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Fig. 37 in Hybridization Among Western Whiptail Lizards (Cnemidophorus Tigris) In Southwestern New Mexico: Population Genetics, Morphology, And Ecology In Three Contact Zones

Fig. 37. Frequencies of the marmoratus body coloration characters at sites along the central transect (fig. 5). Site 26 was the center of the central hybrid zone in the genetic characters (fig. 31). Site 27 was not included because of crowding. Interpretation as in figure 36, with black spots representing samples in which all individuals were identical.

Fig. 31 in Hybridization Among Western Whiptail Lizards (Cnemidophorus Tigris) In Southwestern New Mexico: Population Genetics, Morphology, And Ecology In Three Contact Zones

Fig. 31. Average frequencies of the marmoratus alleles at each of the four diagnostic loci and of the marmoratus mtDNA haplotype at sites along the central transect (fig. 5). The frequency change in the IDDH aallele, which occurs only in marmoratus, is also shown. The central hybrid zone was about 3.2 km wide, with the midpoint of gene exchange at site 26 (compare with fig. 40).

Fig. 36 in Hybridization Among Western Whiptail Lizards (Cnemidophorus Tigris) In Southwestern New Mexico: Population Genetics, Morphology, And Ecology In Three Contact Zones

Fig. 36. Frequencies of the marmoratus body coloration characters at sites along the northern transect (fig. 4). Site 3 was the center of the northern hybrid zone in genetic characters (fig. 30). Vertical line represents range of data, thick bar the mean, black rectangle the 95% confidence interval.

Fig. 13 in Hybridization Among Western Whiptail Lizards (Cnemidophorus Tigris) In Southwestern New Mexico: Population Genetics, Morphology, And Ecology In Three Contact Zones

Fig. 13. Habitats near the central transect (tables 2, 3; figs. 3, 5; appendix 1), between San Simon and Lordsburg, 22 August 1990. Top. Looking W at Steins Pass from the intersection of NM Hwy 80 and Hwy I10, Road Forks; grassland, with creosote desertscrub visible in the pass. Bottom. Looking NE at grassland and alkali flats in Animas Valley, from the same place as the top photograph.

Fig. 12 in Hybridization Among Western Whiptail Lizards (Cnemidophorus Tigris) In Southwestern New Mexico: Population Genetics, Morphology, And Ecology In Three Contact Zones

Fig. 12. Habitats in the central transect (table 2; figs. 3, 5; appendix 1), between San Simon and Lordsburg, 22 August 1990. Top. Site 28, looking W at Steins Pass from NM Hwy 80 along the gas pipeline road; creosote desertscrub. Bottom. Looking E from site 28; grassland and alkali flats in near background.

Fig. 8 in Hybridization Among Western Whiptail Lizards (Cnemidophorus Tigris) In Southwestern New Mexico: Population Genetics, Morphology, And Ecology In Three Contact Zones

Fig. 8. Habitats at collecting sites in the northern transect, Animas Valley, north of Lordsburg (table 2; figs. 3, 4; appendix 1), 22 August 1990. Top. Site 5, looking W from NM Hwy 464; mesquite grassland. Bottom. Site 6, looking W from NM Hwy 464.

Fig. 5 in Hybridization Among Western Whiptail Lizards (Cnemidophorus Tigris) In Southwestern New Mexico: Population Genetics, Morphology, And Ecology In Three Contact Zones

Fig. 5. Top. The central hybrid zone (enlarged from fig. 3), with collecting sites numbered as in figure 4. Site 26 is the midpoint (50:50 point of gene exchange) in the transect (sites 20–30; table 2 appendix 1). Sites 23–25 are between sites 22 and 26, while site 27 is between sites 26 and 28. Note that site 30 comes before site 29 (reading left to right) in the transect from west to east. Bottom. The southern hybrid zone (enlarged from fig. 3), with collecting sites numbered as in figure 4. Site 42 is the midpoint (50:50 point of gene exchange) in the transect (sites 36–40, 42, 44, 46, and 48; table 2 appendix 1).

Fig. 10 in Hybridization Among Western Whiptail Lizards (Cnemidophorus Tigris) In Southwestern New Mexico: Population Genetics, Morphology, And Ecology In Three Contact Zones

Fig. 10. Habitats near the northern transect (tables 2, 3; figs. 3, 4; appendix 1), Animas Valley, NW Lordsburg along NM Hwy 70, 2 September 1990. Top. Site 10, looking NNW; creosote desertscrub Bottom. Grassland and abrupt ecotone with creosote desertscrub (in near background), 32.1 km (by road) NW of Lordsburg, looking NNW; site 10 is 0.8 km to the NW.

Fig. 1 in Hybridization Among Western Whiptail Lizards (Cnemidophorus Tigris) In Southwestern New Mexico: Population Genetics, Morphology, And Ecology In Three Contact Zones

Fig. 1. Geographic range of the western whiptail lizard, Cnemidophorus tigris sensu lato, in the continental southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Rectangle (SE Arizona and SW New Mexico) outlines the contact region (detailed in figs. 3–5) where C. t. punctilinealis interbreeds with C. t. marmoratus. Numbers designate collecting sites (appendix 2) for specimens additional to those obtained within the contact region (fig. 3; appendix 1).

Fig. 7 in Hybridization Among Western Whiptail Lizards (Cnemidophorus Tigris) In Southwestern New Mexico: Population Genetics, Morphology, And Ecology In Three Contact Zones

Fig. 7. Habitats at collecting sites in the northern transect, Animas Valley, north of Lordsburg (table 2; figs. 3, 4; appendix 1), 22 August 1990. Top. Site 3, midpoint of the northern hybrid zone, looking E from NM Hwy 464. Bottom. Site 4, looking NW from NM Hwy 464; mesquite grassland.

Fig. 6 in Hybridization Among Western Whiptail Lizards (Cnemidophorus Tigris) In Southwestern New Mexico: Population Genetics, Morphology, And Ecology In Three Contact Zones

Fig. 6. Habitats at collecting sites in the northern transect, Animas Valley, north of Lordsburg (table 2; figs. 3, 4; appendix 1), 22 August 1990. Top. Site 1, looking E from NM Hwy 464; riparian thornscrub. Bottom. Site 2, looking W from NM Hwy 464.

Fig. 11 in Hybridization Among Western Whiptail Lizards (Cnemidophorus Tigris) In Southwestern New Mexico: Population Genetics, Morphology, And Ecology In Three Contact Zones

Fig. 11. Habitats near the northern transect (tables 2, 3; figs. 3, 4; appendix 1), Animas Valley, NW of Lordsburg along NM Hwy 70, 2 September 1990. Top. Grassland about halfway between sites 10 and 13, at 27.9 km (by road) NW Lordsburg, looking N. Bottom. Site 14, looking WSW.

Fig. 4 in Hybridization Among Western Whiptail Lizards (Cnemidophorus Tigris) In Southwestern New Mexico: Population Genetics, Morphology, And Ecology In Three Contact Zones

Fig. 4. The northern hybrid zone, with collecting sites numbered (enlarged from fig. 3). Transect sites are numbers within squares (1–7), but the midpoint (50:50 point of gene exchange) is within a diamond (site 3). Associated sites are numbers in circles (table 2; appendix 1).

Fig. 9 in Hybridization Among Western Whiptail Lizards (Cnemidophorus Tigris) In Southwestern New Mexico: Population Genetics, Morphology, And Ecology In Three Contact Zones

Fig. 9. Habitats at collecting sites in the northern transect and near an associated site, Animas Valley north of Lordsburg (tables 2, 3; figs. 3, 4; appendix 1), 22 August 1990. Top. Site 7, looking W from NM Hwy 464. Bottom. Abrupt ecotone of mesquite grassland and creosote desertscrub (in near background), 5.8 km (by road) W of site 3, looking NW. Site 8 is 0.3 km off the left side of the photo.

Fig. 11 in Hybridization Between the Endangered Unisexual Gray-Checkered Whiptail Lizard (Aspidoscelis dixoni) and the Bisexual Western Whiptail Lizard (Aspidoscelis tigris) in Southwestern New Mexico

Fig. 11. Topographic map of Antelope Pass, Hidalgo County New Mexico showing the 23 trap sites listed in table 6. Each site can be identified by its coordinates and symbol (table 6). Triangles indicate sites where A. dixoni C was found, but not A. t. punctilinealis; squares indicate sites where A. t. punctilinealis was found, but not A. dixoni C; and dots indicate sites where both species were found. This was mapped with TOPO! (2003, National Geographic; www.nationalgeographic.com/topo).

Fig. 7 in Hybridization Between the Endangered Unisexual Gray-Checkered Whiptail Lizard (Aspidoscelis dixoni) and the Bisexual Western Whiptail Lizard (Aspidoscelis tigris) in Southwestern New Mexico

Fig. 7. Pattern of morphological variation expressed by the distribution of scores on the first two principal components extracted from a correlation matrix of seven meristic characters of 30 specimens of Aspidoscelis from Antelope Pass, Hidalgo County, New Mexico. The specimens include representatives of two species (A. dixoni C and A. t. punctilinealis) and hybrids between them. Note that the three hybrids cluster most closely to their maternal parent.

Fig. 5 in Hybridization Between the Endangered Unisexual Gray-Checkered Whiptail Lizard (Aspidoscelis dixoni) and the Bisexual Western Whiptail Lizard (Aspidoscelis tigris) in Southwestern New Mexico

Fig. 5. Karyotypes of two whiptail lizards (Aspidoscelis) from Antelope Pass, Peloncillo Mountains, Hidalgo County, New Mexico. A, Diploid unisexual A. dixoni C (AMNH R-148360, fig. 3), with 2n 5 46 chromosomes. This taxon is a clone with its ultimate ancestor having been an F1 hybrid between A. tigris marmorata (haploid complement of chromosomes in the upper two rows) X A. gularis septemvittata (haploid complement in the lower two rows of A). Note that the X chromosome that was ultimately inherited from marmorata (third largest, upper row) was apparently fissioned at the centromere (arrow) forming two additional set II-sized macrochromosomes (here arranged to suggest the ancestral unfissioned state in marmorata). Note also that the missing microchromosome of A. dixoni C is illustrated as missing from the marmorata genome (o at the right end of the second row), although we do not know from which genome it was actually lost. B, Triploid hybrid female of A. dixoni C X A. t. punctilinealis (AMNH R-148141, fig. 3), with 3n 5 69 chromosomes arranged in six rows. Rows 2 and 4 represent the haploid complement most recently inherited from A. t. punctilinealis, including its intact X chromosome (third largest). Rows 1, 3, 5, and 6 represent the two haploid complements inherited from A. dixoni C, including the fissioned X (arrow) chromosome and missing microchromosome (o), as in A, above. Bar represents 10 Mm.

Fig. 6 in Hybridization Between the Endangered Unisexual Gray-Checkered Whiptail Lizard (Aspidoscelis dixoni) and the Bisexual Western Whiptail Lizard (Aspidoscelis tigris) in Southwestern New Mexico

Fig. 6. Electrophoretic phenotypes representing products of four gene loci of Aspidoscelis. A, IDDH, a tetrameric enzyme, from liver homogenates of seven lizards. Note that the b-allele from PUN is very faint but present in the hybrid. B, PEPA, a dimeric enzyme, from muscle homogenates of seven lizards. Note that New Mexican dixoni differ from Texan dixoni and that the hybrid is triallelic. C, sMDH, a dimeric enzyme, from muscle homogenates of seven lizards. Note that New Mexican dixoni differ from Texan dixoni and the hybrid shows two doses of the a-allele. D, MPI, a monomeric enzyme, from muscle homogenates of eight lizards. Note that New Mexican dixoni differ from Texan dixoni. Letters below gels identify allozymes based on alleles present (table 2). Lanes for individual lizards are labeled beside the gel (with genotype) as follows: DIXA, A. dixoni A; DIXB, A. dixoni B; DIXC, A. dixoni C; DIXC X PUN, hybrid of A. dixoni C X A. t. punctilinealis; MAR, A. t. marmorata; SCA, A. g. scalaris, which at these loci are often the same as A. g. septemvittata; TESC, A. tesselata C-E; TESD, A. tesselata D; TESE-C, A. tesselata E-C; PUN, A. t. punctilinealis. Anode is to the right, and arrow in A indicates position of sample application.

Fig. 1 in Hybridization Between the Endangered Unisexual Gray-Checkered Whiptail Lizard (Aspidoscelis dixoni) and the Bisexual Western Whiptail Lizard (Aspidoscelis tigris) in Southwestern New Mexico

Fig. 1. The global distributional range of Aspidoscelis dixoni. This species occurs in two areas that are separated by approximately 500 km from which no specimens are known. The two areas are Antelope Pass, Peloncillo Mountains, Hidalgo County, New Mexico, and Chinati Mountains, Presidio County, Texas. Initialisms are as follows: AZ, Arizona; MX, Mexico; NM, New Mexico; and TX, Texas. Modified from Topo USA 2.0, DeLorme, Yarmouth, Maine (1999).

Fig. 4 in Hybridization Between the Endangered Unisexual Gray-Checkered Whiptail Lizard (Aspidoscelis dixoni) and the Bisexual Western Whiptail Lizard (Aspidoscelis tigris) in Southwestern New Mexico

Fig. 4. Ventral views (black-and-white) of two of the same lizards shown in figure 3. Upper, hybrid (AMNH R-148141); lower, A. t. punctilinealis (AMNH R-148113). In A. dixoni C (no photograph of ventral view) there is no black on the abdomen or throat, although there may be a few small black dots on the chest.