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147 results for “breadth”
Data from: Species abundance, not diet breadth, drives the persistence of the most linked pollinators as plant-pollinator networks disassemble
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Data from:Intraspecific variability improves environmental matching, but does not increase ecological breadth along a wet-to-dry ecotone
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Data from: Does the niche-breadth or trade-off hypothesis explain the abundance-occupancy relationship in avian haemosporidia?
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Data from: Variation in host plant usage and diet breadth predict sibling preference and performance in the neotropical tortoise beetle Chelymorpha alternans (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae)
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Data from: The interplay among intraspecific leaf trait variation, niche breadth and species abundance along light and soil nutrient gradients
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Data from: Non-random latitudinal gradients in range size and niche breadth predicted by spatial patterns of climate
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The diversification and evolution of niche breadth across spatial scales in western North American monkeyflowers
<p><span>Species show remarkable variation in ecological niche breadth, but the directionality of niche breadth evolution remains a question for niche axes across spatial scales. Testing the association between niche breadth evolution and the process of diversification could shed light on the role of ecology in the formation and maintenance of biodiversity. Here we applied Cladogenetic State change Speciation and Extinction models in western North American monkeyflowers (</span><em>Mimulus</em><span> sensu lato), with two states of niche breadth (generalist and specialist). We aimed to estimate the effects of niche breadth along broad-scale bioclimatic and local-scale microhabitat axes on diversification rate, and the evolutionary trend and mode of niche breadth. We found opposite patterns across spatial scales, with higher speciation rates detected for generalists along broad-scale bioclimatic axes and for specialists along local-scale microhabitat axes. Furthermore, we found weak trends towards specialization for bioclimatic niche breadth, but generalization for microhabitat niche breadth. Both cladogenetic and anagenetic changes were comparable and thus important in the evolution of niche breadth in this group. Together, these findings suggest that the underlying mechanisms of niche breadth evolution might differ across spatial scales, and that change in niche breadth could be tightly associated with the diversification process.</span></p>
Data from: Evidence for a trade-off between host-range breadth and host-use efficiency in aphid parasitoids
"The jack of all trades is a master of none" describes the widely held belief that engaging in many tasks comes at the cost of being unable to do those tasks well. However, empirical evidence for generalist fitness costs remains scarce. We used published data from a long-term field survey of aphid parasitoids to determine if relative specialists are more abundant than generalists on their shared hosts, a pattern that would be expected if generalists suffer a tradeoff between host-range breadth and host-use efficiency. Relative specialists were more abundant than generalists on their shared hosts, but only when we used a measure of specialization that accounts for the taxonomic differences among parasitoids' hosts. These results suggest that a generalist-specialist tradeoff exists within this group of parasitoids, and that the generalist fitness cost depends on the taxonomic breadth, rather than the number, of host species that are used.
Data from: Adaptive contraction of diet breadth affects sexual maturation and specific nutrient consumption in an extreme generalist omnivore
Animals balance their intake of specific nutrients, but little is known about how they do so when foraging in an environment with toxic resources and whether toxic foods promote adaptations that affect life history traits. In German cockroach (Blattella germanica) populations, glucose aversion has evolved in response to glucose-containing insecticidal baits. We restricted newly eclosed glucose averse (GA) and wild type (WT) female cockroaches to nutritionally defined diets varying in protein-to-carbohydrate (P:C) ratio (3:1, 1:1, or 1:3) or gave them free choice of the 3:1 and 1:3 diets, with either glucose or fructose as the sole carbohydrate source. We measured consumption of each diet over six days and then dissected the females to measure the length of basal oocytes in their ovaries. Our results showed significantly lower consumption by GA compared to WT cockroaches when restricted to glucose-containing diets, but also lower fructose intake by GA compared to WT cockroaches when restricted to high fructose diets or given choice of fructose-containing diets. Protein intake was regulated tightly regardless of carbohydrate intake, except by GA cockroaches restricted to glucose-containing diets. Oocyte growth was completely suppressed in GA females restricted to glucose-containing diets, but also significantly slower in GA than in WT females restricted to fructose-containing diets. Our findings suggest that GA cockroaches have adapted to reduced diet breadth through endocrine adjustments which reduce requirements for energetic fuels. Our study illustrates how an evolutionary change in the chemosensory system may affect the evolution of other traits that govern animal life histories.
Data from: Dispersal, niche breadth, and population extinction/colonization ratios predict range size in North American dragonflies
1. Species' range sizes are shaped by fundamental differences in species' ecological and evolutionary characteristics, and understanding the mechanisms determining range size can shed light on the factors responsible for generating and structuring biological diversity. Moreover, because geographic range size is associated with a species' risk of extinction and their ability to respond to global changes in climate and land use, understanding these mechanisms has important conservation implications. 2. Despite hypotheses that dispersal behaviour is a strong determinant of species range areas, few data are available to directly compare the relationship between dispersal behaviour and range size. Here, we overcome this limitation by combining data from a multi-species dispersal experiment with additional species-level trait data that are commonly hypothesized to affect range size (e.g. niche-breadth, local abundance, and body size, etc.). This enables us to examine the relationship between these species-level traits and range size across North America for fifteen dragonfly species. 3. Ten models based on a priori predictions about the relationship between species traits and range size were evaluated and two models were identified as good predictors of species range size. These models indicated that only two species' level traits, dispersal behaviour and niche breadth were strongly related to range size. The evidence from these two models indicated that dragonfly species that disperse more often and further had larger North American ranges. 4. Extinction and colonization dynamics are expected to be a key linkage between dispersal behaviour and range size in dragonflies. To evaluate how extinction and colonization dynamics among dragonflies were related to range size we used an independent data set of extinction and colonization rates for eleven dragonfly species and assessed the relationship between these populations rates and North American range areas for these species. 5. We found a negative relationship between North American range size and species' extinction to colonization ratios. Our results indicate that metapopulation dynamics act to shape the extent of species' continental distributions. These population dynamics are likely to interact with dispersal behaviour, particularly at species range margins, to determine range limits and ultimately species range sizes.
Data from: Greater host breadth still not associated with increased diversification rate in the Nymphalidae – a response to Janz et al
In their technical comment, Janz et al. take issue with our recent study examining the association between host breadth and diversification rates in the brush footed butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) (Hamm and Fordyce 2015). Specifically, they are concerned that we misrepresent their "oscillation hypothesis" (OH) (Janz et al. 2016; Janz and Nylin 2008) and that one of our models was inadequate to test hypotheses regarding host breadth and diversification rate. Given our mutual interests in the macroevolutionary patterns of herbivorous insects, we appreciate the opportunity to respond to their concerns.
Interactions between breeding system and ploidy affect niche breadth in Solanum
<p>As climate changes understanding what drives the way plants evolve to exist in new ecological niches becomes increasingly important. Here we find that in Solanum section Petota that specific breeding system and ploidy combinations increase niche divergence through the decoupling of geographical range and niche diversity. This allows for more targeted use for plant breeding and plant conservation. This is the data and code associated with the manuscript that describes these results. </p>
Evaluating the roles of microbial functional breadth and home-field advantage in leaf litter decomposition
<p><span>Soil biota are increasingly recognized as a primary control on litter decomposition at both local and regional scales, but the precise mechanisms by which biota influence litter decomposition have yet to be identified.</span></p> <p><br><span>There are multiple hypothesized mechanisms by which biotic communities may influence litter decomposition – for example, decomposer communities may be specially adapted to local litter inputs and therefore decompose litter from their home ecosystem at elevated rates. This mechanism is known as the home-field advantage (HFA) hypothesis. Alternatively, litter decomposition rates may simply depend upon the range of metabolic functions present within a decomposer community. This mechanism is known as the functional breadth (FB) hypothesis. However, the relative importance of HFA and FB in litter decomposition are unknown, as are the microbial community drivers of HFA and FB. Potential relationships/tradeoffs between microbial HFA and FB are also unknown.</span></p> <p><br><span>To investigate the roles of HFA and FB in litter decomposition, we collected litter and soil from six different ecosystems across the continental US and conducted a full factorial litter × soil inoculum experiment. We measured litter decomposition (i.e., cumulative CO2-C respired) over 150 days and used an analytical model to calculate the HFA and FB of each microbial decomposer community.</span></p> <p><br><span> Our results indicated clear functional differences among decomposer communities, i.e., litter sources were decomposed differently by different decomposer communities. These differences were primarily due to differences in FB between different communities, while HFA effects were less evident.</span></p> <p><br><span>We observed a positive relationship between HFA and the disturbance-sensitive bacterial phylum Verruomicrobia, suggesting that HFA may be an important mechanism in undisturbed environments. We also observed a negative relationship between bacterial r vs. K strategists and FB, suggesting an important link between microbial life history strategies and litter decomposition functions.</span></p> <p><br><span>Microbial FB and HFA exhibited a strong unimodal relationship, where high HFA was observed at intermediate FB values, while low HFA was associated with both low and high FB. This suggests that adaptation of decomposers to local plant inputs (i.e., high HFA) constrains FB, which requires broad rather than specialized functionality. Further, this relationship suggests that HFA effects will not be apparent when communities exhibit high FB and therefore decompose all litters well and also when FB is low and communities decompose all litters poorly. Overall, our study provides new insights into the mechanisms by which microbial communities influence the decomposition of leaf litter.</span></p>
Figure 2 in Spatial distribution and dietary niche breadth of the leopard Panthera pardus (Carnivora: Felidae) in the northeastern Himalayan region of Pakistan
Figure 2. Map showing locations of study sites where abundance of prey species was recorded in and around Pir Lasura National Park, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan.
Data from: The impact of seasonality on niche breadth, distribution range and species richness: a theoretical exploration of Janzen's hypothesis
Being invoked as one of the candidate mechanisms for the latitudinal patterns in biodiversity, Janzen's hypothesis states that the limited seasonal temperature variation in the tropics generates greater temperature stratification across elevations, which makes tropical species adapted to narrower ranges of temperatures and have lower effective dispersal across elevations than species in temperate regions. Numerous empirical studies have documented latitudinal patterns in species elevational ranges and thermal niche breadths that are consistent with the hypothesis, but the theoretical underpinnings remain unclear. This study presents the first mathematical model to examine the evolutionary processes that could back up Janzen's hypothesis and assess the effectiveness of limited seasonal temperature variation to promote speciation along elevation in the tropics. Results suggest that trade-offs in thermal tolerances provide a mechanism for Janzen's hypothesis. Limited seasonal temperature variation promotes gradient speciation not due to the reduction in gene flow that is associated with narrow thermal niche, but due to the pleiotropic effects of more stable divergent selection of thermal tolerance on the evolution of reproductive incompatibility. The proposed modelling approach also provides a potential way to test a speciation model against genetic data.
Data from: Generalized selection to overcome innate immunity selects for host breadth in an RNA virus
Virus-host co-evolution has selected for generalized host defense against viruses, exemplified by interferon production/signaling and other innate immune function in eukaryotes such as humans. Although cell-surface binding primarily limits virus infection success, generalized adaptation to counteract innate immunity across disparate hosts may contribute to RNA virus emergence potential. We examined this idea using vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) populations prevoously evolved on strictly immune deficient (HeLa) cells, strictly immune competent (MDCK) cells, or on alternating deficient/competent cells. By measuring viral fitness in unselected human cancer cells of differing innate immunity, we confirmed that HeLa-adapted populations were specialized for innate immune-deficient hosts, whereas MDCK-adapted populations were relatively more generalized for fitness on hosts of differing innate immune capacity and of different species origin. We also confirmed that HeLa-evolved populations maintained fitness in immune-deficient non-human primate cells. These results suggest that innate immunity is more prominent than host species in determining viral fitness at the host-cell level. Finally, our prediction was inexact that selection on alternating deficient/competent hosts should produce innate viral generalists. Rather, fitness differences among alternating host-evolved VSV populations indicated variable capacities to evade innate immunity. Our results suggest that the evolutionary history of innate immune selection can affect whether RNA viruses evolve greater host-breadth.
Fig. 4 in Patterns of niche breadth and feeding overlap of the fish fauna in the seasonal Brazilian Pantanal, Cuiabá River basin
Fig. 4. Values of trophic niche breadth (mean±standard error) of fish species in each spatial- temporal units in the Cuiabá River basin, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. PF= Pond Flood; PD= Pond Drought; RF= River Flood; RD= River Drought. Trophic niche breadth was considered low (0-0.39), intermediate (0.4- 0.6) or high (0.61-1) (modified of Grossman, 1986).
Fig. 2 in Patterns of niche breadth and feeding overlap of the fish fauna in the seasonal Brazilian Pantanal, Cuiabá River basin
Fig. 2. Relative water levels in the study area, Cuiabá River and Chacororé Lake, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil, from March 2000 to February 2001, showing the rainy and dry seasons. The data were provided by the Agência Nacional de Águas (ANA).
Fig. 3 in Patterns of niche breadth and feeding overlap of the fish fauna in the seasonal Brazilian Pantanal, Cuiabá River basin
Fig. 3. Relative frequency of the trophic niche breadth (B) a intervals of fish species in each spatial-temporal unit in the Cuiabá River basin, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. PF= Pond Flood; PD= Pond Drought; RF= River Flood; RD= River Drought. Trophic niche breadth was considered low (0-0.39), intermediate (0.4-0.6) or high (0.61-1) (modified of Grossman, 1986).
Fig. 4 in To design, or not to design? Comparison of beetle ultraconserved element probe set utility based on phylogenetic distance, breadth, and method of probe
Fig. 4. The proportion of different types of loci targeted by scarab and hydrophiloid probe sets.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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