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FIGURES 28–31 in A new troglobitic palpigrade from Central Brazil, with notes on a new opisthosomal character (Arachnida: Palpigradi)

FIGURES 28–31. Eukoenenia audax sp. nov., flagellar segments I–IX, male ISLA 47679. 28, segments I–II; 29, segments III–IV; 30, segments V–VI; 31, segments VII–IX. Scale bars 100 μm.

FIGURES 18–19 in A new troglobitic palpigrade from Central Brazil, with notes on a new opisthosomal character (Arachnida: Palpigradi)

FIGURES 18–19. Eukoenenia audax sp. nov., holotype. 18, opisthosoma, ventral view showing the placement of paired cavities in the division of sternites III–IV, IV–V, V–VI and VI–VII (scale bar 200 μm); 19, basitarsus of leg IV (scale bar 50 μm).

FIGURES 24–27 in A new troglobitic palpigrade from Central Brazil, with notes on a new opisthosomal character (Arachnida: Palpigradi)

FIGURES 24–27. Eukoenenia audax sp. nov. 24, female genitalia, first genital lobe, ISLA 47681; 25, female genitalia, second genital lobe, ISLA 47681; 26, Immature B, primordia of genital lobes, ISLA 47683; 27, Immature C, primordia of genital lobes, IBSP 32. Scale bars 50 μm.

FIGURES 38–44 in A new troglobitic palpigrade from Central Brazil, with notes on a new opisthosomal character (Arachnida: Palpigradi)

FIGURES 38–44. Light (38, 39, 41–44) and SEM (40) micrographs of opisthosomal sternites in several Eukoenenia and Prokoenenia species. 38, Eukoenenia audax sp. nov., holotype, sternites IV–V; 39, Prokoenenia javanica, female holotype (MHNG), sternites IV–VI with dashed ellipses on right side indicating the ventral sacs; 40, E. cf. ferratilis, opisthosomal sternites; 41, Eukoenenia ibitipoca, female paratype (ISLA), sternites IV–VI; 42, Eukoenenia ibitipoca, male holotype (ISLA), sternites IV–V; 43, Eukoenenia navi, female paratype (ISLA12726), sternites IV–V; 44, Eukoenenia navi, male holotype (ISLA), sternites IV–VI. Dashed ellipses indicate the position of opisthosomal cavities. Scale bars: 60 μm.

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Data from: The first record of a trans-oceanic sister-group relationship between obligate vertebrate troglobites

We show using the most complete phylogeny of one of the most species-rich orders of vertebrates (Gobiiformes), and calibrations from the rich fossil record of teleost fishes, that the genus Typhleotris, endemic to subterranean karst habitats in southwestern Madagascar, is the sister group to Milyeringa, endemic to similar subterranean systems in northwestern Australia. Both groups are eyeless, and our phylogenetic and biogeographic results show that these obligate cave fishes now found on opposite ends of the Indian Ocean (separated by nearly 7,000 km) are each others closest relatives and owe their origins to the break up of the southern supercontinent, Gondwana, at the end of the Cretaceous period. Trans-oceanic sister-group relationships are otherwise unknown between blind, cave-adapted vertebrates and our results provide an extraordinary case of Gondwanan vicariance.

FIGURES 9–12 in Golovatch, with the description of a new troglobitic species from southern China (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Polydesmidae)

FIGURES 9–12. Pacidesmus martensi sp. n., ɗ holotype. 9 Antenna; 10 Leg 9; 11–12 Left gonopod (11 mesal, 12 lateral). Scale bar 0.3 mm.

FIGURES 1–8 in Golovatch, with the description of a new troglobitic species from southern China (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Polydesmidae)

FIGURES 1–8. Pacidesmus martensi sp. n., ɗ holotype. 1–2 Anterior body part, dorsal and lateral views, respectively; 3–4 Midbody segments (3 dorsal, 4 lateral view); 5 Segment 8, dorsal view; 6–7 Caudal body part (6 dorsal, 7 lateral view); 8 Right gonopod, lateral view. Scale bars 1.0 mm (Fig. 8 not to scale).

FIGURES 15–21 in A new troglobitic Pseudouroctonus Stahnke (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae) from northern México

FIGURES 15–21. Hemispermatophores of Pseudouroctonus sprousei, sp. nov. and P. reddelli: 15. Hemispermatophore of P. s p ro u s e i, dorsal aspect; 16, 17. Details of lamellar hook and capsular region of P. sprousei, mating plug removed; 18. Mating plug from the hemispermatophore of P. sprousei; 19. Hemispermatophore of P. reddelli, dorsal aspect; 20, 21. Details of lamellar hook and capsular region of P. reddelli, mating plug in place (scale figs. 15, 19 = 0.67 mm, 16, 17, 20, 21 = 1 mm, 18 = 0,5 mm).

FIGURES 2–8 in A new troglobitic Pseudouroctonus Stahnke (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae) from northern México

FIGURES 2–8. Morphology of Pseudouroctonus sprousei, sp. nov. and P. reddelli: 2. Metasomal segment V and telson of P. sprousei, lateral view; 3. Metasomal segment V and telson of P. reddelli, lateral view; 4. Chelicera of P. s p ro u s ei, ventral view showing diagnostic dentition on both fingers; 5. Pedipalp femur of P. s p ro u s e i, dorsal view showing trichobothrial pattern; 6. Pedipalp patella of P. s p ro u s e i, dorsal aspect; 7. pedipalp patella of P. s p ro u s e i, external aspect showing trichobothrial pattern; 8. Pedipalp patella, ventral aspect (Scale figs. 2, 3 = 5 mm, figs. 4–8 = 1 mm).

FIGURES 9–14 in A new troglobitic Pseudouroctonus Stahnke (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae) from northern México

FIGURES 9–14. Morphology of Pseudouroctonus sprousei, sp. nov.: 9. Pedipalp chela, dorsal aspect; 10. Pedipalp chela, external aspect; 11. Pedipalp chela, ventrointernal aspect; 12. Telotarsus III, prolateral aspect showing setation pattern; 13. Telotarsus III, ventral aspect, schematic showing ventromedian spinules and setae; 14. Telotarsus III, retrolateral aspect (scale figs. 9–11 = 1 mm, figs. 12–14 = 0.5 mm).

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Brazilian troglobitic harvestman of the genus Iandumoema (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae)

FIGURE 3. Iandumoema setimapocu sp. n. Distal part of penis: A, dorsal view; B, left lateral view. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Brazilian troglobitic harvestman of the genus Iandumoema (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae)

FIGURE 2. Iandumoema setimapocu sp. n. Male (holotype): A, right leg IV, dorsal view; B, idem, prolateral view; C, idem, ventral view. Female (paratype): D, right leg IV, dorsal view; E, idem, ventral view. A–C at same scale, D –E at same scale. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of Brazilian troglobitic harvestman of the genus Iandumoema (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae)

FIGURE 1. Iandumoema setimapocu sp. n. Male (holotype): A, habitus, dorsal view; B, idem, ventral view; C: idem, right lateral view; D, right trochanter IV, dorsal view; E, right pedipalp, ventral view. Female (paratype): F, habitus, dorsal view; G, right trochanter IV, dorsal view. A and F at same scale, D and G at same scale. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Two new genera and two new species of troglobitic false spider crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Hymenosomatidae) from Indonesia, with notes on Cancrocaeca Ng, 1991

FIGURE 4. Sulaplax ensifer spec. nov.: a, carapace, dorsal view; b, carapace, frontal view; c, right third maxilliped. Female paratype, ZRC 2007.0119, 5.0 × 6.5 mm. Scale bars, 1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Two new genera and two new species of troglobitic false spider crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Hymenosomatidae) from Indonesia, with notes on Cancrocaeca Ng, 1991

FIGURE 1. Cancrocaeca xenomorpha Ng, 1991: a, carapace, dorsal view; b, carapace, frontal view; c, male abdomenpleotelson; d, right G1, dorsal view; e, distal part of right G1, ventral view. Male, ZRC 2007.0118, 3.7 × 5.0 mm. Scale bars, 1 mm.

FIGURE 7 in Two new genera and two new species of troglobitic false spider crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Hymenosomatidae) from Indonesia, with notes on Cancrocaeca Ng, 1991

FIGURE 7. Guaplax denticulata spec. nov.: a, habitus; b, carapace, frontal view. a, male holotype, MZB Cru 1654 (holotype), 2.7 × 3.1 mm; b, female paratype, MNHN-B3061, 3.4 × 4.1 mm. Scale bars, 1 mm.

FIGURE 6 in Two new genera and two new species of troglobitic false spider crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Hymenosomatidae) from Indonesia, with notes on Cancrocaeca Ng, 1991

FIGURE 6. Sulaplax ensifer spec. nov.: a, thoracic sternum of female; b–d, female abdomen-pleotelson, outer surface (b and d) and inner surface (c); e–h, second to fifth right pleopods, anterior view. a–d, female paratype, ZRC 2007.0119, 5.0 × 6.5 mm; e–h, female, MNHN-B30396, 4.0 × 5.0 mm. Scale bars, 1 mm. Numbers and "V" refer to thoracic sternites and vulvae, respectively.

FIGURE 9 in Two new genera and two new species of troglobitic false spider crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Hymenosomatidae) from Indonesia, with notes on Cancrocaeca Ng, 1991

FIGURE 9. Guaplax denticulata spec. nov.: a, thoracic sternum of female; b–d, female abdomen-pleotelson, outer side (b and d) and inner surface (c); e–h, second to fifth left pleopods, anterior view. Female paratype, MNHN-B3061, 3.4 × 4.1 mm. Numbers and "V" refer to thoracic sternites and vulvae, respectively. Scale bars, 1 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Two new genera and two new species of troglobitic false spider crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Hymenosomatidae) from Indonesia, with notes on Cancrocaeca Ng, 1991

FIGURE 2. Cancrocaeca xenomorpha Ng, 1991: a, thoracic sternum of female; b–d, female abdomen-pleotelson, outer surface (b and d) and inner surface (c); e–h, second to fifth right pleopods, anterior view. Ovigerous female, ZRC 2007.0118, 4.1 × 5.2 mm. Numbers and "V" refer to thoracic sternites and vulvae, respectively. Scale bars, 1 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Two new genera and two new species of troglobitic false spider crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Hymenosomatidae) from Indonesia, with notes on Cancrocaeca Ng, 1991

FIGURE 5. Sulaplax ensifer spec. nov.: a, left P3; b, male left chela; c, female left chela; d, male abdomen-pleotelson; e, left G1, ventral view; f, left G1, dorsal view. a, c, female paratype, ZRC 2007.0119, 5.0 × 6.5 mm; b, d–f, male holotype,