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495 results for “brain development”
Data from: Brain plasticity over the metamorphic boundary: carry-over effect of larval environment on froglet brain development
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Severe hypoxia exposure inhibits larval brain development but does not affect the capacity to mount a cortisol stress response in zebrafish
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Label-free three-photon imaging of intact human cerebral organoids: Tracking early events in brain development and deficits in Rett Syndrome
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Data from: Light-at-night exposure affects brain development through pineal allopregnanolone-dependent mechanisms
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Figures 30-38 from: Senarat S, Kettratad J, Kaneko G, Kamnurdnin T, Sudtongkong C (2020) The microanatomy of the central nervous system and brain of the Indo-Pacific seahorse, Hippocampus barbouri, during development. Zoologia 37: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.37.e53734
Figures 30-38 The mylencephalon and metencephalon of Hippocampus barbouri at 35 DAB. (30) The cerebellum was found behind the optic tectum (Ote). (31) High magnification image of the cerebellum layers including the outer molecular layer (MI), Purkinje cell layer (Pl) and the inner granula layer (Gl). The prominent Purkinje cells (Pc) were observed. (32, 33) Structure and schematic diagram of the sagittal section that show the optic tectum (Ote) next to the medulla oblongata (Mo) of the myelencelphalon. (34) Vagal lobe (Vl) in the myelencephalon contained neuron (Nu) and neuroglia (Ng). (35) High magnification image showing that medulla oblongata is penetrated with the fourth ventricle (Fv). This region prominently contained neurons (Nu) and neuroglia (Ng). (36, 37) Cross section of the spinal cord (Cd) was observed, which high magnification of the accumulated neuron (Nu) was seen. The central canal (Cc) was lined by ependymal cell (Epc). (38) The ganglion (Gg) was connected with the dorsal or posterior root of the nerve fiber (Nf) originating from the spinal cord. It contained in both neuron (Nu) and satellite cell (Sac). Scale bars: 30 = 100 µm, 31, 35, 36, 37, 38 = 20 µm, 34 = 50 µm.
Figures 21-29 from: Senarat S, Kettratad J, Kaneko G, Kamnurdnin T, Sudtongkong C (2020) The microanatomy of the central nervous system and brain of the Indo-Pacific seahorse, Hippocampus barbouri, during development. Zoologia 37: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.37.e53734
Figures 21-29 The diencephalon of Hippocampus barbouri at 35 DAB. (21) The diencephalon was subdivided into epithalamus (Ep), thalamus (Ta) and hypothalamus (Hy). (22) The pineal gland (Pn) contained blood vessels (Bv), pinealocytes (Pc) and neuroglia (Ng). (23) Habenula ganglion (Hb) was surrounded by a thin layer of connective tissue (CNT). It contained neurons (Nu) and neuroglia (Ng). (24) The Ta contained different cells including neurons (Nu) and neuroglia (Ng). Neuronal fibers (Nf) were also present. (25, 26) Several important regions of the hypothalamus including nucleus periventricularis (Np) and nucleus tuberalis lateralis (Nlt). (27) Two regions in the pituitary gland (Pg) included the neurohypophysis (Np) and the adrenohypophysis (Ap). (28–29) The succus vasculosus (Sv) was surrounded by the epithelium (Ep). Bv = blood vessel, Cc = coronet cell, Nu = neuron, Su = supporting glial cell. Scale bars: 22, 27, 28, 29 = 20 µm, 23, 24, 25, 26 = 50 µm.
Figures 12-20 from: Senarat S, Kettratad J, Kaneko G, Kamnurdnin T, Sudtongkong C (2020) The microanatomy of the central nervous system and brain of the Indo-Pacific seahorse, Hippocampus barbouri, during development. Zoologia 37: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.37.e53734
Figures 12-20 Schematic diagram and light micrograph of the brain of Hippocampus barbouri at 35 DAB. (12, 13) Overall brain structure in the dorsal view. Histological observation of the brain in the longitudinal section identified five regions including telencephalon (Te), mesencephalon (Me), diencephalon (Di), metencephalon (Met) and myelencephalon (Mye). Mye was connected to the spinal cord. (14) Location of the olfactory bulb (Ob) in nostril. (15) High magnification image of the olfactory bulb showing the olfactory cavity (Oc) surrounding with olfactory epithelium (Oe), olfactory cavity (Oc) and ciliated sensory cells with prominent cilia (*). (16) Olfactory lobe (Ol), olfactory tract (Ot) and cerebral hemisphere (Ch). (17, 18) Cerebral hemisphere (Ch) containing neuroglia. (19) Third ventricle (Tv) was found between the optic tectum (Otc) and epithalamus (Ep). (20) Histological classification of the optic tectum including 1= stratum marginale, 2 = stratum opticum, 3 = stratum album central, 4 = stratum griseum central and 5 = stratum periventriculae. Ng = neuroglia. Scale bars: 13 = 500 µm, 14 = 200 µm, 15, 16, 17, 19 = 50 µm, 20 = 20 µm.
Figures 39-51 from: Senarat S, Kettratad J, Kaneko G, Kamnurdnin T, Sudtongkong C (2020) The microanatomy of the central nervous system and brain of the Indo-Pacific seahorse, Hippocampus barbouri, during development. Zoologia 37: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.37.e53734
Figures 39-51 Light micrograph of Hippocampus barbouri brain development. (39) Packed structure of the brain at 1 DAB. (40) Cerebral hemisphere of the telencephalon at 1 DAB. (41) The cerebellum (Cb) contained the outer molecular layer (MI), Purkinje cell layer (Pl) and the inner granula layer (Gl). However, the Purkinje cells (Pc) were rarely observed in the Pl. (42) High magnification image of Pl where Pc were rarely developed. (43) The absence of the blood vessel in the saccus vasculosus. (44) Obvious development of the capillaries of the optic tectum at 6 DAB. (45) Increased neuroglia amount of the cerebral hemisphere. (46) Vascularized blood vessels in the saccus vasculosus. (47) Small blood vessels in the optic tectum. (48) Small Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. (49) Obvious development of glandular tissue (Gg) in the adrenohypophysis (Ad). (50) Optic tectum with highly developed blood vessels and the five distinct layers (1= stratum marginale, 2 = stratum opticum, 3 = stratum album central, 4 = stratum griseum central and 5 = stratum periventriculae). (51) Cerebellum containing Pc.(MI) Molecular layer, (GI) granular layer. Scale bars: 39 = 500 µm, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51 = 50 µm, 50 = 20 µm.
Figures 1-11 from: Senarat S, Kettratad J, Kaneko G, Kamnurdnin T, Sudtongkong C (2020) The microanatomy of the central nervous system and brain of the Indo-Pacific seahorse, Hippocampus barbouri, during development. Zoologia 37: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.37.e53734
Figures 1-11 The central nervous system (CNS) of Hippocampus barbouri at 35 DAB. (1, 2) Morphology and schematic diagram of the CNS in a longitudinal view. The brain contained cerebral hemisphere (Ch), optic tectum (Otc), cerebellum (Cb), hypothalamus (Hy) and modular oblongata (Mo). The spinal cord (Sc) was also observed. (3) Morphology of the brain in lateral view. (4, 5) Morphology and schematic diagram of the brain at high magnification. The olfactory lobe (Ol), Ch, Otc, Cb and Mo were observed. (6) Brain morphology in dorsal view. (7, 8) Morphology and schematic diagram of the brain in dorsal view at high magnification.(9–11) Morphology and schematic diagram of longitudinal sections showing the olfactory tract (Ot), Ch, Otc, Cb, Hy and Mo. Scale bars: 1, 3, 6, 9 = 3 cm, 4, 7 = 0.5 cm.
Supplementary material 1 from: Vyshedskiy A, Mahapatra S, Dunn R (2017) Linguistically deprived children: meta-analysis of published research underlines the importance of early syntactic language use for normal brain development. Research Ideas and Outcomes 3: e20696. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.3.e20696
Linguistic isolates performance in verbal and nonverbal tests
Figure 5 from: Vyshedskiy A, Mahapatra S, Dunn R (2017) Linguistically deprived children: meta-analysis of published research underlines the importance of early syntactic language use for normal brain development. Research Ideas and Outcomes 3: e20696. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.3.e20696
Figure 5 - Flexible syntax, prepositions, adjectives, verb tenses, and other common elements of grammar, all facilitate the human ability to communicate an infinite number of novel images with the use of a finite number of words. The graph shows the number of distinct images that can be transmitted with high fidelity in a communication system with 1,000 nouns as a function of the number of spatial prepositions. In a communication system with no spatial prepositions and other recursive elements, 1000 nouns can communicate 1000 images to a listener. Adding just one spatial preposition allows for the formation of three-word phrases (such as: 'a bowl behind a cup' or 'a cup behind a bowl') and increases the number of distinct images that can be communicated to a listener from 1000 to one million (1000x1x1000). Adding a second spatial preposition and allowing for five-word sentences of the form object-preposition-object-preposition-object (such as: a bowl on a cup behind a plate) increases the number of distinct images that can be communicated to four billion (1000x2x1000x2x1000). The addition of a third spatial preposition increases the number of distinct images to 27 trillion (1000x3x1000x3x1000x3x1000), and so on. In general, the number of distinct images communicated by three-word sentences of the structure object-preposition-object equals the number of object-words times the number of prepositions times the number of object-words. A typical language with 1000 nouns and 100 spatial prepositions can theoretically communicate 1000101 x 100100 distinct images. This number is significantly greater than the total number of atoms in the universe. For all practical purposes, an infinite number of distinct images can be communicated by a syntactic communication system with just 1000 words and a few prepositions. Prepositions, adjectives, and verb tenses dramatically facilitate the capacity of a syntactic communication system with a finite number of words to communicate an infinite number of distinct images. Linguists refer to this property of human languages as recursion. The "infiniteness" of human language has been explicitly recognized by "Galileo, Descartes, and the 17th-century 'philosophical grammarians' and their successors, notably von Humboldt" (Hauser et al. 2002). The infiniteness of all human languages stand in stark contrast to finite homesign communication systems that are lacking spatial prepositions, syntax, and other recursive elements of a formal sign language.
Figure 4 from: Vyshedskiy A, Mahapatra S, Dunn R (2017) Linguistically deprived children: meta-analysis of published research underlines the importance of early syntactic language use for normal brain development. Research Ideas and Outcomes 3: e20696. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.3.e20696
Figure 4 - Synchronicity has to be understood in terms of synchronicity of the arrival of action potentials to a target neuron rather than absolute equality of action potential conduction times over different paths. Consider the following example: suppose neuron A is receiving excitatory input from neurons B and C via two different pathways (neuron A is the target neuron for both neurons B and C). Suppose that the action potential conduction time is 2ms from neuron B to neuron A and 22ms from neuron C to neuron A (i.e., the axonal pathway B-A has a significantly shorter conduction time than the axonal pathway C-A). Does it mean that the connections B-A and C-A are always asynchronous? No. The answer depends on the predominant neural activity rhythm in this network. At the firing rate of 50Hz (inter-spike interval of 20ms that correspond to Gamma rhythm), neurons B and C can actually be considered synchronous in relationship to neuron A: consider a train of action potentials synchronously fired by neurons B and C. The first action potential from neuron B will reach neuron A in 2ms and the first action potential from neuron C will reach neuron A in 22ms. Obviously, there would be no coincidence in the arrival times of the 1st action potentials from neurons B and C. However the second action potential from neuron B will arrive to neuron A in 22ms, concurrently with the 1st action potential from neuron C. Thus, starting with the second action potential, neuron A will receive synchronous activation from neurons B and C. The synchronous activation has a significantly greater probability of enhancing synaptic connections between neurons A and B, and A and C (Hebbian learning: 'neurons that fire together, wire together' (Hebb 1949). Thus, synchronicity does not need to imply absolute equality in the conduction time over different pathways. Rather synchronicity implies near-zero phase-shift between the two firing trains of action potentials at the postsynaptic cells. This phase-shift depends on conduction times over each pathway and also on the dominant firing frequency in the neural network.
Figure 2 from: Vyshedskiy A, Mahapatra S, Dunn R (2017) Linguistically deprived children: meta-analysis of published research underlines the importance of early syntactic language use for normal brain development. Research Ideas and Outcomes 3: e20696. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.3.e20696
Figure 2 - A typical question testing subject's ability to mentally rotate an object is shown here as a 2x2 matrix with six answer choices displayed below the problem. The top row of the matrix indicates the rule: "the object in the right column is the result of 45° clockwise rotation." Applying this rule to the bottom row, we arrive at the correct answer depicted on the right.
Figure 1 from: Vyshedskiy A, Mahapatra S, Dunn R (2017) Linguistically deprived children: meta-analysis of published research underlines the importance of early syntactic language use for normal brain development. Research Ideas and Outcomes 3: e20696. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.3.e20696
Figure 1 - Visual information processing in the cortex. From the primary visual cortex (V1, shown in yellow), the visual information is passed in two streams. The neurons along the ventral stream also known as the ventral visual cortex (shown in purple) are primarily concerned with what the object is. The ventral visual stream runs into the inferior temporal lobe. The neurons along the dorsal stream also known the dorsal visual cortex (shown in green) are primarily concerned with where the object is. The dorsal visual stream runs into the parietal lobe.
Figure 3 from: Vyshedskiy A, Mahapatra S, Dunn R (2017) Linguistically deprived children: meta-analysis of published research underlines the importance of early syntactic language use for normal brain development. Research Ideas and Outcomes 3: e20696. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.3.e20696
Figure 3 - Linguistic isolates performance in verbal and nonverbal tests. This Figure is also available as a Power Point slide in Suppl. material 1.
Figure 1 from: Rane S, Jolly E, Park A, Jang H, Craddock C (2017) Developing predictive imaging biomarkers using whole-brain classifiers: Application to the ABIDE I dataset. Research Ideas and Outcomes 3: e12733. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.3.e12733
Figure 1 - Weights (β-coefficients) for voxel-wise ReHo features from a support vector machine (SVM) classifier mapped on the glass brain to separate individuals with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder
Dataset related to article "Development of a 3D ex vivo model of brain-leukemia interaction to study the role of Activin A in the Central Nervous System microenvironment"
<p>Excel file related to the article</p>
Figure 5 in Delphinid brain development from neonate to adulthood with comparisons to other cetaceans and artiodactyls
Figure 5. One example each of a male neonate brain of O. orca compared with a brain of a male adult. The ratio of cerebellum mass to the mass of the whole brain is similar in the neonate and adult. The mass of the neonate brain is 3,292 g, while the adult brain mass is 7,100 g.
RNA-sequencing reveals strong predominance of THRA splicing isoform 2 in the developing and adult human brain
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Object color knowledge representation occurs in the macaque brain despite the absence of a developed language system
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.