stream fish communities to rural and urban land uses

FIGURE 3 | Flowchart of analysis. Biomass and dummy traits matrices were combined to produce functional diversity (FD) indices (FRic = functional richness, FEve = functional evenness, FDiv = functional divergence and FDis = functional dispersion) and community weight mean traits (CWM) matrices. The influences of land use/occupation (Soil matrix) over FD indices were evaluated through Pearson's correlations and over CWM through redundance analysis (RDA) and Pearson's correlations.

FIGURE 4 in Functional responses of stream fish communities to rural and urban land uses

FIGURE 4 | Ordination scores of community-weighted means (CWMs) of traits (gray bars) and proportions of land use/occupation (arrows: biplot scores for constraining variables along of the first principal axis of the redundancy analysis – RDA1) applied to 24 streams sampled in the state of Paraná, Brazil.

FIGURE 2 in Functional responses of stream fish communities to rural and urban land uses

FIGURE 2 | Ternary diagram of land use/occupation in the 24 streams sampled in the state of Paraná, Brazil.

FIGURE 1 in Functional responses of stream fish communities to rural and urban land uses

FIGURE 1 | Location of the sampling sites in the 24 streams in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Codes and names of streams in S1.

FIGURE 4 in Fish functional responses to local habitat variation in streams within multiple land uses areas in the Amazon

FIGURE 4 | Relationships between the ecomorphological traits of fish species and environmental variables (land use and local habitat) in the streams evaluated in this study. Traits are represented by labels: relative head length (RHL), relative mouth width (RMW), relative height (RH), relative area of pectoral fin (RAPF) and relative caudal peduncle length (RCPL).

FIGURE 3 in Fish functional responses to local habitat variation in streams within multiple land uses areas in the Amazon

FIGURE 3 | Relationships between fish functional trophic groups and environmental variables (land use and local habitat) in the streams evaluated in this study. The groups are represented by the labels: Diurnal channel drift feeders (FTG 3), Diurnal backwater drift feeders (FTG 4), Diurnal surface pickers (FTG 7), Diggers (FTG 9) and Ambush and stalking predators (FTG 11). The FTG's with a correlation between 0.2 and -0.2 have been omitted for better visualization of the results.

FIGURE 2 in Fish functional responses to local habitat variation in streams within multiple land uses areas in the Amazon

FIGURE 2 | Ordination of the types of land use in the catchment areas of the study streams at the Capim River basin, eastern Amazon.

FIGURE 1 in Fish functional responses to local habitat variation in streams within multiple land uses areas in the Amazon

FIGURE 1 | Location of sampling streams (Middle Capim River basin, Pará State, Brazil). The characteristics of each land use class are described in the Material and Methods section.

FIGURE 3 in Fish functional trophic groups in headwater karst streams from the Upper Paraguay River basin

FIGURE 3 | Representative images of the fish assemblage from Serra da Bodoquena streams. A. Farlowella paraguayensis among twigs and leaf litter in the substrate; B. Hypostomus froehlichi between boulders; C. Creagrutus meridionalis foraging near a sandy substrate; D. Pimelodella taenioptera and Astyanax lacustris foraging among leaf litter in the substrate; E. Hyphessobrycon eques and Jupiaba acanthogaster using marginal vegetation; F. Characidium zebra using the sit-and-wait tactics on the sandy substrate; G. Psalidodon marionae foraging near the rocky substrate; H. Salminus brasiliensis swimming in the water column; I. Prochilodus lineatus foraging near patches of vegetation. Photos: Renato M. Romero and Fabrício B. Teresa.

FIGURE 4 in Fish functional trophic groups in headwater karst streams from the Upper Paraguay River basin

FIGURE 4 | Compilation of number of families on each Functional Trophic Group among different biomes in Brazil. Bar colors represent the shared FTGs among biomes considering Sazima (1986), Sabino, Zuanon (1998), Casatti et al. (2001), Brejão et al. (2013), Freitas et al. (2021), and this work. Blue bar: FTGs registered in Pantanal+Amazon+Atlantic Forest; Red bar: FTGs registered in Pantanal+Amazon; Green bar: FTG registered only in Amazon. Silhouettes represent the families with more records on each FTG.

FIGURE 1 in Fish functional trophic groups in headwater karst streams from the Upper Paraguay River basin

FIGURE 1 | Main drainages of Serra da Bodoquena. The Miranda River watershed (blue) and the Perdido River watershed (red). Highlighted lines represent Salobra River in the North and Perdido River in the South. In green, the Formoso River watershed, a tributary of Miranda drainage. Black dots represent the points of underwater observations of the fish species.

FIGURE 2 in Fish functional trophic groups in headwater karst streams from the Upper Paraguay River basin

FIGURE 2 | Distribution of sizes classes of fish from Serra da Bodoquena stream according to instream horizontal occupation.

FIGURE 5 in Fish functional trophic groups in headwater karst streams from the Upper Paraguay River basin

FIGURE 5 | Number of accumulated Functional Trophic Groups by fish families considering Brazilian inland freshwaters works from Sazima (1986), Sabino, Zuanon (1998), Casatti et al. (2001), Brejão et al. (2013), Freitas et al. (2021), and this work.

FIGURE 4 in Fish responses to multiple scales in coastal blackwater Atlantic Forest streams in Southeast Brazil

FIGURE 4 | Redundancy analysis (RDA) explaining the relationship between selected local, landscape, and spatial variables and fish species. Vector lines indicate the relationship of significant environmental variables to the ordination axis. TDS – Total Dissolved Solids; AR – Areas under Regeneration; PCNM1 – Spatial Component represented by the Principal Coordinates of Neighbor Matrices. Species are indicated by black dots. Acronyms according to Tab. 3

FIGURE 3 in Fish responses to multiple scales in coastal blackwater Atlantic Forest streams in Southeast Brazil

FIGURE 3 | Venn diagram showing the variance partition of local, regional and spatial variables in explaining the composition of fish communities. a = fraction of exclusive explanation of local variables; b = fraction of exclusive explanation of landscape variables; c = fraction of exclusive explanation of spatial variables; d = fraction of shared explanation between local and landscape variables; e = fraction of shared explanation between landscape and spatial variables; f = fraction of shared explanation between local and spatial variables; g = fraction of shared explanation among local, landscape and spatial variables.

FIGURE 1 in Fish responses to multiple scales in coastal blackwater Atlantic Forest streams in Southeast Brazil

FIGURE 1 | Location of the study area in the coastal region of the state of São Paulo, indicating the Baixada Santista and Northern Coast basins and the distribution of the sampling sites in the Itapanhaú (JP1, JP2, VA), Itaguaré (MP, PM, GU), Guaratuba (P1–P6), and Una (BB1, BB2) sub-basins (Adapted from Esteves et al., 2019). In detail, sites of the Guaratuba sub-basin and main landscape types.

FIGURE 2 in Fish responses to multiple scales in coastal blackwater Atlantic Forest streams in Southeast Brazil

FIGURE 2 | Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) plot of Axis 1 and Axis 2 of the total fish density of 14 blackwater streams. Stream codes according to Tab. 1.

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FIGURE 6 in Effects of urbanization and environmental heterogeneity on fish assemblages in small streams

FIGURE 6 | Ordination of fish species composition by distance-based redundancy analysis (dbRDA) in relation to environmental heterogeneity (EH; estimated from environmental data and transformed by loge(x) prior to dbRDA) and the proportion of impervious surfaces (ImpSurf). Species codes, 1: Poecilia reticulata; 2: Corydoras aeneus; 3: Phenacogaster jancupa; 4: Astyanax abramis; 5: Hoplias malabaricus; 6: Hypostomus khimaera; 7: Serrapinnus calliurus; 8: S. microdon; 9: Hemigrammus tridens; 10: A. lacustris.