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Fig. 4 in Distribution Patterns Of Mushroom Corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) Across The Spermonde Shelf, South Sulawesi

Fig. 4. The annual wind speed frequency distribution (elevation 14 m at Hasanuddin Airport, Ujung Pandang) registered over the years 1971–1979. The percentage of the frequency of variable winds below 1 knot is given in the centre of the rose. The wind rose is obtained by compiling data of monthly wind frequency distributions issued by Badan Meteorologi dan Geofisika, Jakarta.

Fig. 1 in Distribution Patterns Of Mushroom Corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) Across The Spermonde Shelf, South Sulawesi

Fig. 1. Bathymetric map of the central section of the Spermonde Shelf (after De Klerk, 1983; Hoeksema, 1990), and its location at SW Sulawesi.

Fig. 5. A in Distribution Patterns Of Mushroom Corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) Across The Spermonde Shelf, South Sulawesi

Fig. 5. A. Oblique aerial photo of the first shelf zone (view from the north, 8 Dec.1987). Makassar's port is at the left hand side. The Jeneberang Delta with two recent protruding river outlets (arrows) and a sediment loaded plume are visible in the south. In between the port and the northernmost river mouth there is a bay that extends a dammed previous northernmost river outlet (see Fig. 1). The displayed reefs are Lae Lae (1D), Lae-Lae Caddi (1C) and Kayangan. B. Perpendicular view on Lae-Lae showing the densely inhabited island with its reinforced rectangular outline and the NNW directed breakwater (12 Dec.1987). C. Oblique aerial photo of Lae-Lae Keke (view from southeast) with an NNE-SSW oriented breakwater on top (12 Dec.1987). D. Oblique aerial photo of reef 3C (Kudungareng Keke; view from southern direction) showing the sand cay and adjacent sandy slope (arrows) at its eastern side.

Fig. 3 in Distribution Patterns Of Mushroom Corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) Across The Spermonde Shelf, South Sulawesi

Fig. 3. Schematic cross-section of the central Spermonde Shelf (approximately W–E) from the Makassar Strait (off Langkai) to the mainland (at Makassar). The main cross-shelf environmental gradients are indicated (arrows). The positions of reefs 4B, 3B, 3C, 2C, 2D and 1 D are indicated in Fig. 2.

Fig. 8 in Distribution Patterns Of Mushroom Corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) Across The Spermonde Shelf, South Sulawesi

Fig. 8. Densities (A) and species richness (B) of mushroom corals indicated on isobathic projections of transects around 13 selected reefs on the Spermonde Shelf (Fig. 2). The depths (≥ 3 m) of 50 × 1 m² belt quadrats (SUs) are indicated around each reef (see legend). Three main river outlets are shown: the Maros (north), the Tello (central) and the Jeneberang (south). The position of Makassar city is east of reefs 1C and 1D.

Fig. 2 in Distribution Patterns Of Mushroom Corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) Across The Spermonde Shelf, South Sulawesi

Fig. 2. The locations of 52 transects (arrows) around coral reefs on the central section of the Spermonde Shelf: 1A = Barang Baringang; 1B = Gusung Trabanusu (synonym Gusung Remanusu); 1C = Lae-Lae Keke (synonyms Lae-Lae Caddi and Gusung); 1D = Lae-Lae; 2A = Bone Batang; 2B = Barang Caddi (synonym Barang Keke); 2C = Samalona; 2D = Bone Baku; 3A = Bone Tambung; 3B = Kapodasang; 3C = Kudingareng Keke; 4A = Lanyukang; 4B = Langkai. Almost all reefs are cay-crowned (reefs 1B, 2D, 3B excluded); the cays of reefs 1A, 1C, 2A and 3C were not inhabited by people at the time of the survey.

Fig. 11. UPGMA-dendrogram showing relations between the 13 in Distribution Patterns Of Mushroom Corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) Across The Spermonde Shelf, South Sulawesi

Fig. 11. UPGMA-dendrogram showing relations between the 13 surveyed reefs (Fig. 2) with respect to the fungiid species composition observed in the transects (Table 2). The species numbers (n) are given behind each reef (coded 1A-4B).

Fig. 7 in Distribution Patterns Of Mushroom Corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) Across The Spermonde Shelf, South Sulawesi

Fig. 7. Substratum dominance order amongst coral (dead or alive), rubble and soft sediments on the flat (F), slope (S) and base (B) in each of the 52 examined reef transects (Fig. 2). The size of the symbols (coral, rubble, sand-silt) stands for the relative substratum dominance: the largest is the most important or the only substratum type available.

Fig. 9 in Distribution Patterns Of Mushroom Corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) Across The Spermonde Shelf, South Sulawesi

Fig. 9. Scatter diagrams of shelf zones 1–4 indicating mushroom coral sample sizes and number of species represented in 50 m2 SUs.

Fig. 10 in Distribution Patterns Of Mushroom Corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) Across The Spermonde Shelf, South Sulawesi

Fig. 10. Westward slope of reef 3C (Kudingareng Keke, May 28, 1986) with dense multi-species assemblage of mushroom corals mixed with coral fragments at 12 m (A) and 15 m depth (B).

Fig. 6 in Distribution Patterns Of Mushroom Corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) Across The Spermonde Shelf, South Sulawesi

Fig. 6. Schematic cross-section of a transect profile (example: W transect of reef 3A) with the positions of the 50 × 1 m² belt quadrats (SUs). The belt quadrats on the reef slope and base are indicated with 3 m depth intervals; those on the outer reef flat at 3 m depth and at 5, 10, 20, and 50 m distance from the 3 m isobaths in the direction of the island.

FIG. 22. Central Blackwater Amazon. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B in The Fishes Of The Amazon: Distribution And Biogeographical Patterns, With A Comprehensive List Of Species

FIG. 22. Central Blackwater Amazon. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B. Biotoecus spp. (data fom Kullander, 1989). C. Dicrossus spp. (data fom Kullander, 2011). D. Hemigrammus analis (blue dots; records from MZUSP), Hemigrammus coeruleus (red dots; records from MZUSP), Hemigrammus stictus (yellow dots; records from MZUSP).

FIG. 11 in The Fishes Of The Amazon: Distribution And Biogeographical Patterns, With A Comprehensive List Of Species

FIG. 11. Amazonas-Guiana-Orinoco Lowland. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B. Crenuchus spp. (data from MZUSP). C. Mesonauta spp. (records from Kullander and Silfvergrip, 1991; Schindler, 2003). D. Hemigrammus ocellifer (red dots; records from MZUSP), Hemigrammus unilineatus (yellow dots; data from MZUSP).

FIG. 4 in The Fishes Of The Amazon: Distribution And Biogeographical Patterns, With A Comprehensive List Of Species

FIG. 4. Amazonian endemic species. Species richness (green) and endemic species (orange) for each of the main Amazonian tributaries or parts thereof. Pie chart indicates the proportion of species occurring exclusively in the Amazon and those also present in other basins. Minor endemic regions not included in graph are: Anapu (2 spp.), Coari-Urucu (1 sp.), Curuá-Paru do Oeste (2 spp.), Paru (2 spp.) and Javari (1 sp.).

FIG. 12 in The Fishes Of The Amazon: Distribution And Biogeographical Patterns, With A Comprehensive List Of Species

FIG. 12. Distribution of some typical marine lineages which invaded Amazonian waters. A. Achiridae. B. Belonidae. C. Engraulidae. D. Pristigasteridae. E. Tetraodontidae. Data from MZUSP. Map intended to represent general patterns of distribution into Amazonian and adjacent waters, not including marine records and from other basins.

FIG. 8. Amazon and Paraguay Lowlands. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B in The Fishes Of The Amazon: Distribution And Biogeographical Patterns, With A Comprehensive List Of Species

FIG. 8. Amazon and Paraguay Lowlands. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B. Epapterus dispilurus (data from Vari and Ferraris, 1998). C. Hemigrammus lunatus (data from Ota et al., 2014). D. Mesonauta festivus (data from Kullander and Silvergrip, 1991, and Schindler, 2005).

FIG. 5. Broadly distributed lineages. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B in The Fishes Of The Amazon: Distribution And Biogeographical Patterns, With A Comprehensive List Of Species

FIG. 5. Broadly distributed lineages. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B. Hoplias malabaricus (red dots; records from MZUSP), Erythrinus erythrinus (green diamonds; records from MZUSP), Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (yellow triangles; records from MZUSP). C. Synbranchus marmoratus, records from MZUSP. D. Callichthys callichthys (data from Lehmann and Reis (2004) with additional records from MZUSP).

FIG. 16. Amazonian uplands. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B in The Fishes Of The Amazon: Distribution And Biogeographical Patterns, With A Comprehensive List Of Species

FIG. 16. Amazonian uplands. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B. Sartor spp. (records from MZUSP). C. Teleocichla spp. (records from MZUSP). D. Tocantinsia piresi (records from MZUSP).

FIG. 1 in The Fishes Of The Amazon: Distribution And Biogeographical Patterns, With A Comprehensive List Of Species

FIG. 1. Number of fish species in the Amazon basin and comparisons with other basins and continents. Left graph: species numbers in the Amazon and other large world basins. Bottom graph and map: species numbers in the Amazon basin compared to those in other continents. An asterisk indicates estimated numbers. For sources of data, see Material and Methods.

FIG. 10 in The Fishes Of The Amazon: Distribution And Biogeographical Patterns, With A Comprehensive List Of Species

FIG. 10. Amazonas-Paraguay-Orinoco Lowland. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B. Rhaphiodon vulpinus (data from Toledo-Piza, 2000a, with additional records from MZUSP). C. Sorubim lima (data from Littmann, 2007). D. Hypophthalmus oremaculatus (data from Littmann et al., 2015).