Find research datasets worth reusing

FIGURE 7 in Two exceptional Balaenomorpha (Cetacea: Mysticeti) from the Biemenhorst Subformation (middle/late Miocene) of Bocholt (W Münsterland, Germany) with a critical appraisal on the anatomy of the periotic bone

FIGURE 7. Fundus of the internal acoustic meatus (FIAM). (A) Schematic diagram after Gaillard (2022) showing the accurate positions of crista transversa (synonymous with crista falciformis) and crista verticalis (synonymous with Bill's bar), (B) FIAM of Tursiops truncatus, ZMB_MAM 27159, showing pathways of CN VII and CN VIII, with labels colour code related to A, (C) FIAM of Tursiops truncatus, ZMB_MAM 27159, marked by blue ellipse. Remarks: opening of CN VII = passage for Nervus facialis; CN VIIIc = passage for Nervus cochlearis, CN VIIIvs = passage for superior division of vestibular nerve (Nervus utriculoampullaris), CN VIIIvi = passage for inferior division of vestibular nerve (Nervus sacculoampullaris), Ni = passage for Nervus intermedius.

FIGURE 6 in Two exceptional Balaenomorpha (Cetacea: Mysticeti) from the Biemenhorst Subformation (middle/late Miocene) of Bocholt (W Münsterland, Germany) with a critical appraisal on the anatomy of the periotic bone

FIGURE 6. Right periotic bone of the referred specimen (MB.Ma. 51621) of Balaenomorpha 'type Bocholt B' in (A) ventral, (B) dorsal, (C) anterior, (D) posterior, and (E) dorsomedial view.

FIGURE 4 in Two exceptional Balaenomorpha (Cetacea: Mysticeti) from the Biemenhorst Subformation (middle/late Miocene) of Bocholt (W Münsterland, Germany) with a critical appraisal on the anatomy of the periotic bone

FIGURE 4. Right periotic bone of Balaenomorpha 'type Bocholt A' (MB.Ma. 51619) in (A) ventral, (B) dorsal, (C) medial, (D) lateral, and (E) posterior view.

FIGURE 1 in Two exceptional Balaenomorpha (Cetacea: Mysticeti) from the Biemenhorst Subformation (middle/late Miocene) of Bocholt (W Münsterland, Germany) with a critical appraisal on the anatomy of the periotic bone

FIGURE 1. Map of Northwest Germany with the place of discovery (Bocholt) in North Rhine Westfalia State near the Dutch border.

FIGURE 2 in Two exceptional Balaenomorpha (Cetacea: Mysticeti) from the Biemenhorst Subformation (middle/late Miocene) of Bocholt (W Münsterland, Germany) with a critical appraisal on the anatomy of the periotic bone

FIGURE 2. Extract of the Cenozoic stratigraphy of the Lower Rhine area (modified from Hiss, 2013). The mysticete periotics were found in deposits of the Biemenhorst subformation (red font).

FIGURE 3 in Two exceptional Balaenomorpha (Cetacea: Mysticeti) from the Biemenhorst Subformation (middle/late Miocene) of Bocholt (W Münsterland, Germany) with a critical appraisal on the anatomy of the periotic bone

FIGURE 3. Schematic drawings of a generalised mysticete periotic bone showing the measurements taken from the Bocholt fossils (see: Description).

FIGURE 5 in Two exceptional Balaenomorpha (Cetacea: Mysticeti) from the Biemenhorst Subformation (middle/late Miocene) of Bocholt (W Münsterland, Germany) with a critical appraisal on the anatomy of the periotic bone

FIGURE 5. Left periotic bone of Balaenomorpha 'type Bocholt B' (MB.Ma. 51618) in (A) ventral, (B) dorsal, (C) medial, (D) lateral, (E) anterior, and (F) posterior view.

FIGURE 9 in Two exceptional Balaenomorpha (Cetacea: Mysticeti) from the Biemenhorst Subformation (middle/late Miocene) of Bocholt (W Münsterland, Germany) with a critical appraisal on the anatomy of the periotic bone

FIGURE 9. FIAM in Parietobalaena palmeri, USNM 13874, from deep inside (A) to 'surface' (C). For innervation, see remarks of Figure 7.

FIGURE 8 in Two exceptional Balaenomorpha (Cetacea: Mysticeti) from the Biemenhorst Subformation (middle/late Miocene) of Bocholt (W Münsterland, Germany) with a critical appraisal on the anatomy of the periotic bone

FIGURE 8. FIAM in Eomysticetus whitmorei, ChM PV4253, from deep inside (A) to 'surface' (C). For innervation, see remarks of Figure 7.

Figure 3 in Observations on the mating behaviour and related copulatory anatomy of Alaena margaritacea Eltringham, 1929 (Papilionoidea: Lycaenidae: Poritiinae)

Figure 3 – Mating pair, female on top and male below: A – red arrow indicates tip of female abdomen; B – images showing the titled angle of copulation: C – close-up of Fig. 3B.

Figure 1 in Observations on the mating behaviour and related copulatory anatomy of Alaena margaritacea Eltringham, 1929 (Papilionoidea: Lycaenidae: Poritiinae)

Figure 1 – Google Earth polygon (shaded area) of TL breeding area of Alaena margaritacea; an area of about 650 m2.

Figure 5 in Observations on the mating behaviour and related copulatory anatomy of Alaena margaritacea Eltringham, 1929 (Papilionoidea: Lycaenidae: Poritiinae)

Figure 5 – The red arrow points to the shiny black button ventrally at a distance away from the posterior tip of a living female abdomen.

Figure 6 in Observations on the mating behaviour and related copulatory anatomy of Alaena margaritacea Eltringham, 1929 (Papilionoidea: Lycaenidae: Poritiinae)

Figure 6 – SEM micrograph of ostium bursa of A. margaritacea female. It is situated ventrally towards the posterior end of the abdomen. Note the hardened cup and the substance covering the orifice (image: W. Landman).

Figure 2 in Observations on the mating behaviour and related copulatory anatomy of Alaena margaritacea Eltringham, 1929 (Papilionoidea: Lycaenidae: Poritiinae)

Figure 2 – Mating pair, female on top and male below: A – female wafting her wings; B – pair moved to a position where they are screened by an unidentified fern.

Figure 4 in Observations on the mating behaviour and related copulatory anatomy of Alaena margaritacea Eltringham, 1929 (Papilionoidea: Lycaenidae: Poritiinae)

Figure 4 – Abdomen of a female specimen. The red arrow points to the shiny black button-like structure situated at a relative distance away from the posterior tip (marked "p"). This button or sclerotized cup is part of the complex ostium bursa, which partially covers the vaginal orifice.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2024View details →

Mind the leaf anatomy while taking ground truth with portable chlorophyll meters.

Measurements of four chlorophyll meters — three transmittance-based (SPAD-502, Dualex-4 Scientific, and MultispeQ 2.0) and one fluorescence-based (CCM-300), were calibrated against biochemically assessed chlorophyll content (Chl) on three distinctive common leaf types differing in leaf anatomy: laminar (i.e., broadleaved woody species with different anthocyanin content verified by biochemical assay) dorsiventral leaves, narrow grass leaves, and conifer needles. Reflectance in the 400-2500 nm range was measured on the laminar leaf samples using a contact probe. Methods In the present study we investigated three distinctive leaf anatomical types: laminar (i.e., deciduous woody species) leaves, grass leaves, and needles. The three groups are defined as follows: 1) laminar leaves of woody angiosperms dorsiventrally flattened (i.e., bifacial) leaves with differentiated mesophyll to palisade and spongy parenchyma and reticulate anastomosing vasculature (Laminar leaves). We further distinguished three anatomical subtypes of laminar leaves 1a) mesomorphic leaves of deciduous tree species, 1b) scleromorphic leaves of evergreen trees and shrubs, and 1c) scleromorphic leaves with pronounced hypodermis represented by Ficus species 2) The second group included C3 grasses with bifacial strap-like leaves with undifferentiated mesophyll with longitudinally arranged vasculature (Grass leaves), and 3) gymnosperm equilateral needle-like leaves without differentiated mesophyll and vascular bundle in the central cylinder (Needles) represented only by Norway spruce (Picea abies) though with irradiance induced differentiation into sun and shaded ecotypes. Collection of leaf samples Leaves were collected at four different locations in the Czech Republic during the growing seasons 2019, 2020, and 2021. The dates (as DOY - day of the year are indicated in particular datasets). Woody plants with laminar bifacial leaves with differentiated mesophyll were collected in the Botanical Garden of Charles University in Prague (50.072N, 14.424E). Plants were selected to correspond to one of the following leaf subtypes: 1) mesomorphic leaves of deciduous species, 2) scleromorphic leaves of evergreen trees and shrubs and 3) scleromorphic leaves with pronounced hypodermis represented by indoor grown Ficus species. Usually, shaded leaves were sampled from the ground. For independent verification of the relationship of Chl content to chlorophyll meter reading, leaves were sampled in the floodplain forest at the confluence of the rivers Morava and Dyje, near the town of Lanžhot (48.682N, 16.946E) using deciduous woody plants with laminar bifacial leaves and differentiated mesophyll. Sunlit and shaded branches were cut by a tree climber from mature trees of Acer campestre L., Carpinus betulus L., Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl., Populus alba L., Quercus cerris L., Quercus robur L. and Tilia cordata Mill.  Grass leaves were represented by four coexisting wild species from Poaceae family (Calamagrostis villosa (Chaix) J.F.Gmel., Deschampsia cespitosa (<a title="Carl Linnaeus" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus">L.</a>) <a title="Ambroise Marie François Joseph Palisot de Beauvois" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambroise_Marie_Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Palisot_de_Beauvois">P.Beauv.</a>, Molinia caerulea (<a title="Carl Linnaeus" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus">L.</a>) <a title="Conrad Moench" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Moench">Moench</a> and Nardus stricta L.) and were collected in relict alpine-arctic grass tundra in the Krkono&scaron;e (Giant Mountains) (50.734N, 15.696E). For each species, six plots with homogeneous canopy cover of the species were sampled.  Needle leaves were represented by mature trees of Norway spruce (Picea abies (<a title="Carl Linnaeus" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus">L.</a>) <a title="Gustav Karl Wilhelm Hermann Karsten" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Karl_Wilhelm_Hermann_Karsten">H. Karst.</a>) collected at the experimental station Bílý Kříž, Beskydy Mountains, Czech Republic (49.503N, 18.539E). Sunlit and shaded branches were cut by a tree climber, and samples were taken from the current year's needles, the previous year's needles, and four-year-old needles.  Leaf sampling Laminar leaves: leaves were measured immediately after being detached from the branch or stored in a refrigerator for no more than 30 minutes before processing. First, the reflectance of the leaves was measured using a spectroradiometer and a contact probe. Second, readings from all portable chlorophyll meters were recorded. Third, one disk (area = 68 mm2) was cut from each leaf for Chl and anthocyanin extraction. Finally, a square segment of the leaf was cut out and immersed in fixative solution for anatomical analysis. A second leaf of similar size, colour, position in the canopy, and developmental stage was removed from the branch, weighed, scanned, and later dried and weighed again. This "twin" was used to assess leaf mass per area (LMA), equivalent water thickness (EWT). Grass leaves: chlorophyll meter readings were taken on grass leaves attached to the plant using a chlorophyll meter (CCMCFR,) then leaves were collected immediately in the field for Chl extraction. A 2 cm long leaf segment was cut, flattened under a microscope glass, photographed for area assessment, and stored in plastic vials in a refrigerator before freezing. A subsample was weighed fresh, scanned, and dried for calculation of LMA and EWT. Needles: Shoots were separated from the branch, sorted by age, and stored in a refrigerator for no longer than 24 hours before processing. First, CCMCFR were taken from the middle part of three needles and the same needles were used for Chl extraction. A second parallel set of needles was immersed in fixative solution for anatomical analysis. The third set of needles was weighed fresh, scanned, and dried for calculation of LMA and EWT. Optical assessment of Chl content using portable chlorophyll meters Three transmittance-based chlorophyll meters: SPAD-502 SPAD), Dualex-4 Scientific (Dx) and MultispeQ (MSPQ), and one fluorescence chlorophyll meter: CCM-300 (CCM), were used for optical assessment of Chl content in leaves. For laminar leaves, three readings were taken on each leaf with each instrument from the adaxial leaf side. Measurements were taken in the central part of the leaf, avoiding the midrib and main veins. The three measurements were averaged, and the average was used as a representative value for the leaf. Measurements with all four chlorophyll meters (SPADvalues, Dxvalues, MSPQvalues, CCMCFR) were obtained for laminar leaves. For grass leaves, Chl values were measured at a single location in the apical third of the leaf blade. All four grass species were measured by CCM (CCMCFR), and three species with a wide enough lamina to cover the SPAD measurement area (Calamagrostis villosa, Deschampsia cespitosa, and Molinia careulea) were also measured by SPAD and SPADvalues detected. For the spruce needles, three needles were measured only once with the CCM, always taking a reading in the central part of the needle. The average of these three needle measurements was used to relate to Chl. Reflectance measurements and spectral processing Reflectance was measured for laminar leaves collected in Botanical Garden of Charles University in Prague and deciduous trees from floodplain forest. Leaf reflectance from the adaxial side of the leaves was measured with an ASD FieldSpec 4 Wide-Res spectroradiometer with attached contact probe (ASD Inc., Boulder, CO, USA). Three measurements per leaf were always taken, when leaf size allowed. Measurements were placed at the same locations where chlorophyll meter readings were taken. Leaf reflectance spectra ranging from 350 to 2500 nm were normalized against a white reference spectrum (99% Spectralon white panel) to obtain relative reflectance spectra. The median of the spectral curve from three measurements was used as a representative value for the leaf.

FIG. 7 in Comparative floral anatomy of some species of Brassicaceae and its taxonomic significance

FIG. 7. — Schematic placement showing the evolutionary trends of the studied species of Brassicaceae based on floral morphology (Al-Shehbaz 2012).

FIG. 5. — Serial cross sections from below upwards through a in Comparative floral anatomy of some species of Brassicaceae and its taxonomic significance

FIG. 5. — Serial cross sections from below upwards through a floral bud of Matthiola incana (L.) R.Br. showing: A, pedicel vasculature; continuous siphonostele; B-F, calyx vasculature; two sepal median bundles emerge directly from central stele and two from sepal-median-nectarial complexes; D-G, corolla vasculature; from petal-sepal marginal complexs; D-H, androecium vasculature; six staminal bundles to six fertile stamens emerge directly from the central stele; I-L, gynoecium vasculature, eight vascular masses; two dorsal carpellary bundles, two ventral carpellary masses, four lateral carpellary bundles. Scale bar: 500 μm.

FIG. 3. — Serial cross sections from below upwards through a in Comparative floral anatomy of some species of Brassicaceae and its taxonomic significance

FIG. 3. — Serial cross sections from below upwards through a floral bud of Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. showing: A, pedicel vasculature; dissected siphonostele; B-D, calyx vasculature; four sepal median bundles arise directly from the central stele as distinct sepal median traces without ramification; C-E, corolla vasculature; four petal vascular bundles protrude from petal-nectarial complexes; C-G, androecium vasculature; two staminal vascular bundles to two fertile stamens emerge directly from the central stele; F-K, gynoecium vasculature; six vascular masses, two dorsal carpellary bundles, two ventral carpellary masses, two septal bundles. Scale bar: 60 μm.

FIG. 1. — Serial cross sections from below upwards through a in Comparative floral anatomy of some species of Brassicaceae and its taxonomic significance

FIG. 1. — Serial cross sections from below upwards through a floral bud of Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J.Koch showing: A, pedicel vasculature; continuous siphonostele; B-F, Calyx vasculature; two sepal median bundles emerge directly from central stele and two from sepal-median-nectarial complexes; D-F, corolla vasculature; from petal-sepal marginal-nectarial complexes; D-G, androecium vasculature; the two outer stamens receive the vascular supply from two staminal-nectarial complexes while the four inner receive directly from the central stele; I-M, gynoecium vasculature; ten vascular masses; two dorsal carpellary bundles, two ventral carpellary masses, four lateral carpellary bundles and two septal bundles. Scale bar: 200 μm.