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252 results for “colonisation”
FIGURES 15–20 in A new whitefly genus and species, Aleuroparvus theae Dubey (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) colonising Assam tea (Camellia sinensis) and Cinnamomum bejolghota, in North-East India
FIGURES 15–20. Aleuroparvus theae gen. et sp. nov., photomicrographs, paratype puparium, dorsal and ventral views, 15, submarginal wax secreting gland laterad of abdominal segment V; 16, ventral surface, separated; 17, cephalothorax, adhesive pads; 18, thoracic tracheal fold; 19, imprints of abdominal segment sutures and stomata; 20, ventral 8th abdominal setae, caudal fold.
Fig. 6 in The colonisation of the Tyrrhenian Islands by Hydraena water beetles, with Hydraena reflexa Rey, 1884 reinstated as a valid species endemic to Corsica and Sardinia (Coleoptera, Hydraenidae)
Fig. 6 Hydraena species, Calabria and Sardinia. A) Hydraena pygmaea male Calabria, Sila, Camigliatello, habitus; B) Hydraena pygmaea female Calabria, Sila, Camigliatello, habitus; C) Hydraena reflexa male Sardinia, Aritzo, habitus; D) Hydraena pygmaea
Fig. 5 Hydraena species, male leg modifications. A–B Hydraena reflexa Rey, Monte d in The colonisation of the Tyrrhenian Islands by Hydraena water beetles, with Hydraena reflexa Rey, 1884 reinstated as a valid species endemic to Corsica and Sardinia (Coleoptera, Hydraenidae)
Fig. 5 Hydraena species, male leg modifications. A–B Hydraena reflexa Rey, Monte d'Oro, Corsica; C–D Hydraena pygmaea Waterhouse, Ruddycleave Water, South Devon, UK. A & C mid legs; B & D hind legs. Scale bar = 0.50 mm
Fig. 2 in The colonisation of the Tyrrhenian Islands by Hydraena water beetles, with Hydraena reflexa Rey, 1884 reinstated as a valid species endemic to Corsica and Sardinia (Coleoptera, Hydraenidae)
Fig. 2 COI variation in the Hydraena minutissima group. A) Haplotype network for sequenced specimens of the group. Empty circles indicate mutational steps between haplotypes, inset male H. pygmaea; B) approximate position of land masses in the Western Mediterranean during the Miocene, ca. 6 Ma. (modified after Rosenbaum et al. (2002b)). Corsica-Sardinia green, Calabrian block red, shelf light blue. Note that during the Messinian Salinity Crisis, much of the basin was dry
Fig. 2 in Phylogeny identifies multiple colonisation events and Miocene aridification as drivers of South Asian bulbul (Passeriformes: Pycnonotidae) diversification
Fig. 2 Principal component analysis (PCA) plot based on morphometric measurements of bulbuls. Species were grouped together for their representative genera, and overlaid with species whose taxonomy needs to be resolved
Fig. 1 in Phylogeny identifies multiple colonisation events and Miocene aridification as drivers of South Asian bulbul (Passeriformes: Pycnonotidae) diversification
Fig. 1 Maximum likelihood tree of Asian Bulbuls. The phylogram is based on four mitochondrial genes and four nuclear genes. South Asian species are indicated in bold. The black dots at the nodes indi-
Fig. 3 in Phylogeny identifies multiple colonisation events and Miocene aridification as drivers of South Asian bulbul (Passeriformes: Pycnonotidae) diversification
Fig. 3 Bayesian chronogram for Asian bulbuls. The tree was inferred from the concatenated set of 4 mitochondrial genes and 3 nuclear genes (see text for details). South Asian species are indicated in bold. Horizontal bars denote 95% posterior probability age intervals
Data from: Context-dependent colonisation of terrestrial habitat 'islands' by a long-distance migrant bird
Landscape context can affect how individuals perceive patch quality during colonisation. However, although context-dependent colonisation has been observed in aquatic environments it has rarely been studied in terrestrial environments or at large spatial scales. Here, we assessed how landscape context influenced colonisation rates in a large-scale (c.7000 km2) terrestrial system where colonisers (Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus) are capable of rapid, long-distance movements. Bioacoustic recorders were used to detect first song dates (an indicator of colonisation or re-colonisation) and settlement in 23 naturally replicated habitat patches. We compared support for three competing hypotheses describing colonisation patterns that depend on landscape context ('redirection', 'landscape-selection' and 'relative patch size') with two patch-level hypotheses (patch 'quality' and 'heterospecific attraction'). First song was earlier when habitat availability in the landscape was low, supporting the 'redirection' hypothesis. Settlement probability was best predicted by patch 'quality' and was lower in woodlands with a dense understorey. Results suggest that colonisation of habitat patches by male P. trochilus after spring migration is spatially hierarchical. First, initial colonisation depends on landscape context, and settlement is then determined by fine-scale vegetation characteristics. More broadly, we suggest that patterns observed in fragmented aquatic environments (e.g. 'redirection') can, in some circumstances, be extended to large-scale terrestrial environments.
Data from: Getting there and around: host range oscillations during colonisation of the Canary Islands by the parasitic nematode Spauligodon
Episodes of expansion and isolation in geographic range over space and time, during which parasites have the opportunity to expand their host range, are linked to the development of host-parasite mosaic assemblages and parasite diversification. In this study we investigated whether island colonisation events lead to host range oscillations in a taxon of host-specific parasitic nematodes of the genus Spauligodon in the Canary Islands. We further investigated if range oscillations also resulted in shifts in host breadth (i.e. specialization), as expected for parasites on islands. Parasite phylogeny and divergence time estimates were inferred from molecular data with Bayesian methods. Host divergence times were set as calibration priors after a priori evaluation with a global-fit method of which individual host-parasite associations likely represent cospeciation links. Parasite colonisation history was reconstructed, followed by an estimation of oscillation events and specificity level. The results indicate the presence of four Spauligodon clades in the Canary Islands, which originated from at least three different colonisation events. We found evidence of host range oscillations to truly novel hosts, which in one case led to higher diversification. Contemporary host-parasite associations show strong host specificity, suggesting that changes in host breadth were limited to the shift period. Lineages with more frequent and wider taxonomic host range oscillations prior to the initial colonisation event showed wider range oscillations during colonisation and diversification within the archipelago. Our results suggest that a lineage's evolutionary past may be the best indicator of a parasite's potential for future range expansions.
What drives diversification in a pantropical plant lineage with extraordinary capacity for long-distance dispersal and colonisation?
<p><b>Aim:</b> Colonisation of new areas may entail shifts in diversification rates linked to biogeographic movement (dispersification), which may involve niche evolution if species were not pre-adapted to the new environments. <i>Scleria</i> (Cyperaceae) includes c. 250 species and has a pantropical distribution suggesting an extraordinary capacity for long-distance dispersal and colonisation. We investigate patterns of diversification in <i>Scleria</i>, and whether they are coupled with colonisation events, climate niche shifts or both.</p> <p><b>Location:</b> Tropics and subtropics.</p> <p><b>Taxon:</b> Nutrushes <i>Scleria</i> (Cyperaceae).</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> We used molecular data from three DNA regions sequenced for 278 accessions representing 140 <i>Scleria</i> taxa (53% of species) to develop a chronogram, model ancestral ranges, and measure rates of diversification. Integrating data from 12,978 digitised and georeferenced herbarium records, we investigated niche evolution.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> High dispersal rates in <i>Scleria</i>, a genus with multiple dispersal syndromes, make reconstruction of ancestral areas at deep nodes in the phylogeny highly equivocal. Main dispersal and colonisation events involve movements from South to Central America (c. 19), from Africa to Madagascar (c. 12), from Asia to Oceania (c. 7), from Africa to South America (c. 7) and Central America to South America (c. 6). Two main shifts in diversification rates happened during the warm period of the Miocene.</p> <p><b>Main conclusions:</b> Dispersification from South America to Africa without climate niche shift seems to explain the diversification shift in section <i>Hypoporum</i> implying that species were pre-adapted. Shifts in climate niche evolution predate the second shift in diversification rates suggesting lineages were pre-adapted prior to biogeographic movements. Within subgenus <i>Scleria</i>, colonisations of Asia and Madagascar by sections <i>Elatae</i> and <i>Abortivae</i>, respectively, are coupled with niche shifts suggesting that these colonisations involved climate niche adaptation.</p>
FIGURES 62–69 in An integrated taxonomic revision of Diplotrichus (Coleoptera, Scolytinae) supports a Malagasy origin and single colonisation of South Africa
FIGURES 62–69. Dorsal, lateral, and front view of Diplotrichus granulatus sp. nov. female allotype (62, 64, 66) and male holotype (67), Diplotrichus obesus female (63, 65, 68) and male (69).
FIGURES 53–61 in An integrated taxonomic revision of Diplotrichus (Coleoptera, Scolytinae) supports a Malagasy origin and single colonisation of South Africa
FIGURES 53–61. Dorsal, lateral, and front view of Diplotrichus tuberculatus sp. nov. holotype (43, 46, 49), Diplotrichus rugosipes female paratype (54, 57, 60), Diplotrichus pygmaeus male holotype (55, 58, 61).
FIGURES 43–52 in An integrated taxonomic revision of Diplotrichus (Coleoptera, Scolytinae) supports a Malagasy origin and single colonisation of South Africa
FIGURES 43–52. Dorsal, lateral, and front view of Diplotrichus catenatus female (43, 46, 49) and male (50), Diplotrichus euphorbiae male paratype (44, 47, 51), Diplotrichus plenus sp. nov. male holotype (45, 48, 52).
FIGURES 25–32 in An integrated taxonomic revision of Diplotrichus (Coleoptera, Scolytinae) supports a Malagasy origin and single colonisation of South Africa
FIGURES 25–32. Dorsal, lateral, and front view of Diplotrichus minor female (25, 27, 29) and male (30), and Diplotrichus falcatus sp. nov. female holotype (26, 28, 31) and male allotype (32).
FIGURES 15–24 in An integrated taxonomic revision of Diplotrichus (Coleoptera, Scolytinae) supports a Malagasy origin and single colonisation of South Africa
FIGURES 15–24. Dorsal, lateral, and front view of Diplotrichus pilifrons sp. nov. female holotype (15, 18, 21) and male allotype frons (22), Diplotrichus calvifrons sp. nov. female holotype (16, 19, 23), and Diplotrichus medius sp. nov. female holotype (17, 20, 24).
FIGURES 8–14 in An integrated taxonomic revision of Diplotrichus (Coleoptera, Scolytinae) supports a Malagasy origin and single colonisation of South Africa
FIGURES 8–14. Dorsal, lateral, and front view of Diplotrichus gracilis female (8, 10, 12) and male (13), and Diplotrichus widdringtoniae paratype (9, 11, 14).
FIGURE 7 in An integrated taxonomic revision of Diplotrichus (Coleoptera, Scolytinae) supports a Malagasy origin and single colonisation of South Africa
FIGURE 7. Maximum likelihood tree topology for Diplotrichus based on nucleotides from five gene fragments. Node support values from 100 bootstrap replicates are shown on branches.
FIGURES 1–6 in An integrated taxonomic revision of Diplotrichus (Coleoptera, Scolytinae) supports a Malagasy origin and single colonisation of South Africa
FIGURES 1–6. Proventriculus (1–3) and male genitalia (4–6) of Diplotrichus gracilis (1, 4), Diplotrichus falcatus sp. nov. (2, 5), and Diplotrichus acutior sp. nov. (3, 6).
FIGURES 33–42 in An integrated taxonomic revision of Diplotrichus (Coleoptera, Scolytinae) supports a Malagasy origin and single colonisation of South Africa
FIGURES 33–42. Dorsal, lateral, and front view of Diplotrichus ignotus male holotype (33, 36, 39), Diplotrichus acutior sp. nov. female holotype (34, 37, 40) and male allotype (41), Diplotrichus pulchellus sp. nov. female holotype (35, 38, 42).
FIGURES 70–79 in An integrated taxonomic revision of Diplotrichus (Coleoptera, Scolytinae) supports a Malagasy origin and single colonisation of South Africa
FIGURES 70–79. Dorsal, lateral, and front view of Diplotrichus robustus sp. nov. female holotype (70, 73, 76), Diplotrichus subdepressus female holotype (71, 74, 77), Diplotrichus elongatus female (72, 75, 78) and male (79).
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