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288 results for “corn”
Data from: The effects of climate warming on the migratory status of early summer populations of Mythimna separata(Walker) moths: a case-study of enhanced corn damage in central-northern China, 1980 - 2016
Mythimna separata (Walker) moths captured in light-traps were monitored in Luohe, central-northern China, from 1980 to 2016. Annual average temperature recorded an increase of 0.298 oC/10 years in this region in the period. Our results indicate that a rising Apr and May avarage temprature and earlier occurrences of days recording the highest day temperature (30℃) caused an advanced peak and increasing proportion of high ovarian development levels of first generation females in earlier summers. Results using Johnson's formulation of 'oogenesis-flight syndrome' indicate that increasing sexual maturity proportion has resulted in more emigrant individuals in the local first generaton moth becoming residents, and then increased individuls repidly in the local second generation moth since 2006. Consequences of this action have a boom in corn damage since 2007 in this region. Advanced peak dates of the first and second generation moth revealed the same response to increasing average monthly temperatures in the monitoring period. Increasing temperatures, the avarage May temperature exceeds or equal to 22℃, during the early 2000's may represent a physiological threshold for M. separata development. Our results suggest that climate warming may impact M. separata migratory status and cause a problem of crop production in this region.
Birds suppress pests in corn but release them in soybean crops within a mixed prairie/agriculture system
<p>Birds provide ecosystem services (pest control) in many agroecosystems and have neutral or negative ecological effects (disservices) in others. Large-scale, conventional row crop agriculture is extremely widespread globally, yet few studies of bird effects take place in these agroecosystems. We studied indirect effects of insectivorous birds on corn and soybean crops in fields adjacent to a prairie in Illinois (USA). We hypothesized that prairie birds would forage for arthropods in adjacent crop fields and that the magnitude of services or disservices would decrease with distance from the prairie. We used bird-excluding cages over crops to examine the net effect of birds on corn and soybean grain yield. We also conducted DNA metabarcoding to identify arthropod prey in fecal samples from captured birds. Our exclosure experiments revealed that birds provided net services in corn and net disservices in soybeans. Distance from prairie was not a significant predictor of exclosure treatment effect in either crop. Many bird fecal samples contained DNA from both beneficial arthropods and known economically-significant pests of corn, but few economically-significant pests of soybeans. Song Sparrows (<i>Melospiza melodia</i>), one of our most captured species, most commonly consumed corn rootworms, an economically-significant pest of corn crops. We estimated that birds in this system provided a service worth approximately US $275/ha in corn yield gain, and a disservice valued at approximately $348/ha in soybean yield loss. Our study is the first to demonstrate that birds can provide substantial and economically valuable services in field corn, and disservices in soybean crops. The contrasting findings in the two crop systems suggest a range of bird impacts within widespread agro-ecosystems and demonstrate the importance of quantifying net trophic effects.</p>
Data from: The genetic structure of Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis, populations in China: haplotype variance in Northern populations and potential impact on management of resistance to transgenic maize
Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée), is a severe pest that infests cultivated maize in the major production regions of China. Populations show genotype-by-environment variation in voltinism, such that populations with a single generation (univoltine) are fixed in Northern China where growing seasons are short. Low genetic differentiation was found among samples from 33 collection sites across China and one site from North Korea (n = 1,673) using variation at 6 nuclear microsatellite loci (ENA corrected global FST = 0.020; P-value < 0.05). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that geographic region, number of generations or voltinism accounted for < 0.38% of the total genetic variation at nuclear loci and was corroborated by clustering of co-ancestries among genotypes using the program STRUCTURE. In contrast, a mitochondrial haplotype network identified four distinct clusters, where 70.5% of samples from univoltine populations were within a single group. Univoltine populations were also placed into a unique cluster using Population Graph and Principal Component analyses, which showed significant differentiation with multivoltine populations (ST = 0.400; P-value < 0.01). This study suggests that gene flow among O. furnacalis in China may be high among regions, with the exception of northeastern localities. Haplotype variation may be due to random genetic drift resulting from partial reproductive isolation between univoltine and multivoltine O. furnacalis populations. Such reproductive isolation might impact the potential spread of alleles that confer resistance to transgenic maize in China.
Data from: Chronic exposure to neonicotinoids reduces honey bee health near corn crops
Experiments linking neonicotinoids and declining bee health have been criticized for not simulating realistic exposure. Here we quantified the duration and magnitude of neonicotinoid exposure in Canada's corn-growing regions and used these data to design realistic experiments to investigate the effect of such insecticides on honey bees. Colonies near corn were naturally exposed to neonicotinoids for up to 4 months—the majority of the honey bee's active season. Realistic experiments showed that neonicotinoids increased worker mortality and were associated with declines in social immunity and increased queenlessness over time. We also discovered that the acute toxicity of neonicotinoids to honey bees doubles in the presence of a commonly encountered fungicide. Our work demonstrates that field-realistic exposure to neonicotinoids can reduce honey bee health in corn-growing regions.
Data from: Continuous corn and corn–soybean profits over a 45-year tillage and fertilizer experiment
Studies comparing profitability of tillage systems often examine narrow historic windows or exclude annual price fluctuations. This study uses a continuous corn (Zea mays L.) (CC; 1970–1990) and corn–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (CS; 1991–2014) Tillage × Fertilizer study in somewhat poorly drained soils in southern Illinois to reconstruct partial annual budgets with historical prices for crops, fertilizers, lime, herbicides, fuel, labor, and machinery. Combinations of tillage (moldboard plow [MP], chisel tillage [ChT], alternate tillage [AT], and no-till [NT]) and fertilizer (Control, N-only, N+NPK starter, NPK+NPK starter, and NPK broadcast) treatments were evaluated. The CC profits were highest in NPK-applied treatments followed by N-only and Control. The MP treatments were similar to ChT and more profitable than NT, while AT fell between. In CS, NPK-applied treatments were similar regardless of tillage. Combined costs for herbicide, machinery, labor, and diesel were higher in MP and ChT systems than AT and lowest in NT, but were a small percentage of total costs (26.6, 26.0, 21.5, and 18.2%, respectively). Nitrogen fertilizer offered a return on investment of 396% in CC and 133% in CS while P & K returned 78% in CC and 109% in CS. Sensitivity analysis in CS showed that NT would be less profitable than MP if herbicide costs increased 850%. A 300% machinery cost increase would have made MP less profitable than NT. These findings suggest that since 1991 CS under NT carried the same potential for profit as other tillage systems under full fertility management.
Data from: Meta-analysis of yield response of foliar fungicide-treated hybrid corn in the United States and Ontario, Canada
Background: Foliar fungicide applications to corn (Zea mays) occur at one or more application timings ranging from early vegetative growth stages to mid-reproductive stages. Previous studies indicated that fungicide applications are profitable under high disease pressure when applied during the tasseling to silking growth stages. Few comprehensive studies in corn have examined the impact of fungicide applications at an early vegetative growth stage (V6) compared to late application timings (VT) for yield response and return on fungicide investment (ROI) across multiple locations. Objective: Compare yield response of fungicide application timing across multiple fungicide classes and calculate the probability of positive ROI. Data sources: Data were collected specifically for this analysis using a uniform protocol conducted in 13 states in the United States and one province in Canada from 2014 - 2015. Synthesis methods: Data were subjected to a primary mixed-model analysis of variance. Subsequent univariate meta-analyses, with and without moderator variables, were performed using standard meta-analytic procedures. Follow-up power and prediction analyses were performed to aid interpretation and development of management recommendations. Results: Fungicide application resulted in a positive yield response in 68.2% of the 436 trial-studies. All three moderator variables tested (application timing, fungicide class, and disease base level), had a significant effect (=0.05) on the absolute difference in yield between fungicide treated and non-treated plots ( ¯D). Application timing influenced ¯D, with V6 + VT and the VT application timings resulting in greater yield responses than the V6 application timing alone. Fungicide formulations that combined demethylation inhibitor and quinone outside inhibitor fungicides significantly increased yield response. Conclusion: Foliar fungicide applications can increase corn grain yield. To ensure the likelihood of a positive ROI, farmers should focus on applications at VT and use fungicides that include a mix of demethylation inhibitor and quinone outside inhibitor active ingredients.
Ornamental Corn, close up
Some of the pretty kernals of these were planted in our garden this year with some beans and squash. The bean fixes nitrogen, the corn stalks are the bean poles, and the squash overshadows weeds and protects soil from evaporative losses. While removing individually choosen colored kernals I wondered about the shapes and the close packing on the curved ends. Each kernal inflates like a ballon crowding it neighbor. Rows are easy to pick apart like dominos fall, but irregular sizes and spacings make it tougher to remove singel kernals. Nature teach us a pattern suitable for stoneworking and building walls. The maize itself; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_corn Protected native foods are a human right; https://mexiconewsdaily.com/news/native-corn-gets-legal-protection/ Three sisters gardening; https://www.nativeseeds.org/blogs/blog-news/how-to-grow-a-three-sisters-garden Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
VAARTIJDENBOEK M.S. CORNELIS PRINS, 1E HELFT: REGELGEVING.
Het vaartijdenboek is bijgehouden tussen 1968 en 1981. Het eerste gedeelte t/m pag. 50 bevat de regelgeving in het Duits, Nederlands en Frans. Dit deel is nu digitaal beschikbaar voor tekstonderzoek. Het vervolg is het ingevulde vaartijdenregister zelf. Dit zal t.z.t. eveneens digitaal beschikbaar komen. Het archiefstuk is in particulier bezit. Het archief van het bedrijf bevindt zich bij de archiefdienst van de gemeente Rotterdam
Influence of voltine ecotype and geographic distance on genetic and haplotype variation in the Asian corn borer
<p>Diapause is an adaptive dormancy strategy by which arthropods endure extended periods of adverse climatic conditions. Seasonal variation in larval diapause initiation and duration in the Asian corn borer, <i>Ostrinia furnacalis</i>, influences adult mating generation number (voltinism) across local environmental conditions. Degree of mating period overlap between sympatric voltinism ecotypes influence hybridization level, but impact on <i>O. furnacalis</i> population genetic structure and evolution of divergent adaptive phenotypes remains uncertain. Genetic differentiation was estimated between voltinism ecotypes collected from 8 locations in Jilin Province, China [3 single generation (univoltine), 3 two generation (bivoltine), and 2 sympatric locations] in 2014. Bayesian and phylogenetic clustering partitioned mitochondrial cytochrome <i>c</i> oxidase subunit I (COI) haplotypes mostly into groups corresponding to historically uni- or bivoltine population origins, whereas samples from sympatric locations were interspersed between voltinism-specific clusters. Additionally, analyses of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotype data implicate voltinism, as opposed to geographic distance, as a factor contributing to differentiation among sample site. Temporal analysis of SNP genotypes from a sympatric location showed significant variation between adult moths collected within non-overlapping periods corresponding to bivoltine and univoltine flights. Regardless, only 11 of 257 SNP loci were predicted to be under selection, suggesting population genetic homogenization except at loci in proximity to factors responsible for locally adaptive or voltinism-specific traits. These findings provide evidence that divergent voltinism ecotype-specific traits and mitochondrial haplotypes may be maintained in allopatric as well as sympatric areas despite relatively high rates of nuclear gene flow.</p>
Co-transcriptomic analysis of the maize-western corn rootworm interaction
<p>We used a maize genotype, Mp708, that is resistant to a large guild of herbivore pests to study the underlying plant defense signaling network between below and aboveground tissues. We also evaluated WCR compensatory transcriptome responses. Using RNA-seq, we profiled the transcriptome of roots and leaves that interacted with WCR infestation up to 5 days post infestation (dpi). Our results suggest that several maize defense genes were induced in roots, whereas WCR defense genes were downregulated at 5 dpi. These findings indicate a dynamic transcriptomic dialog between WCR and WCR-infested maize plants.</p>
Parasitic behavior of tachinids on corn earworm larvae.
<p>Each footage is showing the behavior of two tachinid fly species attempting to lay eggs on the host larvae (corn earworm) in a hemp field.</p>
Day 9: Corn Palace entry
Welcome to the world's only [Corn Palace](https://cornpalace.com/)! This is in Mitchell, South Dakota. Scanned with iPhone 12 Pro Max and processed with Polycam.    Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria modulate induced corn defense against Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
<p>Common cutworm, <em>Spodoptera litura</em> is an important pest of corn causing significant crop yield loss. Synthetic insecticides have mostly been used to combat this pest, raising human and environmental health concerns. Plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) could compensate for or augment the harmful effects of agrochemicals. Herein, we aimed to assess whether PGPR-induced defenses in corn plants impact the host-plant selection behavior of <em>S. litura</em>. Headspace volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were analyzed using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Larvae-fed inoculated corn exhibited lower weights and RGR than non-inoculated plants. Under choice experiments, PGPR-treated plants significantly reduced percentage leaf damage area and oviposition rate compared to untreated plants. VOC ratio emission varied significantly between control and PGPR treatments, which, in part, explains feeding and oviposition deterrence in PGPR-treated plants. The results demonstrate that PGPR inoculation can enhance corn resistance to <em>S. litura</em>, making it a promising candidate for crop protection strategies.</p>
Data from: Influence of acetylation levels on dual-modified corn starch in colon-targeted Budesonide tablet formulation
<p>Although starch is an affordable and safe biodegradable polymer, its rapid breakdown in the upper gastrointestinal tract renders it an unsuitable excipient for colon-targeted oral tablets. The current study examined the influence of varying degrees of acetylation on dual-modified (retrograded and acetylated) corn starch as a polymer in the formulation of colon-targeted tablets, emphasizing drug release and suitability for direct compression, utilizing Budesonide as a model drug. Starch acetylation was performed using acetic anhydride as the acetylating agent and water or acetic acid as the solvent to prepare starch with low, medium, and high degrees of substitution. Analysis techniques confirmed the presence of acetyl groups, revealed changes in crystalline structure, and illustrated morphological alterations post-acetylation. Among the various degrees of substitution (DS) studied, it was evident that starch acetylated to a high degree offered the most promising attributes as an excipient for colon-targeted drug delivery. Specifically, tablet formulation with a high DS of 2.01±0.03 (F4) demonstrated optimal mechanical strength, hardness, and desirable physical properties for achieving controlled drug release in the colon. Dissolution studies indicated F4's effectiveness, releasing 15.24% of the drug in pH 1.2 within 2 hours, followed by 37.58% and 22.53% in pH 7.4 and pH 6.8 phosphate buffers, covering the ileo-colonic region. In conclusion, the study emphasized the significance of the degree of substitution (DS) in acetylation for dual-modified starch in colon-targeted tablet formulations, highlighting its potential as an ideal option for drug delivery applications by achieving controlled drug release in the targeted ileo-colonic region.</p>
Bacillus species are core microbiota of resistant maize varieties that induce host metabolic defense against corn stalk rot
<p>Codes for the paper "Bacillus species are core microbiota of resistant maize varieties that induce host metabolic defense against corn stalk rot".</p>
The Performance Growth and Yield of Genotypes Sweet Corn (Zea Mays Saccharata Sturt) by Silica Fertilizer Application
<p>This material has presented on 2nd International Conference on Advance Research in Agriculture and Food 2023 in October 25, 2023.</p>
FIGURE 4 in Multi-locus phylogeny and morphology of Curvularia isolates associated with leaf spots of corn in northern Algeria unveiled two new species, C. algeriensis sp. nov. and C. boudouaouensis sp. nov., with a new record for C. spicifera
FIGURE 4. Curvularia spicifera (AT-102). a 7-day-old colony on PDA. b symptoms on inoculated corn leaf. c conidiophores with attached conidia on PDA. d–f conidiophores on PDA. g conidia on the host. h, i: germinating conidia on water agar. Scale bars = c–g: 25 µm; h, i: 10 µm.
FIGURE 2 in Multi-locus phylogeny and morphology of Curvularia isolates associated with leaf spots of corn in northern Algeria unveiled two new species, C. algeriensis sp. nov. and C. boudouaouensis sp. nov., with a new record for C. spicifera
FIGURE 2. Curvularia algeriensis (CBS 150506). a 7-day-old colony on PDA. b lesions on inoculated corn leaf. c conidiophores and conidia on the host. d conidiophores with attached conidia on PDA. e conidia on PDA. f chlamydospores. Scale bars = 25 µm.
FIGURE 3 in Multi-locus phylogeny and morphology of Curvularia isolates associated with leaf spots of corn in northern Algeria unveiled two new species, C. algeriensis sp. nov. and C. boudouaouensis sp. nov., with a new record for C. spicifera
FIGURE 3. Curvularia boudouaouensis (CBS 150515). a 7-day-old colony on PDA. b lesions on inoculated corn leaf. c, d conidiophores with attached conidia. e conidia. f chlamydospores. Scale bars = 25 µm.
FIGURE 1 in Multi-locus phylogeny and morphology of Curvularia isolates associated with leaf spots of corn in northern Algeria unveiled two new species, C. algeriensis sp. nov. and C. boudouaouensis sp. nov., with a new record for C. spicifera
FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic tree generated from maximum likelihood (ML) analysis of the combined ITS, GAPDH and TEF1 sequence data of Curvularia species. ML bootstrap support values (BS) ≥ 70% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) ≥ 0.95 are shown near the nodes. The novelties from Algeria are in red and bold and the new record is in bold. The tree is rooted with Bipolaris maydis CBS 136.29 and Exserohilum turcicum CBS 690.71.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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