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FIGURE 1. Maximum likelihood tree inferred from 3221 in A new species of direct-developing frog of the genus Pristimantis (Anura: Terrarana: Craugastoridae) from Cordillera del Cóndor, Ecuador, with comments on threats to the anuran fauna of the region

FIGURE 1. Maximum likelihood tree inferred from 3221 aligned positions of the 16S (2589 aligned bp) and RAG-1 (632 aligned bp) genes depicting the relationships of Pristimantis yantzaza sp. nov.. Bootstrap values are shown above the branches and Bayesian posterior probabilities are shown below except when they are below 50 (bootstrap) or 0.5 (posterior probability). The tree was rooted with Pristimantis versicolor. Museum catalog numbers and locality of origin for vouchers are listed in Table 1.

FIGURE 6 in A new species of direct-developing frog of the genus Pristimantis (Anura: Terrarana: Craugastoridae) from Cordillera del Cóndor, Ecuador, with comments on threats to the anuran fauna of the region

FIGURE 6. Oscillogram and spectrogram of the advertisement call of Pristimantis yantzaza sp. nov. (unvouchered specimen).

FIGURE 5 in A new species of direct-developing frog of the genus Pristimantis (Anura: Terrarana: Craugastoridae) from Cordillera del Cóndor, Ecuador, with comments on threats to the anuran fauna of the region

FIGURE 5. Live specimens of Pristimantis yantzaza sp. nov. showing variation in dorsal and ventral coloration. From left to right, first and second rows: FHGO 9965, FHGO 9963, QCAZ 47544, QCAZ 47545 (females), third and fourth rows: QCAZ 65095, QCAZ 65098, QCAZ 65099, QCAZ 65112 (males). All specimens are shown in the same scale.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of direct-developing frog of the genus Pristimantis (Anura: Terrarana: Craugastoridae) from Cordillera del Cóndor, Ecuador, with comments on threats to the anuran fauna of the region

FIGURE 4. Hand and feet of the holotype of Pristimantis yantzaza sp. nov. in preservative FHGO 58044, adult female: A) palmar view of hand, B) plantar view of foot.

FIGURE 8. A in A new species of direct-developing frog of the genus Pristimantis (Anura: Terrarana: Craugastoridae) from Cordillera del Cóndor, Ecuador, with comments on threats to the anuran fauna of the region

FIGURE 8. A) Panoramic view of the habitat of Pristimantis yantzaza sp. nov., Cordillera del Condor; near Los Encuentros, Zamora Chinchipe; B) habitat at the type locality; C) an adult female perching on leaves at Palanda; and D) an adult female camouflaged on moss at Tundayme.

FIGURE 7 in A new species of direct-developing frog of the genus Pristimantis (Anura: Terrarana: Craugastoridae) from Cordillera del Cóndor, Ecuador, with comments on threats to the anuran fauna of the region

FIGURE 7. Distribution of Pristimantis yantzaza sp. nov. (triangles) in eastern Ecuador. The blue pentagon indicates the type locality.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of direct-developing frog of the genus Eleutherodactylus (Anura: Eleutherodactylidae) from Tamaulipas, Mexico

FIGURE 1. Distribution of some members of the Eleutherodactylus longipes species clade in eastern Mexico. State names are indicated.

FIGURE 4. A in A new species of direct-developing frog of the genus Eleutherodactylus (Anura: Eleutherodactylidae) from Tamaulipas, Mexico

FIGURE 4. A) Photo in life of an individual of Eleutherodactylus coelum sp. nov. from El Cielo Biosphere Reserve, Tamaulipas, Mexico. B) Head in lateral view of the holotype of E. coelum sp. nov. (IBH 36351) in preservative; C) hand in ventral view; D) foot in ventral view. Scale bar is 1 mm. Photos: M. Delia Basanta (4A) and Susana Guzmán Gómez (4B–D).

FIGURE 3 in A new species of direct-developing frog of the genus Eleutherodactylus (Anura: Eleutherodactylidae) from Tamaulipas, Mexico

FIGURE 3. Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (nMDS) ordination of 24 morphometrical variables of Eleutherodactylus coelum sp. nov. (magenta), E. cystignathoides (green), E. dennisi (blue), E. potosiensis (orange), and E. sp. Ahuacatlán (black).

FIGURE 2 in A new species of direct-developing frog of the genus Eleutherodactylus (Anura: Eleutherodactylidae) from Tamaulipas, Mexico

FIGURE 2. Maximum likelihood tree (lnL= -9220.691636) for the Eleutherodactylus longipes species clade based on partial sequences of the mitochondrial genes 16S, COI, and Cyt b. The clade in magenta shows the position of E. coelum sp. nov. Values at the nodes are the bootstrap support.

FIGURE 5 in A new species of direct-developing frog of the genus Eleutherodactylus (Anura: Eleutherodactylidae) from Tamaulipas, Mexico

FIGURE 5. Similar habitat where Eleutherodactylus coelum sp. nov. individuals were found. Photo: Omar Becerra Soria.

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Fig. 6 in Direct development in African squeaker frogs (Anura: Arthroleptidae: Arthroleptis) reveals a mosaic of derived and plesiomorphic characters

Fig. 6 Different discrete developmental events subsumed within TS 4 in Arthroleptis. a Early TS 4 of A. wahlbergii, left: close-up of head region, right: lateral view with head facing left. b Mid-TS 4 of A. wahlbergii, left: close-up of head region; right: lateral view, arrow indicates somites. c Late TS 4 of A. xenodactyloides, left: close-up of head region, forelimb buds clearly defined, right: lateral view, arrow indicates somites. Scale bars = 1 mm

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Fig. 1 in Direct development in African squeaker frogs (Anura: Arthroleptidae: Arthroleptis) reveals a mosaic of derived and plesiomorphic characters

Fig. 1 Habitat (a) and clutch (b) of Arthroleptis xenodactyloides at Luhota Forest, Mufindi, Southern Udzungwas, Tanzania. c Clutch of A. wahlbergii at Entumeni Forest, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Clutches were photographed in situ after the removal of covering leaves and soil

Fig. 9 in Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Fig. 9 Schematic representation of auto- and zeugopodium development in Haddadus binotatus. a Forelimb. b Hind limb. The adult configuration is shown at the left, and drawings at the right show the sequential ossification (black segments) of elements. Abbreviations: fi, fibulare; mc, metacarpalia; mt, metatarsalia; p, phalanges; ph, prehallux; pp, prepollex; r, radius; ra, radiale; ti, tibiale; u, ulna; ul, ulnare; Y, element Y; 1–5, distal carpalia and tarsalia; I–V, fingers and toes

Fig. 13 in Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Fig. 13 Cranial and postcranial skeleton of Brachycephalus ephippium at late prehatching stages. a Embryo at TS13, showing a cross section of the lower jaw with ossified squamosals and angulosplenials investing the palatoquadrate and Meckel's cartilage. b Embryo at TS15, showing a cross section through the otic capsule, showing the still slight ossification, and cleared and stained chondrocranium (anterolateral view) and left hand (dorsal view). Histological sections are colored with

Fig. 12 in Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Fig. 12 Postcranial skeleton of Ischnocnema henselii at hatching. a Vertebral column and pelvic girdle, dorsal view. b Pectoral girdle, ventral view. c Forelimb, dorsal view. d Hind limb, dorsal view. The inset shows detail of the medial region of articulated pectoral girdle,

Fig. 6 in Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Fig. 6 Skeletal morphology of Haddadus binotatus at TS12. a Skull in dorsal, ventral, and lateral views. b Hyobranchial apparatus, ventral view. Inset: detail of the suspensorium region, showing the arrangement of the palatoquadrate and ossifications developed. c Vertebral column, dorsal view. d Pectoral girdle, ventral view. e Pelvic girdle, lateral view. f Forelimb, dorsal view. g Hind limb, dorsal view. Abbreviations: as,

Fig. 2 in Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Fig. 2 Development of the nasal region of Oreobates barituensis. a TS14, anteroventral view of the snout. b Hatchling, frontal view of the snout. c Hatchling, serial sections of the nasal region; hematoxylin–eosin staining; nonconsecutive images were selected in order to show main nasal structures, from front (first, left image) to caudal region (last image).

Fig. 1 in Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Fig. 1 Skeletal morphology of Oreobates barituensis at TS12. a Skull dorsal, ventral, and lateral views. b Hyobranchial apparatus, ventral view. Inset: detail of the palatoquadrate cartilage with a long pterygoid process. c Vertebral column, dorsal view. d Pectoral girdle, ventral view. e Pelvic girdle, lateral view. f Forelimb, dorsal view. g Hind limb, dorsal view. Abbreviations: c, coracoid; ec, epicoracoid; fi, fibulare; h, hyale; hp, hypobranchial plate; hu, humerus; il, ilium; ipc, inferior prenasal

Fig. 8 in Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Fig. 8 Postcranial skeleton of Haddadus binotatus at TS15. a Vertebral column, dorsal view. b Pectoral girdle, ventral view. c Pelvic girdle, lateral view. d Forelimb, dorsal view. e Hind limb, dorsal view. Abbreviations: c, coracoid; cl, clavicle; ct, cleithrum; fi, fibulare; il,