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FIGURES 168–171 in Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Feron Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), including the description of six new species

FIGURES 168–171. Feron discale, comb. nov., asexual female (yellow colour variation). 168, mesosoma, lateral view. 169, mesoscutum, dorsal view. 170, mesoscutellum, dorsal view. 171, metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view.

FIGURES 116–120 in Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Feron Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), including the description of six new species

FIGURES 116–120. Feron comatum, comb. nov., sexual female. 116, antenna, head, mesosoma, dorsal view, 117, habitus, lateral view, 118, head and mesosoma, dorsal view, 119, head and meosoma, lateral view, 120, mesoscutellum and propodeum, dorsal view. Pictures taken from the holotype deposited at the USNM by M. Buffington.

FIGURES 134–135 in Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Feron Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), including the description of six new species

FIGURES 134–135. Feron crystallinum, comb. nov., asexual generation. 134, metasoma, lateral view. 135, asexual gall.

FIGURES 189–194 in Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Feron Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), including the description of six new species

FIGURES 189–194. Feron dumosae, comb. nov., sexual female. 189–192, head: 189, frontal view, 190, dorsal view, 191, lateral view, 192, posterior view. 193, antenna. 194, mesosoma and propleura, frontal view.

FIGURES 195–198 in Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Feron Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), including the description of six new species

FIGURES 195–198. Feron dumosae, comb. nov., sexual female. 195, mesosoma, lateral view. 196, mesoscutum, dorsal view. 197, mesoscutellum, dorsal view. 198, metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view.

FIGURES 184–188 in Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Feron Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), including the description of six new species

FIGURES 184–188. Feron discularis, comb. nov., asexual generation. 184–186, asexual female: 184–185 habitus: 184, dorsal view, 185, lateral view. 186, head and antennae, frontal view (pictures taken from the holotype deposited at the USNM by M. Buffington). 187–188, gall (courtesy of J. Gross).

FIGURES 142–145 in Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Feron Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), including the description of six new species

FIGURES 142–145. Feron crystallinum, comb. nov., sexual female. 142, mesosoma, lateral view. 143, mesoscutum, dorsal view. 144, mesoscutellum, dorsal view. 145, metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 130–133 in Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Feron Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), including the description of six new species

FIGURES 130–133. Feron crystallinum, comb. nov., asexual female. 130, mesosoma, lateral view. 131, mesoscutum, dorsal view. 132, mesoscutellum, dorsal view. 133, metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view.

FIGURES 97–102 in Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Feron Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), including the description of six new species

FIGURES 97–102. Feron clarkei, comb. nov., sexual female. 97–100, head: 97, frontal view, 98, dorsal view, 99, lateral view, 100, posterior view. 101, antenna. 102, mesosoma and propleura, frontal view.

FIGURES 174–178 in Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Feron Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), including the description of six new species

FIGURES 174–178. Feron discale, comb. nov., asexual female (reddish brown colour variation). 174–176, head: 174, frontal view, 175, dorsal view, 176, posterior view. 177, antenna. 178, fore wing.

FIGURES 13–18 in Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Feron Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), including the description of six new species

FIGURES 13–18. Feron amphorus, comb. nov., asexual female. 13–16, head: 13, frontal view, 14, dorsal view, 15, lateral view, 16, posterior view. 17, antenna. 18, mesosoma and propleura, frontal view.

FIGURES 1–6 in Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Feron Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), including the description of six new species

FIGURES 1–6. Feron albicomus, comb. nov., asexual female. 1–4, head: 1, frontal view, 2, dorsal view, 3, lateral view, 4, posterior view. 5, antenna. 6, mesosoma and propleura, frontal view.

Fig. 13 in Comparative anatomy of venom glands suggests a role of maternal secretions in gall induction by cynipid wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

Fig. 13. Ultrastructure of the reproductive apparatus of Cynipini.(A, B) Volume rendered micrographs of accessory gland of the agamic generation of Disholcaspis quercusmamma confocal images stained with phalloidin (actin), revealing smooth muscles cells, and Hoescht (blue), revealing nuclei. (C)Transmission electron micrograph of a smooth muscle cell on the accessory gland of the agamic generation of Acraspis macrocarpae. (D, E) Confocal images of an accessory gland of D. quercusmamma stained with Hoescht (DNA) and Nile Red (lipid). (F) Transmission electron micrograph of the accessory gland of A. macrocarpae. (G–I) Confocal images of: (G, H) an accessory sac and (I) an oviduct of D. quercusmamma with Hoescht and Nile Red staining. Legend: N: nucleus, f: muscle fiber, m: mitochondria, lv: lipid vesicle.

Fig. 14 in Comparative anatomy of venom glands suggests a role of maternal secretions in gall induction by cynipid wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

Fig. 14. Ovariole anatomy of various Cynipids. Ovarioles of 19 species belonging to five tribes, with insets showing the egg development stage. M: mature egg, D: developing egg, Ga.: galler species, and In.: inquiline species. Square colors correspond to tribe colors introduced in Fig. 2.

Fig. 11 in Comparative anatomy of venom glands suggests a role of maternal secretions in gall induction by cynipid wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

Fig. 11. Relative size of the accessory apparatus in Cynipoids.Accessory sac diameter relative to metasoma length, with the name of the species with the highest ratio.The ratios of (A) accessory sac area over metasoma area and (B) accessory gland length over metasoma length for each species dissected.The dendrogram is adapted from Blaimer et al. (2020).The band indicates the species lifestyle (galler or inquiline) and the generation for Cynipini (sexual, agamic, or unknown). The dot colors in (A) correspond to the cynipoid tribes displayed in the dendrogram in (B).

Fig. 9 in Comparative anatomy of venom glands suggests a role of maternal secretions in gall induction by cynipid wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

Fig. 9. Ultrastructure of Cynipini venom glands. (A) Transversal section of a venom gland of the agamic generation of Disholcaspis quercusmamma, obtained with confocal microscope and stained with Hoechst (DNA) and phalloidin (actin). S: nuclei of secretory cells; L: lumen; white arrow: nuclei of ductule cells. (B, C) Volume rendered micrographs of D. quercusmamma agamic generation venom gland. (B) Secretory cell nuclei (blue) and end apparati (represented by red actin canals), with a subfigure showing the proximity between the nuclei and the secretory region. (C) End apparati of secretory cells, with a subfigure showing the curvature of the secretory region.Yellow: lumen. (D, E) Surface rendered micrographs of A. erinacei agamic generation venom gland obtained by serial block face scanning electron microscopy (D: top view, E: lateral view).The subfigures show the connections between the subcellular elements. Red: end apparatus; green: duct; yellow: lumen; blue: secretory cell nuclei; and purple: ductule cell nuclei.

Fig. 10 in Comparative anatomy of venom glands suggests a role of maternal secretions in gall induction by cynipid wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

Fig. 10. Transmission electron micrographs of the venom gland secretory region of Cynipoids. (A, A′) Disholcaspis quercusmamma agamic generation. (B, B′) Acraspis erinacei agamic generation. (C, C′) Amphibolips confluenta sexual generation. (D, D′, D") Diastrophus nebulosus. (E, E′) Antistrophus laciniatus. (F) Synergus sp. (G) Schematic summarizing the organization of the venom secretory unit inferred from TEM images. The extracellular medium of the 3 tested Cynipini contain high concentrations of nanometric particles. In D. quercusmamma, these particles (P1) are also found in secretory vesicles and seem to assemble into fibers once secreted. In A. erinacei, some secretory vesicles are observed, without particle content, whereas no vesicle are clearly visible in A. confluenta. In this last species, secretory units are surrounded by large granules. In Diastrophus nebulosus, nanometric particles seems to assemble into a 250 nm particle (P2) within secretory vesicles. Once secreted these P2 seem to form larger agglomerations. Lamellar bodies are also secreted in this species. The secretory unit is reduced and surrounded by light vesicles that do not contain any particles in the inquiline Synergus sp. An accumulation of vesicles and granules is observed around the secretory unit of A. laciniatus. In comparison, virus-like particles are secreted in Leptopilina sp. (adapted from Ferrarese et al., 2009). Legend: d: duct, e: extracellular medium, v: vesicle, mv: microvilli, g: granules, P1: 50 nm particle, P2: 250 nm particle, L: lamellar body, VLP: viruslike particle, p40: virus-like particle protein p40. Scale bar = 2 μm.

Fig. 12 in Comparative anatomy of venom glands suggests a role of maternal secretions in gall induction by cynipid wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

Fig. 12. Reproductive apparatus anatomy of various Cynipids. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. Ovaries and accessory glands of 8 species belonging to three tribes, with insets showing the detail of the accessory sacs when necessary. Green arrow: accessory sacs, pink arrow: ovary extremity, and yellow dashed line: accessory gland.

Fig. 8 in Comparative anatomy of venom glands suggests a role of maternal secretions in gall induction by cynipid wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

Fig. 8. Evolutionary pattern of the venom apparatus relative size in Cynipoids. Phenograms depicting the relative size of the venom gland on the left (ratio venom gland length over metasoma length) and the relative size of venom reservoir on the right (ratio venom reservoir area over metasoma area), with indication of the four gall-inducing clades.The phenograms are based on a time calibrated phylogeny of Cynipoidea (Blaimer et al. 2020, Ward et al. 2022), and phylogenetic tree tips are plotted according to their phenotypic value. A: agamic generation, S: sexual generation.

Fig. 7 in Comparative anatomy of venom glands suggests a role of maternal secretions in gall induction by cynipid wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

Fig. 7. Boxplots of the relative size of the venom apparatus in Cynipoids in relation to taxonomic group and life-history traits. This includes (A) lifestyle, (B) tribes, (C) plant tissue attacked among gallers, (D) number of larval chambers in the induced galls (uni- or multilocular), and, among Cynipini, (E) generation. Diplolepidini were excluded due to their absence of fully developed venom apparatus. Bars marked with a different letter indicate significant difference, NS indicates a non-significant difference (Tukey post hoc test, P ≤ 0.05).