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FIGURE 3 in Characterization of a secondary contact zone of the Great Tit Parus major and the Japanese Tit P. minor (Aves: Passeriformes) in Far Eastern Siberia with DNA markers.
FIGURE 3. Assignment probabilities for each individual to belong to major or minor cluster. Phenotypes of the individuals are shown above the graph. Individuals in bold are first generation migrants detected by GeneClass.
FIGURE 2 in Characterization of a secondary contact zone of the Great Tit Parus major and the Japanese Tit P. minor (Aves: Passeriformes) in Far Eastern Siberia with DNA markers.
FIGURE 2. Relative frequencies of alleles at the nine studied microsatellite loci for each population.
Raw GC-ToF-MS and processed data from individuals sampled in allopatric and contact zones and MZmine 3.9.0 and Rstudio analysis
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Origin and evolution of nephrite, diopsidites and giant diopside crystals from the contact zones of the Pounamu Ultramafics, Westland, New Zealand
<p>Paper in New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics</p>
Subspecies and Distribution. P.v.vitulinaLinnaeus,1758—NEAtlanticOceanincludingSvalbardStoNWFrance(Brittany),withoccasionalsightingsasfarSasNPortugal;Wboundaryuncertain,perhapsIceland. P.v.concolorDeKay,1842—NWAtlanticOcean,frommid-AtlanticUSAtotheCanadianArcticandEtoGreenland;Eboundaryuncertain,perhapsIceland. P. v. richardGray, 1864 — NE Pacific Ocean, from Aleutian Is through the Gulf of Alaska (including Iliamna Lake) S to the coast of Baja California (N Mexico); contact zone with stejnegert may occur in W Alaska Peninsula-E Aleutian Is. P. v. stejnegeri Allen, 1902 — NW Pacific Ocean along the coast of Russian Far East, from Kamchatka, the Kuril Is to N Japan (Hokkaido) and E to the Aleutian Is; contact zone with richardii may occur in E Aleutian Is—W Alaska Peninsula. in Phocidae
Subspecies and Distribution. P.v.vitulinaLinnaeus,1758—NEAtlanticOceanincludingSvalbardStoNWFrance(Brittany),withoccasionalsightingsasfarSasNPortugal;Wboundaryuncertain,perhapsIceland. P.v.concolorDeKay,1842—NWAtlanticOcean,frommid-AtlanticUSAtotheCanadianArcticandEtoGreenland;Eboundaryuncertain,perhapsIceland. P. v. richardGray, 1864 — NE Pacific Ocean, from Aleutian Is through the Gulf of Alaska (including Iliamna Lake) S to the coast of Baja California (N Mexico); contact zone with stejnegert may occur in W Alaska Peninsula-E Aleutian Is. P. v. stejnegeri Allen, 1902 — NW Pacific Ocean along the coast of Russian Far East, from Kamchatka, the Kuril Is to N Japan (Hokkaido) and E to the Aleutian Is; contact zone with richardii may occur in E Aleutian Is—W Alaska Peninsula.
Distribution. NE Bolivia (throughout much of lowland Bolivia E of the Rio Manique) and W Brazil (S Rondonia State at least as far W as the upper Rio Jiparana). S limits are unclear, but it occurs in the vicinity of the Bolivian city of Santa Cruz and may contact or intergrade with the distribution of the Pale Titi (C. pallescens) in SE Bolivia; in Rondonia, it may occur as far N as the Serra dos Pacaas Novos, where there may be a contact zone with the Brown Titi (C. brunneus) or Prince Bernhard's Titi (C. bernhardi); the S and E limits ofits distribution in Brazil are unclear, but they may be ecologically constrained by inappropriate habitats in the Brazilian cerrado savannas to the S, and possible contact zones with Prince Bernhard's Titi (which is now known to occur to the W of the Rio Jiparana) and the Ashy Titi (C. cinerascens) in the E. in Phitheciidae
Distribution. NE Bolivia (throughout much of lowland Bolivia E of the Rio Manique) and W Brazil (S Rondonia State at least as far W as the upper Rio Jiparana). S limits are unclear, but it occurs in the vicinity of the Bolivian city of Santa Cruz and may contact or intergrade with the distribution of the Pale Titi (C. pallescens) in SE Bolivia; in Rondonia, it may occur as far N as the Serra dos Pacaas Novos, where there may be a contact zone with the Brown Titi (C. brunneus) or Prince Bernhard's Titi (C. bernhardi); the S and E limits ofits distribution in Brazil are unclear, but they may be ecologically constrained by inappropriate habitats in the Brazilian cerrado savannas to the S, and possible contact zones with Prince Bernhard's Titi (which is now known to occur to the W of the Rio Jiparana) and the Ashy Titi (C. cinerascens) in the E.
Subspecies and Distribution. P.v. volans Kerr, 1792 — E Australia, from Bundaberg on the SE Queensland coast and the C New South Wales coast S to Orange and Port Macquarie/Bulga Plateau. P v. incanus Thomas, 1923 — SE Australia, including parts of New South Wales (N to upper Hunter Valley) and Victoria. Distributions of volans and incanus appear to overlap or at least interdigitate, but the nature of the contact zone is unknown. in Pseudocheiridae
Subspecies and Distribution. P.v. volans Kerr, 1792 — E Australia, from Bundaberg on the SE Queensland coast and the C New South Wales coast S to Orange and Port Macquarie/Bulga Plateau. P v. incanus Thomas, 1923 — SE Australia, including parts of New South Wales (N to upper Hunter Valley) and Victoria. Distributions of volans and incanus appear to overlap or at least interdigitate, but the nature of the contact zone is unknown.
RADseq data reveal a lack of admixture in a mouse lemur contact zone contrary to previous microsatellite results
<p>Microsatellites have been a workhorse of evolutionary genetic studies for decades and are still commonly in use for estimating signatures of genetic diversity at the population and species level across a multitude of taxa. Yet, the very high mutation rate of these loci is a double-edged sword, conferring great sensitivity at shallow levels of analysis (e.g., paternity analysis) but yielding considerable uncertainty for deeper evolutionary comparisons. For the present study, we used reduced representation genome-wide data (RADseq) to test for patterns of interspecific hybridization previously characterized using microsatellite data in a contact zone between two closely related mouse lemur species in Madagascar (<em>Microcebus murinus</em> and <em>M</em>. <em>griseorufus</em>). We revisit this system by examining populations in, near, and far from the contact zone, including many of the same individuals that had previously been identified as hybrids with microsatellite data. Surprisingly, we find no evidence for admixed nuclear ancestry. Instead, re-analyses of microsatellite data and simulations suggest that previously inferred hybrids were false positives and that the program NewHybrids can be particularly sensitive to erroneously inferring hybrid ancestry. Combined with results from coalescent-based analyses and evidence for local syntopic co-occurrence, we conclude that the two mouse lemur species are in fact completely reproductively isolated, thus providing a cautionary tale for the inference of interspecific hybridization with microsatellite data.</p>
Supplementary data and files for: The importance of contact zones for distinguishing interspecific from intraspecific geographic variation
<p>With limited sampling, geographic variation within a single species can be difficult to distinguish from interspecific variation, confounding our ability to draw accurate species boundaries. We argue that thorough sampling and analysis of contact zones between putative taxa can determine if assortative mating or selection against hybrids exists (supporting the presence of two distinct species), or alternatively if mating is random among genotypes and admixture among adjacent populations is gradual and continuous (supporting geographic variation within a single species). Here, we test two alternative hypotheses for two pairs of named taxa at contact zones within the American milksnake (<em>Lampropeltis triangulum</em>) complex. A prior morphological analysis found areas of gradual intergradation among named taxa, and concluded that the taxa represented geographical races of a single polytypic species. In contrast, a subsequent analysis of gene sequence data, but with limited sampling near the contact zones, hypothesized distinct boundaries between species at the contact zones. At the contact zone between proposed species <em>L. triangulum </em>and <em>L. gentilis</em>, we examined a ~700 km-wide transect across the states of Kansas and Missouri, with thorough sampling and reduced-representation genomic-level sequencing, to test the two opposing taxonomic hypotheses. Our transect analyses included examinations of population structure, fixed differences, cline-fitting, and an admixture index analysis. These analyses all supported a gradual and continuous geographic cline across a broad intergrade zone between two geographic forms of <em>L. triangulum</em>, thus providing strong support for a single species in this region (and no support for the recognition of <em>L. gentilis </em>as a distinct species). At a second contact zone between proposed species <em>L. triangulum </em>and <em>L. elapsoides </em>(but variously treated as species or subspecies by different researchers) in Kentucky and Tennessee, we re-evaluated morphological data. In this case, the contact zone analysis indicated sympatry and reproductive isolation of the two taxa, and thus strongly supported <em>L. triangulum </em>and <em>L. elapsoides </em>as distinct species. We conclude that detailed studies of contact zones, based on either genetic or morphological data, are essential for distinguishing intraspecific from interspecific variation in the case of widely and continuously distributed taxa.</p>
Fig. 1 in Morphological specificities of vendace (Salmoniformes: Salmonidae: Coregoninae: Coregonus albula) population in Lake Pleshcheyevo (the Volga River basin): relationships of two phylogenetic lineages in a new zone of secondary contact
Fig. 1 Map of European north of Russia marking the selected sampling location. 1, 2—Lake Goreloye [16] and Lake Bol'shoye Krasnoye [35] (Bol'shoy Solovetsky Island); 3—Lake Beloye [16]; 4—Lake Pleshcheyevo: lineages E [44] and ALBP2 [29]; 5—Lake Vishtynetskoye (Kaliningrad region) [28]. In square brackets, the sample size is shown
Fig. 3 in Morphological specificities of vendace (Salmoniformes: Salmonidae: Coregoninae: Coregonus albula) population in Lake Pleshcheyevo (the Volga River basin): relationships of two phylogenetic lineages in a new zone of secondary contact
Fig. 3 Plots of scores for the first two discriminant functions for size-free morphometric data for six vendace (C. albula) groups. 1—Lake Pleshcheyevo, lineage E; 2—Lake Pleshcheyevo, lineage ALBP2; 3—Lake Goreloye; 4—Lake Bol'shoye Krasnoye; 5—Lake Vishtynetskoye; 6—Lake Beloye. 95% confidence ellipses are shown
Data from: Malaria infections reinforce competitive asymmetry between two Ficedula flycatchers in a recent contact zone
Parasites may influence the outcome of interspecific competition between closely related host species through lower parasite virulence in the host with which they share the longer evolutionary history. We tested this idea by comparing the prevalence of avian malaria (Haemosporidia) lineages and their association with survival in pied and collared flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca and F. albicollis) breeding in a recent contact zone on the Swedish island of Öland. A nested PCR protocol amplifying haemosporidian fragments of mtDNA was used to screen the presence of malaria lineages in 1048 blood samples collected during 6 years. Competitively inferior pied flycatchers had a higher prevalence of blood parasites, including the lineages that were shared between the two flycatcher species. Multistate mark–recapture models revealed a lower survival of infected versus uninfected female pied flycatchers, while no such effects were detected in male pied flycatchers or in collared flycatchers of either sex. Our results show that a comparatively new host, the collared flycatcher, appears to be less susceptible to a local northern European malarial lineage where the collared flycatchers have recently expanded their distribution. Pied flycatchers experience strong reproductive interference from collared flycatchers, and the additional impact of species-specific blood parasite effects adds to this competitive exclusion. These results support the idea that parasites can strongly influence the outcome of interspecific competition between closely related host species, but that the invading species need not necessarily be more susceptible to local parasites.
Data from: Low levels of hybridization across two contact zones among three species of woodpeckers (Sphyrapicus sapsuckers)
Three species of closely related woodpeckers (sapsuckers; Sphyrapicus) hybridize where they come into contact, presenting a rare 'λ‐shape' meeting of hybrid zones. Two of the three arms of this hybrid zone are located on either side of the Interior Plateau of British Columbia, Canada bordering the foothills of the Coast Mountains and the Rocky Mountains. The third arm is located in the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains. The zones of hybridization present high variability of phenotypes and alleles in relatively small areas and provide an opportunity to examine levels of reproductive isolation between the taxa involved. We examined phenotypes (morphometric traits and plumage) and genotypes of 175 live birds across the two hybrid zones. We used the Genotyping By Sequencing (GBS) method to identify 180 partially diagnostic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to generate a genetic hybrid index (GHI) for each bird. Phenotypically diverged S. ruber and S. nuchalis are genetically closely related, while S. nuchalis and S. varius have similar plumage but are well separated at the genetic markers studied. The width of both hybrid zones is narrower than expected under neutrality, and analyses of both genotypes and phenotypes indicate that hybrids are rare in the hybrid zone. Rarity of hybrids indicates assortative mating and/or some form of fitness reduction in hybrids, which might maintain the species complex despite close genetic distance and introgression. These findings further support the treatment of the three taxa as distinct species.
Data from: Phylogeography of the Neotropical epiphytic orchid, Brassavola nodosa: evidence for a secondary contact zone in northwestern Costa Rica
Spatial patterns of genetic variation can reveal otherwise cryptic evolutionary and landscape processes. In northwestern Costa Rica, an approximately concordant genetic discontinuity occurs among populations of several plant species. We conducted phylogeographic analyses of an epiphytic orchid, Brassavola nodosa, to test for genetic discontinuity and to explore its underlying causes. We genotyped 18 populations with 19 nuclear loci and two non-coding chloroplast sequence regions. We estimated genetic diversity and structure, relative importance of pollen and seed dispersal, and divergence time to understand how genetic diversity was spatially partitioned. Nuclear genetic diversity was high with little differentiation among populations (GSTn = 0.065). In contrast, chloroplast haplotypes were highly structured (GSTc = 0.570) and reveal a discontinuity between northwestern and southeastern populations within Costa Rica. Haplotype differences suggest two formerly isolated lineages that diverged approximately 10,000-100,000 YBP. Haplotype mixing and greater genetic diversity occur in an intermediate transition zone. Patterns of nuclear and chloroplast data were consistent. Different levels of genetic differentiation for the two genomes reflect the relative effectiveness of biotic versus abiotic dispersers of pollen and seeds. Isolation of the two lineages likely resulted from the complex environmental and geophysical history of the region. Our results suggest a recent cryptic seed dispersal barrier and/or zone of secondary contact. We hypothesize that powerful northeasterly trade winds hinder movement of wind-borne seeds between the two regions, while the multi-directional dispersal of pollen by strong-flying sphinx moths resulted in lower differentiation of nuclear loci.
Data from: Genetic Variation in Plethodon cinereus and Plethodon hubrichti from in and Around a Contact Zone
Climate change poses several challenges to biological communities including changes in the frequency of encounters between closely related congeners as a result of range shifts. When climate change leads to increased hybridization, hybrid dysfunction or genetic swamping may increase extinction risk—particularly in range-restricted species with low vagility. The Peaks of Otter Salamander, Plethodon hubrichti, is a fully terrestrial woodland salamander that is restricted to ~ 18 km of ridgeline in the mountains of southwestern Virginia, and its range is surrounded by the abundant and widespread Eastern Red-backed Salamander, Plethodon cinereus. In order to determine whether these two species are hybridizing and how their range limits may be shifting, we assessed variation at eight microsatellite loci and a 1008 bp region of Cytochrome B in both species at allopatric reference sites and within a contact zone. Our results show that hybridization between P. hubrichti and P. cinereus either does not occur or is very rare. However, we find that diversity and differentiation are substantially higher in the mountaintop endemic P. hubrichti than in the widespread P. cinereus, despite similar movement ability for the two species as assessed by a homing experiment. Furthermore, estimation of divergence times between reference and contact zone populations via approximate Bayesian computation is consistent with the idea that P. cinereus has expanded into the range of P. hubrichti. Given the apparent recent colonization of the contact zone by P. cinereus, future monitoring of P. cinereus range limits should be a priority for the management of P. hubrichti populations.
Figure 6 in Cranial morphology of the California vole (Microtus californicus, Cricetidae) in a contact zone
Figure 6. Pattern of cytochrome b (cyt b), acid phosphatase V (AP5), and predicted skull region plotted by population within the contact area. No directional trend is intended by order of populations. Proportion northern for cyt b and AP5 is the fraction of individuals from that population possessing a haplotype or genotype most similar to those widespread in the northern region. Proportion northern for morphology is the fraction of individuals from that population having a northern posterior probability> 50%. Mid-Coast is a combination of Freeman Ranch, Refugio State Beach, Tajiguas Landfill, and El Capitan State Beach. COPR, Coal Oil Pt Reserve.
Figure 4 in Cranial morphology of the California vole (Microtus californicus, Cricetidae) in a contact zone
Figure 4. Probability of membership in northern group based on discriminant analysis of logged skull measurements. Top, contact zone skulls; middle, northern region skulls; bottom, southern region skulls.
Figure 3 in Cranial morphology of the California vole (Microtus californicus, Cricetidae) in a contact zone
Figure 3. First and second principal components based on 13 mensural characters for north, contact, and south groups of skulls.
Figure 5 in Cranial morphology of the California vole (Microtus californicus, Cricetidae) in a contact zone
Figure 5. Example profiles of contact zone populations and probability of prediction into northern or southern populations. Axes are as in Fig. 4.
Figure 2. Skull with measurements labelled. A, dorsal view. B, ventral view. C, lateral view. D in Cranial morphology of the California vole (Microtus californicus, Cricetidae) in a contact zone
Figure 2. Skull with measurements labelled. A, dorsal view. B, ventral view. C, lateral view. D, mandible. HCB, height of cranium at bullae; IOC, interorbital constriction; IFL, length of incisive foramen; IPL, interparietal length; IPW, interparietal width; MAL, upper molar alveolus; MAN, length of mandible; MAW, mastoid width; NAL, nasal length; ONL, occipital-nasal length; PAL, shelf of bony palate; ZYB, zygomatic breadth. Details of each measurement are provided in the text.
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