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1,973 results for “dendrite”
Data from: A portrait of a sucker using landscape genetics: how colonization and life history undermine the idealized dendritic metapopulation
Dendritic metapopulations have been attributed unique properties by in silico studies, including an elevated genetic diversity relative to a panmictic population of equal total size. These predictions have not been rigorously tested in nature, nor has there been full consideration of the interacting effects among contemporary landscape features, colonization history and life history traits of the target species. We tested for the effects of dendritic structure as well as the relative importance of life history, environmental barriers and historical colonization on the neutral genetic structure of a longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus) metapopulation in the Kogaluk watershed of northern Labrador, Canada. Samples were collected from eight lakes, genotyped with 17 microsatellites, and aged using opercula. Lakes varied in differentiation, historical and contemporary connectivity, and life history traits. Isolation by distance was detected only by removing two highly genetically differentiated lakes, suggesting a lack of migration–drift equilibrium and the lingering influence of historical factors on genetic structure. Bayesian analyses supported colonization via the Kogaluk's headwaters. The historical concentration of genetic diversity in headwaters inferred by this result was supported by high historical and contemporary effective sizes of the headwater lake, T-Bone. Alternatively, reduced allelic richness in headwaters confirmed the dendritic structure's influence on gene flow, but this did not translate to an elevated metapopulation effective size. A lack of equilibrium and upstream migration may have dampened the effects of dendritic structure. We suggest that interacting historical and contemporary factors prevent the achievement of the idealized traits of a dendritic metapopulation in nature.
Data for "Multi-scale model of axonal and dendritic polarization by transcranial direct current stimulation in realistic head geometry"
<p>Neural and FEM E-field simulation data generated for Aberra AS, Wang R, Grill WM, Peterchev AV. (2023). "Multi-scale model of axonal and dendritic polarization by transcranial direct current stimulation in realistic head geometry". <i>Brain Stimulation</i>. Dataset includes:</p><ul><li><i>cell_data/ </i>- Coordinates and morphology information for all model neurons</li><li><i>nrn_sim_data/</i> - Polarization data from NEURON simulations for all 25 model neurons included in the study, either in response to uniform E-field or tDCS.</li><li><i>layer_data/ - </i>surface meshes used for placing and orienting neuron models and corresponding sampling grids for CNNs</li><li><i>simnibs/</i> - E-field simulation and head mesh data generated within SimNIBS simulation environment</li></ul><p>To generate figures using these data, use the matlab code stored in the tDCSsim_Aberra2023 repository (https://github.com/Aman-A/tDCSsim_Aberra2023) </p>
Scripts reproducing the analyses of the paper "HCMV exploits STING signaling and counteracts IFN and ISG induction to facilitate infection of dendritic cells" by Costa et al
<p>This is the code to reproduce the data analyses in the manuscript "HCMV exploits STING signaling and counteracts IFN and ISG induction to facilitate infection of dendritic cells".</p> <p>Required software and packages:</p> <p>R (4.2.1)<br>circlize (0.4.15)<br>ComplexHeatmap (2.12.1)<br>cowplot (1.1.1)<br>future (1.28.0)<br>ggalluvial (0.12.5)<br>ggpubr (0.4.0)<br>ggrepel (0.9.1)<br>GSVA (1.44.5)<br>msigdbr (7.5.1)<br>patchwork (1.1.2)<br>plyr (1.8.7)<br>presto (1.0.0)<br>RColorBrewer (1.1-3)<br>reshape2 (1.4.4)<br>sctransform (0.3.5)<br>Seurat (4.2.0)<br>SeuratDisk (0.0.0.9020)<br>SeuratWrappers (0.3.1)<br>velocyto.R (0.6)</p> <p>Howto: Execute all scripts in order by first changing into the directory, and then executing the script:</p> <pre><code>cd 00_QC; Rscript 00_QC.R; cd ..</code></pre>
Ascorbic acid supports ex vivo generation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells from circulating hematopoietic stem cells: RNA-seq dataset
<p>Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) constitute a rare type of immune cell with multifaceted functions, but their potential use as a cell-based immunotherapy is challenged by the scarce cell numbers that can be extracted from blood. Here, we systematically investigate culture parameters for generating pDCs from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Using optimized conditions combined with implementation of HSPC pre-expansion, we generate an average of 465 million HSPC-derived pDCs (HSPC-pDCs) starting from 100,000 cord blood-derived HSPCs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that such protocol allows HSPC-pDC generation from whole blood HSPCs, and these cells display a pDC phenotype and function. Using GMP compliant medium, we observe a remarkable loss of TLR7/9 responses, which is rescued by ascorbic acid supplementation. Ascorbic acid induces transcriptional signatures associated with pDC-specific innate immune pathways suggesting an undescribed role of ascorbic acid for pDC functionality. This constitutes the first protocol for generating pDCs from whole blood, and lay the foundation for investigating HSPC-pDCs for cell-based immunotherapy.</p>
Patch size distribution affects species invasion dynamics in dendritic networks
<div class="page"> <div class="section"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <p>Biological invasions are globally affecting ecosystems, causing local species loss and altering ecosystem functioning. Understanding how such biological invasions occur and succeed is thus of high priority. Both local properties and the spatial network structure have been shown to be determinants of invasion success, and the identification of spatial invasion hubs directly promoting invasion dynamics is gaining attention. Spatial dynamics, however, could also indirectly alter invasion success by shaping pre- invasion local community structure: in many ecosystems, such as riverine networks, regional properties such as patch size distribution are known drivers of local community structures, which themselves may affect the establishment success of invading species. Using microcosm experiments in dendritic networks, we disentangled how inherent patch size distribution and dispersal along specific network topologies shaped local resident communities, and, subsequently, affected the establishment success of invading species. After controlling for regional-scale effects of connectivity on pre-invasion diversity, we find that patch size distributions independently shaped pre-invasion community diversity and invasion success, with no direct effect of pre-invasion diversity on invasion success. Our results suggest that 1) landscape configuration plays an underestimated role in invasion success and that 2) invasion success should follow predictable landscape-scale patterns in riverine networks given non-random patch-size distribution.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>
DeepCAD-RT dataset: mouse dendritic spines
<p>DeepCAD-RT dataset: mouse dendritic spines</p>
dataset of dendritic cell for vaccine of CBAVD
<p>THIS IS THE DATASET FOR DENDRITIC CEL LAB RESULT TO BE USED FOR cbavd BASE OF VACCINE</p>
Data from: Retinoic acid-induced protein 14 controls dendritic spine dynamics associated with depressive-like behaviors
<p><span>Dendritic spines are the central postsynaptic machinery that determines synaptic function. The F-actin within dendritic spines regulates their dynamic formation and elimination. Rai14 is an F‑actin-regulating protein with a membrane‑shaping function. Here, we identified the roles of Rai14 for the regulation of dendritic spine dynamics associated with stress-induced depressive-like behaviors. Rai14-deficient neurons failed to maintain a proper dendritic spine density in the <em>Rai14+/-</em> mouse brain, resulting in impaired functional synaptic activity. Rai14 was protected from degradation by complex formation with Tara, and accumulated in the dendritic spine neck, thereby enhancing spine maintenance. Concurrently, Rai14 deficiency in mice altered gene expression profile relevant to depressive conditions and increased depressive-like behaviors. Moreover, Rai14 expression was reduced in the prefrontal cortex of the mouse stress model, which was blocked by antidepressant treatment. Thus, we propose that Rai14-dependent regulation of dendritic spines may underlie the plastic changes of neuronal connections relevant to depressive-like behaviors.</span></p>
Data from: Evaluating otter reintroduction outcomes using genetic spatial capture-recapture modified for dendritic networks
<p>River otters (Lontra canadensis) were extirpated from New Mexico by the 1950s. A limited reintroduction occurred during 2008–2010 in which 33 otters sourced from Washington (WA) were translocated to the Upper Rio Grande Basin (URG) of New Mexico. We conducted a noninvasive genetic capture-recapture survey during the winter of 2018 by collecting fecal DNA samples from river otter scats found at latrines in the URG dendritic network of perennial waterways. Our objectives were to: 1) estimate genetic diversity and effective population size; 2) genetic divergence from the WA source population and potential connectivity with regionally proximal populations; 3) spatially explicit population density and size; and 4) population growth rate since the founder event. Between February and April 2018, we collected 1,184 fecal DNA samples from 622 individual scats at 20 latrines; genotyping was attempted at 10 otter-specific microsatellite loci for a subsample of 543 samples. A bottlenecking founder effect was strongly supported, which, combined with genetic drift, reduced genetic diversity and effective population size by 20–26% and 106–170%, respectively, compared with the WA source population. Estimated population density from spatial capture-recapture models was 0.23–0.28 otter/km of waterway, or 1 otter/3.57–4.35 km of waterway, corresponding to a total population size of 83–100 otters across 359 km of the perennial dendritic network from La Mesilla, New Mexico to Alamosa National Wildlife Refuge, Colorado. Estimated average annual population growth rate since the founder event was 1.12–1.15/year. Despite successful population establishment, the URG river otter population remains small, is genetically degraded, and does not yet meet the criteria for long-term reintroduction success. Projections suggested that the population could reach the recommended minimum viable population size of ≥400 otters by the years 2030–2033, though sufficient habitat may not exist in the URG Basin to support that many otters. </p>
CLEC-1 is a death sensor that limits antigen cross-presentation by dendritic cells and represents a target for cancer immunotherapy
<p>Tumors exploit numerous immune checkpoints including those deployed by myeloid cells to curtail anti-tumor immunity. Here, we show that the C-type lectin receptor CLEC-1 expressed by myeloid cells senses dead cells killed by programmed necrosis. Moreover, we identified TRIM21 as an endogenous ligand over-expressed in various cancers. Interestingly, we observed that in mice CLEC-1 blockade combined with chemotherapy to prolong survival in tumor models. Loss of CLEC-1 reduced the accumulation of immunosuppressive myeloid cells in tumors and invigorated the activation state of dendritic cells (DCs), thereby increasing T cell responses. Mechanistically, we found that the absence of CLEC-1 increased the cross-presentation of dead-cell associated antigens by conventional type-1 DCs. Importantly, we identified anti-human CLEC-1 antagonist antibodies able to enhance anti-tumor immunity in CLEC-1 humanized mice. Altogether, our results demonstrate that CLEC-1 acts as an immune checkpoint in myeloid cells and support CLEC-1 as a novel target for cancer immunotherapy.</p>
Data and Images for Tonic dendritic GABA release by substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons
<p>Figure1_data.xlsx</p> <p>Numerical data for the charts in Figure 1C and Figure 1E</p> <p><br>Figure1A_GP.tif</p> <p>Fluorescent image (red channel, Chronos) for Figure 1A. </p> <p><br>Figure2_data.xlsx</p> <p>Numerical data for the charts in Figure 2B and Figure 2C</p> <p><br>Figure3_data.xlsx</p> <p>Numerical data for the charts in Figure 3A, 3B, and 3C.</p> <p><br>Figure4_data.xlsx</p> <p>Numerical data for the charts in Figure 4A and 4B.</p> <p><br>Figure5_data.xlsx</p> <p>Numerical data for the charts in Figure 5B and 5C.</p> <p><br>Figure6_data.xlsx</p> <p>Numerical data for the charts in Figure 6D, 6E, 6F, 6G and 6H.</p> <p> </p> <p>Figure6A_ALDH_Positive.tif</p> <p>DAT-Cre positive, ALDH1A1 positive axons of SNc neurons in Rostral SNr. </p> <p><br>Figure6A_ALDH_Negative.tif</p> <p>DAT-Cre positive, ALDH1A1 negative axons of SNc neurons in Rostral SNr.</p> <p><br>Figure6B_ALDH_Positive.tif</p> <p>DAT-Cre positive, ALDH1A1 positive axons of SNc neurons in Caudal SNr. </p> <p><br>Figure6B_ALDH_Negative.tif</p> <p>DAT-Cre positive, ALDH1A1 negative axons of SNc neurons in Caudal SNr.</p> <p><br>Figure6C_shRNA.tif</p> <p>Fluorescent image (red channel: ALDH_shRNA) for Figure 6C.</p> <p><br>Figure7_data.xlsx</p> <p>Numerical data for the charts in Figure 7D and 7E.</p> <p><br>Figure7A_10x.tif</p> <p>Confocal image (red channel: PSAM_FusionRed; green channel: anti-TH) for Figure 7A.</p> <p><br>Figure7B_60x.tif</p> <p>Confocal image (red channel: PSAM_FusionRed; green channel: anti-TH) for Figure 7B. </p> <p><br>Figure8_data.xlsx</p> <p>Numerical data for the charts in Figure 8A and 8B. </p> <p> </p> <p>Figure_S1_data.xlsx</p> <p>Numerical data for the chart in Figure S1</p> <p><br>Figure_S2_data.xlsx</p> <p>Numerical data for charts in Figure S2 C - E</p>
F I G U R E 6 in Dispersal in dendritic networks: Ecological consequences on the spatial distribution of population densities
F I G U R E 6 Euclidean distances moved by Tetrahymena individuals depending on densities in our entire dataset. Across all replicates of all landscapes (patches from different landscapes types highlighted by different symbols; see legend) we find positively densitydependent movement. The solid lines represent fits of the averaged linear mixed model (red: dendritic landscapes; blue: linear landscapes) and the shaded area shows 95% confidence intervals (see Table 4 for model selection results). [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
F I G U R E 4 in Dispersal in dendritic networks: Ecological consequences on the spatial distribution of population densities
F I G U R E 4 Comparison of variation in population densities between linear and dendritic networks at day 15 of the experiment. The solid line represents the difference between inter-quartile range (IQR) over median population densities of linear and dendritic landscapes. The distribution (grey) represents the distribution of the differences between IQR over median population densities of 200,000 random re-samplings for our data. As we theoretically expect the dendritic landscapes to be more variable we can perform a one-sided test which gives a probability of p =.047 of our observed difference between IQR to median ratios to be larger than zero. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
F I G U R E 3 in Dispersal in dendritic networks: Ecological consequences on the spatial distribution of population densities
F I G U R E 3 Fit of theoretical expectations to the distribution of Tetrahymena population densities depending on network type (linear versus dendritic networks), network position (central versus inner versus outer nodes) for day 15. Violin plots show the overall distribution of the data, the white point gives the median, and the solid black line the 25% and 75% percentiles, respectively. Given the network structure (Figure 1) and the three replicates per landscape, distributions include N = 18 (9, 3) measurements for outer (inner, central) nodes of dendritic networks and N = 6 (6, 18) measurements for outer (inner, central) nodes of linear landscapes. Horizontal red and blue lines visualise fits of the theoretically expected distribution of population densities to data from the dendritic and linear networks assuming network specific dispersal rates (d) and carrying capacities (K). White squares show fits of the theoretically expected distribution of population densities assuming the same d and K values for both network types. Shaded areas, respectively, error bars, show 95% confidence intervals of the fits. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
F I G U R E 2 in Dispersal in dendritic networks: Ecological consequences on the spatial distribution of population densities
F I G U R E 2 Distribution of Tetrahymena population densities depending on network type (linear versus dendritic networks), network position (central versus inner versus outer nodes) and time (days 0, 8 and 15). Violin plots show the overall distribution of the data, the white point gives the median, and the solid black line the 25% and 75% percentiles, respectively. Given the network structure (Figure 1) and the three replicates per landscape, distributions include N = 18 (9, 3) measurements for outer (inner, central) nodes of dendritic networks and N = 6 (6, 18) measurements for outer (inner, central) nodes of linear landscapes. Horizontal lines visualise back-transformed parameter estimates of the averaged linear mixed effects model and shaded areas show 95% confidence intervals (see Table 2 for model selection results). [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
F I G U R E 1 in Dispersal in dendritic networks: Ecological consequences on the spatial distribution of population densities
F I G U R E 1 Median population densities (in thousands of individuals) of Tetrahymena in corresponding dendritic (a) and linear (b) landscapes at the end of the experiment (day 15) and across the three replicate landscapes. In these landscapes, outer nodes are labelled "O," inner and central nodes are labelled "I" and "C", respectively. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
F I G U R E 5 in Dispersal in dendritic networks: Ecological consequences on the spatial distribution of population densities
F I G U R E 5 Euclidean distances moved by Tetrahymena individuals depending on network type (linear versus dendritic networks), network position (central versus inner versus outer nodes) and time (days 0, 8 and 15). Violin plots show the overall distribution of the data, the white point gives the median, and the solid black line the 25% and 75% percentiles, respectively. Given the network structure (Figure 1) and the three replicates per landscape distributions include N = 18 (9, 3) measurements for outer (inner, central) nodes of dendritic networks and N = 6 (6, 18) measurements for outer (inner, central) nodes of linear landscapes. Horizontal lines visualise back-transformed parameter estimates of the averaged linear mixed effects model and shaded areas show 95% confidence intervals (see Table 3 for model selection results). [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Table 2 in Taming an ichnotaxonomical Pandora's box: revision of dendritic and rosetted microborings (ichnofamily: Dendrinidae)
<p><b>Table 2.</b> Continued from previous page. Continued on next page.</p><table><thead><tr><th>Ichnotaxon</th><th><b>Ichnotaxonomical assessment / revision and status</b></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th><i>D. fodicans</i> Étallon in Th. & Ét., 1864</th><td>= inadequate illustration and holotype currently lost <i><i>Ģ</i> nomen dubium</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>D. dumosa</i> Étallon in Th. & Ét., 1864</th><td>= inadequate illustration and holotype currently lost <i><i>Ģ</i> nomen dubium</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>D. ramulifera</i> Étallon in Th. & Ét., 1864</th><td>= inadequate illustration and holotype currently lost <i><i>Ģ</i> nomen dubium</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>D. europoea</i> Fischer, 1875</th><td>= <i>Nododendrina europaea</i> comb. nov. (corrected spelling) <i>Ģ</i> valid</td></tr><tr><th><i>D. belemniticola</i> Mägdefrau, 1937</th><td><i>Ģ</i> valid</td></tr><tr><th><i>D. anomala</i> Mägdefrau, 1937</th><td>= <i>Calcideletrix anomala</i> comb. nov. <i>Ģ</i> valid</td></tr><tr><th><i>D. incomposita</i> Mägdefrau, 1937</th><td>= <i>Nododendrina incomposita</i> comb. nov. <i>Ģ</i> valid</td></tr><tr><th><i>D. minor</i> Mägdefrau, 1937</th><td>= junior synonym of <i>Nododendrina incomposita</i> comb. nov. <i>Ģ</i> rejected</td></tr><tr><th><i>D. crassa</i> Hofmann, 1996</th><td>= junior synonym of <i>Dendrina dendrina</i> comb. nov. <i>Ģ</i> rejected</td></tr><tr><th><i>D. fluensis</i> Hofmann, 1996</th><td>= junior synonym of <i>Dendrina dendrina</i> comb. nov. <i>Ģ</i> rejected</td></tr><tr><th><i>D. orbiculata</i> Hofmann, 1996</th><td>= junior synonym of <i>Dendrina belemniticola <i>Ģ</i> rejected</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>D. constans</i> Hofmann, 1996</th><td>= junior synonym of <i>Dendrina belemniticola <i>Ģ</i> rejected</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>D. lacerata</i> Hofmann, 1996</th><td><i>Ģ</i> valid</td></tr><tr><th><i>D. brachiopodicola</i> Hofmann, 1996</th><td>= junior synonym of <i>Calcideletrix flexuosa <i>Ģ</i> rejected</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>D. ordoplana</i> Plewes, 1996</th><td>= junior synonym of <i>Dendrina dendrina</i> in unpublished thesis <i>Ģ</i> rejected</td></tr><tr><th><i>Pyritonema</i> McCoy, 1850</th><td>= hexactinellid sponge body fossils <i>Ģ</i> no dendrinids</td></tr><tr><th><i>P.</i>? <i>gigas</i> Fritsch, 1908</th><td>= junior synonym of <i>Clionolithes radicans <i>Ģ</i> rejected</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>Cobalia</i> Étallon, 1859</th><td>= based on <i>nomina dubia <i>Ģ</i> nomen dubium</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>C. jurensis</i> Étallon, 1859</th><td>= without illustration and holotype currently lost <i><i>Ģ</i> nomen dubium</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>C. grayensis</i> Étallon, 1964</th><td>= without illustration and holotype currently lost <i><i>Ģ</i> nomen dubium</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>Haguenowia</i> Étallon, 1859</th><td>= based on <i>nomina dubia <i>Ģ</i> nomen dubium</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>H. calloviensis</i> Étallon, 1859</th><td>= without illustration and holotype currently lost <i><i>Ģ</i> nomen dubium</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>H. oxfordiensis</i> Étallon, 1864</th><td>= without illustration and holotype currently lost <i><i>Ģ</i> nomen dubium</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>H. minima</i> Étallon in Th. & Ét., 1864</th><td>= inadequate illustration and holotype currently lost <i><i>Ģ</i> nomen dubium</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>H. kelloviana</i> Étallon, 1864</th><td>= without illustration and holotype currently lost <i><i>Ģ</i> nomen dubium</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>Clionolithes</i> Clarke, 1908</th><td><i>Ģ</i> valid</td></tr><tr><th><i>C. priscus</i> (McCoy, 1855)</th><td>= <i>Palaeosabella prisca <i>Ģ</i> not a dendrinid</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>C. radicans</i> Clarke, 1908</th><td>= type ichnospecies <i>Ģ</i> valid</td></tr><tr><th><i>C. reptans</i> Clarke, 1908</th><td>= <i>Filuroda reptans <i>Ģ</i> not a dendrinid</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>C. palmatus</i> Clarke, 1908</th><td><i>Ģ</i> valid</td></tr><tr><th><i>C. hackberryensis</i> (Thomas, 1911)</th><td>= <i>Talpina hackberryensis</i> comb. nov. <i>Ģ</i> not a dendrinid</td></tr><tr><th><i>C. canna</i> Price, 1916</th><td>= junior synonym of <i>Talpina hackberryensis</i> comb. nov. <i>Ģ</i> rejected</td></tr><tr><th><i>C.</i> <i>lizardensis</i> Lees & Thomas, 1918</th><td>= <i>Talpina lizardensis</i> comb. nov. <i>Ģ</i> not a dendrinid</td></tr><tr><th><i>C.</i> <i>quaerens</i> Ruedemann, 1925</th><td>= unidentified tubular epilith <i>Ģ</i> not a bioerosion trace</td></tr><tr><th><i>C.</i> <i>fossiger</i> Fenton & Fenton 1932</th><td>= senior synonym of <i>Arachnostega gastrochaenae <i>Ģ</i> not a bioerosion trace</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>C.</i> <i>irregularis</i> Fenton & Fenton 1932</th><td>= junior synonym of <i>Talpina hackberryensis</i> comb. nov. <i>Ģ</i> rejected</td></tr><tr><th><i>C.</i> <i>pricei</i> Branson, 1937</th><td>= inadequate illustration and holotype currently lost <i><i>Ģ</i> nomen dubium</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>C.</i> <i>implicatus</i> Hyde, 1953</th><td>= junior synonym of <i>Palaeosabella prisca <i>Ģ</i> rejected</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>C.</i> <i>ramosus</i> Hyde, 1953</th><td>= unidentified tubular boring with affinity to <i>Talpina <i>Ģ</i> not a dendrinid</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>C.</i>? <i>rectus</i> Hyde, 1953</th><td>= <i>Trifurcus</i> (<i>nomen nudum</i>) <i>rectus <i>Ģ</i> not a dendrinid</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>C.</i> <i>hunanensis</i> Chow, 1957</th><td>= inadequate illustration and holotype currently lost <i><i>Ģ</i> nomen dubium</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>C.</i> <i>sollei</i> Talent, 1963</th><td>= junior synonym of <i>Clionolithes palmatus <i>Ģ</i> rejected</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>C.</i> <i>bullahirsuta</i> Plewes, 1996</th><td>= in unpublished PhD Thesis <i><i>Ģ</i> nomen nudum <i>Ģ</i> rejected</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>Calcideletrix</i> Mägdefrau, 1937</th><td><i>Ģ</i> valid</td></tr><tr><th><i>C.</i> <i>flexuosa</i> Mägdefrau, 1937</th><td>= type ichnospecies <i>Ģ</i> valid</td></tr><tr><th><i>C.</i> <i>breviramosa</i> Mägdefrau, 1937</th><td><i>Ģ</i> valid</td></tr></tbody></table>
Table 6 in Taming an ichnotaxonomical Pandora's box: revision of dendritic and rosetted microborings (ichnofamily: Dendrinidae)
<p><b>Table 6.</b> Revised suite of ichnotaxa and their stratigraphical range in the Phanerozoic. T = occurrence of holotype; P = published occurrence; N = new occurrence;? = uncertain record; - - = occurrence inferred from older or younger records; -?- = uncertain occurrence inferred from uncertain older or younger records; * = type ichnospecies; ** = certain or inferred from certain occurrences only.</p><table><thead><tr><th><b>Ichnotaxon</b></th><th colspan="16"><b>Cambrian Ordovician Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Paleocene Eocene Oligocene Miocene Pliocene Pleistocene Holocene-Recent</b></th></tr><tr><th colspan="17"><i>Dendrina</i> Quenstedt, 1849</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th><i>D. dendrina</i> (Morris, 1851) comb. nov. *</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>T</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>D. belemniticola</i> Mägdefrau, 1937</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>T</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>D. lacerata</i> Hofmann, 1996</th><td></td><td></td><td>P?</td><td>-?-</td><td>-?-</td><td>-?-</td><td>-?-</td><td>-?-</td><td>T</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="17"><i>Clionolithes</i> Clarke, 1908</th></tr><tr><th><i>C. radicans</i> Clarke, 1908 *</th><td></td><td></td><td>P</td><td>T</td><td>-?-</td><td>-?-</td><td>P?</td><td>-?-</td><td>P?</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>C. palmatus</i> Clarke, 1908</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>T</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>C. pannosus</i> (Solle, 1938) comb. nov.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>T</td><td>-?-</td><td>-?-</td><td>-?-</td><td>P?</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>C. cervicornis</i> (Vogel <i>et al.</i>, 1987)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>T</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>C. alcicornis</i> (Vogel <i>et al.</i>, 1987) comb. nov.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>T</td><td>- -</td><td>- -</td><td>- -</td><td>P</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>C. convexus</i> (Hofmann, 1996) comb. nov.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>T</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="17"><i>Calcideletrix</i> Mägdefrau, 1937</th></tr><tr><th><i>C. flexuosa</i> Mägdefrau, 1937 *</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>P</td><td>- -</td><td>- -</td><td>- -</td><td>P</td><td>T</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>C. breviramosa</i> Mägdefrau, 1937</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>C. anomala</i> (Mägdefrau, 1937) comb. nov.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>P</td><td>T</td><td>-?-</td><td>-?-</td><td>-?-</td><td>P?</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>C. fastigata</i> (Radtke, 1991) comb. nov.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>P</td><td>- -</td><td>- -</td><td>- -</td><td>- -</td><td>- -</td><td>P</td><td>T</td><td>-?-</td><td>P?</td><td>-?-</td><td>P?</td></tr><tr><th colspan="17"><i>Dictyoporus</i> Mägdefrau, 1937</th></tr><tr><th><i>D. nodosus</i> Mägdefrau, 1937 *</th><td></td><td>P</td><td>P</td><td>- -</td><td>P</td><td>- -</td><td>- -</td><td>P</td><td>T</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>D. balani</i> (Tavernier <i>et al.</i>, 1992) comb. nov.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>P?</td><td>T</td><td>- -</td><td>P</td></tr><tr><th colspan="17"><i>Abeliella</i> Mägdefrau, 1937</th></tr><tr><th><i>A. riccioides</i> Mägdefrau, 1937 *</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>P</td><td>P</td><td>- -</td><td>- -</td><td>T</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>A. procera</i> Mägdefrau, 1937</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>T</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="17"><i>Nododendrina</i> Vogel <i>et al.</i>, 1987</th></tr><tr><th><i>N. europaea</i> (Fischer, 1875) comb. nov.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>P</td><td>- -</td><td>- -</td><td>P</td><td>P</td><td>- -</td><td>P?</td><td>- -</td><td>P</td><td>P</td><td>P</td><td>T</td></tr><tr><th><i>N. incomposita</i> (Mägdefrau, 1937) comb. nov.</th><td></td><td>P?</td><td>-?-</td><td>P</td><td>- -</td><td>- -</td><td>- -</td><td>P</td><td>T</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>N. paleodendrica</i> (Elias, 1957) comb. nov.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>T</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>N. nodosa</i> Vogel <i>et al.</i>, 1987 *</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>T</td><td>- -</td><td>- -</td><td>- -</td><td>P</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="17"><i>Pyrodendrina</i> Tapanila, 2008</th></tr><tr><th><i>P. cupra</i> Tapanila, 2008 *</th><td></td><td>P</td><td>T</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>P. arctica</i> isp. nov.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>?</td><td>T</td></tr><tr><th><i>P. belua</i> isp. nov.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>T</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>P. villosa</i> isp. nov.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>T</td><td>N</td></tr><tr><th colspan="17"><i>Rhopalondendrina</i> igen. nov.</th></tr><tr><th><i>R. avis</i> igen. et isp. nov. *</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>T</td><td>N</td><td>-?-</td><td>-?-</td><td>-?-</td><td>N?</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>R. acanthina</i> igen. et isp. nov.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>?P</td><td>-?-</td><td>-?-</td><td>-?-</td><td>-?-</td><td>-?-</td><td>-?-</td><td>-?-</td><td>T</td><td>N</td></tr><tr><th><i>P. contra</i> igen. et isp. nov.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>T</td><td>-?-</td><td>-?-</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><i>P. tigris</i> igen. et isp. nov.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>T</td></tr><tr><th colspan="17"><i>Antodendrina</i> igen. nov.</th></tr><tr><th><i>A. ligula</i> igen. et isp. nov. *</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>T</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Total number per period or series**:</th><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>9</td><td>9</td><td>7</td><td>7</td><td>10</td><td>13</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>6</td></tr></tbody></table>
Table 2 in Taming an ichnotaxonomical Pandora's box: revision of dendritic and rosetted microborings (ichnofamily: Dendrinidae)
<p><b>Table 2.</b> Compilation of all ichnotaxa (in order of original ichnogenus and ichnospecies establishment)that have been proposed for dendrinid microborings, and the corresponding assignations and nomenclatural acts of the present revision. Continued on next two pages.</p><table><thead><tr><th><b>Ichnotaxon</b></th><th><b>Ichnotaxonomical assessment / revision and status</b></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th><i>Cliona</i> Grant, 1826</th><td><i>Ģ</i> sponge biotaxon and no dendrinids, except for the following ichnotaxa</td></tr><tr><th><i>C. paleodendrica</i> Elias, 1957</th><td>= <i>Nododendrina paleodendrica</i> comb. nov. <i>Ģ</i> valid</td></tr><tr><th><i>C. stellata</i> Elias, 1957</th><td>= inadequate illustration and holotype currently lost <i>Ģ nomen dubium</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>C. fenestralis</i> Elias, 1957</th><td>= junior synonym of <i>Dictyoporus nodosus <i>Ģ</i> rejected</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>Talpina</i> von Hagenow, 1840</th><td><i>Ģ</i> no dendrinids, except for the following ichnotaxa</td></tr><tr><th><i>T. sentiformis</i> von Hagenow</th><td>= <i>Calcideletrix flexuosa</i> but unpublished <i><i>Ģ</i> nomen nudum <i>Ģ</i> rejected</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>T. foliacea</i> von Hagenow</th><td>= <i>Dendrina belemniticola</i> but unpublished <i><i>Ģ</i> nomen nudum <i>Ģ</i> rejected</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>T. rotunda</i> Müller, 1851</th><td>= without proper description or illustration <i>Ģ nomen dubium</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>T. dendrina</i> Morris, 1851</th><td>= <i>Dendrina dendrina</i> comb. nov. = type ichnospecies of <i>Dendrina <i>Ģ</i> valid</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>Dendrina</i> Quenstedt, 1849</th><td><i>Ģ</i> valid</td></tr><tr><th><i>D. elongata</i> Étallon, 1859</th><td>= without illustration and holotype currently lost <i>Ģ nomen dubium</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>D. scoparia</i> Étallon, 1859</th><td>= without illustration and holotype currently lost <i>Ģ nomen dubium</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>D. stellata</i> Étallon, 1859</th><td>= junior synonym of <i>Dendrina dendrina</i> comb. nov. <i>Ģ</i> rejected</td></tr><tr><th><i>D. lichenoidea</i> Étallon, 1864</th><td>= without illustration and holotype currently lost <i>Ģ nomen dubium</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>D. gracilis</i> Étallon, 1864</th><td>= without illustration and holotype currently lost <i>Ģ nomen dubium</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>D. punctata</i> Étallon in Th. & Ét., 1864</th><td>= inadequate illustration and holotype currently lost <i>Ģ</i> nomen dubium</td></tr><tr><th><i>Dictyoporus</i> Mägdefrau, 1937</th><td><i>Ģ</i> valid</td></tr><tr><th><i>D. nodosus</i> Mägdefrau, 1937</th><td>= type ichnospecies <i>Ģ</i> valid</td></tr><tr><th><i>D. garsonensis</i> Elias, 1980</th><td>= junior synonym of <i>Dictyoporus nodosus <i>Ģ</i> rejected</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>Abeliella</i> Mägdefrau, 1937</th><td><i>Ģ</i> valid</td></tr><tr><th><i>A. riccioides</i> Mägdefrau, 1937</th><td>= type ichnospecies <i>Ģ</i> valid</td></tr><tr><th><i>A. procera</i> Mägdefrau, 1937</th><td><i>Ģ</i> valid</td></tr><tr><th><i>A. bellafurca</i> Radtke <i>et al.</i>, 2010</th><td>= <i>Fascichnus bellafurcus</i> comb. nov. (corrected spelling) <i>Ģ</i> not a dendrinid</td></tr><tr><th><i>Olkenbachia</i> Solle, 1938</th><td>= junior synonym of <i>Clionolithes <i>Ģ</i> rejected</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>O. hirsuta</i> Solle, 1938</th><td>= junior synonym of <i>Clionolithes radicans <i>Ģ</i> rejected</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>O. pannosa</i> Solle, 1938</th><td>= <i>Clionolithes pannosus</i> comb. nov. (corrected spelling) <i>Ģ</i> valid</td></tr><tr><th><i>O. simplex</i> Solle, 1938</th><td>= poorly preserved <i>Clionolithes radicans <i>Ģ</i> rejected</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>“ Chondrites ”</i> Solle, 1938</th><td>= provisional ichnogenus assignation only <i>Ģ</i> rejected</td></tr><tr><th><i>“C.” symmetricus</i> Solle, 1938</th><td>= cf. <i>Clionolithes cervicornis</i> and brachiopod muscle scar <i>Ģ</i> rejected</td></tr><tr><th><i>“C.” multifilum</i> Solle, 1938</th><td>= mould of bryozoan or mineralisation and not a bioerosion trace <i>Ģ</i> rejected</td></tr><tr><th><i>Repentella</i> Müller, 1968</th><td>= moulds of epiliths = not a trace fossil <i>Ģ</i> rejected</td></tr><tr><th><i>R. maior</i> Müller, 1968</th><td>= mould of an epilith = not a trace fossil <i>Ģ</i> rejected</td></tr><tr><th><i>R. fragilis</i> Müller, 1968</th><td>= mould of an epilith = not a trace fossil <i>Ģ</i> rejected</td></tr><tr><th><i>Cicatricula</i> Palmer & Palmer, 1977</th><td>= junior synonym of <i>Dictyoporus <i>Ģ</i> rejected</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>C. retiformis</i> Palmer & Palmer, 1977</th><td>= junior synonym of <i>Dictyoporus nodosus <i>Ģ</i> rejected</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>Radiarites</i> Ghare, 1982</th><td>= diagenetic reduction halos <i>Ģ</i> not a fossil <i><i>Ģ</i> nomen nudum <i>Ģ</i> rejected</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>R. minutus</i> Ghare, 1982</th><td>= diagenetic reduction halos <i>Ģ</i> not a fossil <i><i>Ģ</i> nomen nudum <i>Ģ</i> rejected</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>Platydendrina</i> Vogel <i>et al.</i>, 1987</th><td>= junior synonym of <i>Clionolithes <i>Ģ</i> rejected</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>P. platycentrum</i> Vogel <i>et al.</i>, 1987</th><td>= junior synonym of <i>Clionolithes pannosus</i> comb. nov. <i>Ģ</i> rejected</td></tr><tr><th><i>P. convexa</i> Hofmann, 1996</th><td>= <i>Clionolithes convexus</i> comb. nov. (corrected spelling) <i>Ģ</i> valid</td></tr><tr><th><i>Ramodendrina</i> Vogel <i>et al.</i>, 1987</th><td>= junior synonym of <i>Clionolithes <i>Ģ</i> rejected</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>R. cervicornis</i> Vogel <i>et al.</i>, 1987</th><td>= <i>Clionolithes cervicornis <i>Ģ</i> valid</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>R. alcicornis</i> Vogel <i>et al.</i>, 1987</th><td><i>= Clionolithes alcicornis</i> comb. nov. <i>Ģ</i> valid</td></tr><tr><th><i>Nododendrina</i> Vogel <i>et al.</i>, 1987</th><td><i>Ģ</i> valid</td></tr><tr><th><i>N. nodosa</i> Vogel <i>et al.</i>, 1987</th><td>= type ichnospecies <i>Ģ</i> valid</td></tr><tr><th><i>Hyellomorpha</i> Vogel <i>et al.</i>, 1987</th><td>= junior synonym of <i>Nododendrina <i>Ģ</i> rejected</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>H. microdendritica</i> Vogel <i>et al.</i>, 1987</th><td>= junior synonym of <i>Nododendrina incomposita</i> comb. nov. <i>Ģ</i> rejected</td></tr><tr><th><i>H. acuminata</i> Tavernier & Golubic, 1993</th><td>= junior synonym of <i>Nododendrina europaea</i> comb. nov. <i>Ģ</i> rejected</td></tr><tr><th><i>H. magna</i> Tavernier & Golubic, 1993</th><td>=? <i>Nododendrina europaea</i> comb. nov. or? <i>Fascichnus grandis <i>Ģ</i> rejected</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>H. cheimadendritica</i> Plewes, 1996</th><td>= junior synonym of <i>Nododendrina nodosa</i> in unpublished thesis <i>Ģ</i> rejected</td></tr><tr><th><i>Polyactina</i> Radtke, 1991</th><td><i>Ģ</i> no dendrinids, except for the following taxon</td></tr><tr><th><i>P. fastigata</i> Radtke, 1991</th><td>= <i>Calcideletrix fastigata</i> comb. nov. <i>Ģ</i> valid</td></tr><tr><th><i>Dendrorete</i> Tavernier <i>et al.</i>, 1992</th><td>= junior synonym of <i>Dictyoporus <i>Ģ</i> rejected</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>D. balani</i> Tavernier <i>et al.</i>, 1992</th><td>= <i>Dictyoporus balani</i> comb. nov. <i>Ģ</i> valid</td></tr><tr><th><i>Globodendrina</i> Plewes <i>et al.</i>, 1993</th><td>= foraminiferan body fossil (producer of <i>N. europaea</i>) <i>Ģ</i> not a dendrinid</td></tr><tr><th><i>G. monile</i> Plewes <i>et al.</i>, 1993</th><td>= foraminiferan body fossil (producer of <i>N. europaea</i>) <i>Ģ</i> not a dendrinid</td></tr><tr><th><i>Granarborus</i> Plewes, 1996</th><td>= in unpublished PhD thesis <i><i>Ģ</i> nomen nudum <i>Ģ</i> rejected</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>G. teicherti</i> Plewes, 1996</th><td>= in unpublished PhD thesis <i><i>Ģ</i> nomen nudum <i>Ģ</i> rejected</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>G. nervosus</i> Plewes, 1996</th><td>= in unpublished PhD thesis <i><i>Ģ</i> nomen nudum <i>Ģ</i> rejected</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>Semidendrina</i> Bromley <i>et al.</i>, 2007</th><td>= junior synonym of <i>Nododendrina <i>Ģ</i> rejected</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>S. pulchra</i> Bromley <i>et al.</i>, 2007</th><td>= junior synonym of <i>Nododendrina europaea</i> comb. nov. <i>Ģ</i> rejected</td></tr><tr><th><i>Pyrodendrina</i> Tapanila, 2008</th><td><i>Ģ</i> valid</td></tr><tr><th><i>P. cupra</i> Tapanila, 2008</th><td>= type ichnospecies <i>Ģ</i> valid</td></tr></tbody></table>
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