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333 results for “diversity gradients”
Figure 6 in Assessment of terrestrial snails' diversity and composition in six forests of west central - Morocco along an altitudinal gradient
Figure 6. Diversity of stations along altitudinal gradient using Shannon index.
Figure 5 in Assessment of terrestrial snails' diversity and composition in six forests of west central - Morocco along an altitudinal gradient
Figure 5. Species composition per forest site (For site abbreviations, see Table 1).
Figure 4 in Assessment of terrestrial snails' diversity and composition in six forests of west central - Morocco along an altitudinal gradient
Figure 4. Families composition per forest site (For site abbreviations, see Table 1).
Figure 2 in Plant diversity and conservation value of wetlands along a rural-urban gradient
Figure 2. NMDS ordination for the average cover-abundance per transect per site of all species.
Spatial and local environmental factors outperform geo-climatic gradients in structuring taxonomically- and traits-based β‐diversity of benthic algae
<p><b>Aim</b>: Understanding the variation in biodiversity and its underlying drivers and mechanisms is a core task in biogeography and ecology. In this study, we examined: i) the relative contributions of species replacement (i.e. turnover) and richness difference (i.e. nestedness) to taxonomically- and traits-based β-diversity of stream benthic algae; ii) whether these two facets of β-diversity are correlated with each other; and iii) the relative contributions of local environmental (e.g. water chemistry, flow velocity, habitat quality), geo-climatic (e.g. land use types, elevation, precipitation), and spatial factors (e.g. using principal coordinates of neighborhood matrices) to the two facets of β-diversity and their components (i.e. total β-diversity, turnover, and nestedness).</p> <p><b>Location</b>: Hun-Tai River Basin, northeastern China</p> <p><b>Taxon</b>: Stream benthic algae</p> <p><b>Methods</b>: A total of 157 sites were sampled. Mantel tests were used to examine the complementarities between the two facets of β-diversity and their components. Distance-based redundancy analysis and variation partitioning were utilized to investigate the relative contributions of local environmental, geo-climatic, and spatial factors to each facet of β-diversity and their components.</p> <p><b>Results</b>: Weak correlations between taxonomically- and traits-based β‐diversity and their components were detected, which indicated complementarity of ecological information. Taxonomically-based total β‐diversity was largely driven by turnover, whereas traits-based total β-diversity was more driven by nestedness. Variation partitioning results indicated that local environmental and spatial factors contributed more than geo-climatic variables to the total explained variation in taxonomically- and traits-based β‐diversity.</p> <p><b>Main conclusions</b>: Our findings highlighted the importance of the different facets of β‐diversity and their decomposition for understanding diversity patterns of benthic algae relative to abiotic factors. A high level of traits-based convergence among benthic algae communities, despite high taxonomic divergence, demonstrated turnover of species with similar biological traits across our study region. Our study provides a traits-based insight into stream benthic algae communities, which was less documented by previous freshwater studies that focused on regions undergoing recovery following human disturbances.</p>
Data from: High environmental stress and productivity increase functional diversity along a deep-sea hydrothermal vent gradient
<p>Productivity and environmental stress are major drivers of multiple biodiversity facets and faunal community structure. Little is known on their interacting effects on early community assembly processes in the deep sea (>200 m), the largest environment on Earth. However, at hydrothermal vents productivity correlates, at least partially, with environmental stress. Here, we studied the colonization of rock substrata deployed along a deep-sea hydrothermal vent gradient at four sites with and without direct influence of vent fluids at 1700 m depth in the Lucky Strike vent field (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, MAR). We examined in detail the composition of faunal communities (>20 m) established after two years and evaluated species and functional patterns. We expected the stressful hydrothermal activity to (1) limit functional diversity and (2) filter for traits clustering functionally similar species. However, our observations did not support our hypotheses. On the contrary, our results show that hydrothermal activity enhanced functional diversity. Moreover, despite high species diversity, environmental conditions at surrounding sites appear to filter for specific traits, thereby reducing functional richness. In fact, diversity in ecological functions may relax the effect of competition allowing several species to coexist in high densities in the reduced space of the highly-productive vent habitats under direct fluid emissions. We suggest that the high productivity at fluid-influenced sites supports higher functional diversity and traits that are more energetically expensive. The presence of exclusive species and functional entities led to a high turnover between surrounding sites. As a result, some of these sites contributed more than expected to the total species and functional β-diversities. The observed faunal overlap and energy links (exported productivity) suggest that rather than operating as separate entities, habitats with and without influence of hydrothermal fluids may be considered as interconnected entities. Low functional richness and environmental filtering suggests that surrounding areas, with their very heterogeneous species and functional assemblages, may be especially vulnerable to environmental changes related to natural and anthropogenic impacts, including deep-sea mining.</p>
FIGURE 4 in Oribatid mite diversity in Rhododendron ponticum L. canopy along an altitudinal gradient in Mtirala National Park
FIGURE 4: Changes of oribatid mite (a) abundance and (b) species number along altitudinal gradient in MNP.
FIGURE 2 in Oribatid mite diversity in Rhododendron ponticum L. canopy along an altitudinal gradient in Mtirala National Park
FIGURE 2: Oribatid mite species richness based on species accumulation curves and rarefaction methods for samples taken from rhododendron canopy microhabitats at seven elevations of MNP.
FIGURE 1 in Oribatid mite diversity in Rhododendron ponticum L. canopy along an altitudinal gradient in Mtirala National Park
FIGURE 1: Cluster of faunal similarities of oribatid species from rododendron canopy and forest floor. Explanations of abbreviations are given in table 1.
Conserved ancestral tropical niche but different continental histories explain the latitudinal diversity gradient in brush-footed butterflies
<p><strong>Supplementary Tree 1.nex</strong> Nymphalidae backbone tree inferred with RAxML and time-calibrated using BEAST, with mean posterior node ages and 95% credibility intervals summarized.</p> <p>More information can be found in Chazot <em>et al.</em> (2021). Conserved ancestral tropical niche but different continental histories explain the latitudinal diversity gradient in brush-footed butterflies. <em>Nature Communications.</em></p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Supplementary Tree 2</strong>.nex Maximum clade credibility tree of all Nymphalidae included in "Chazot <em>et al.</em> (2021). Conserved ancestral tropical niche but different continental histories explain the latitudinal diversity gradient in brush-footed butterflies. <em>Nature Communications."</em>, with mean posterior node ages and 95% credibility intervals estimated from the posterior distribution of 1000 grafted trees (1000 subclades posterior trees combined with 1000 backbone posterior trees). </p> <p>More information can be found in Chazot <em>et al.</em> (2021). Conserved ancestral tropical niche but different continental histories explain the latitudinal diversity gradient in brush-footed butterflies. <em>Nature Communications.</em></p>
Departing from an ideal: An asymmetric, bimodal and non-Equatorial latitudinal gradient of marine diversity in Western Atlantic burrowing shrimps (Decapoda: Axiidea and Gebiidea)
<p><span><b>Aim</b>: Despite the generality of the latitudinal gradient of species diversity (LDG) phenomenon, there is growing evidence showing deviations from an idealized pattern, i.e., a single peak of species richness symmetrically centered in the Equator, but the underlying causes remains little studied. We here evaluate the existence of departures from the idealized LDG in a group of marine crustaceans and the explanatory role of environmental variables. </span></p> <p><span><b>Location</b>: Coastal shelf (< 200 m depth) along the Western Atlantic coast (46ºN to 47ºS)</span></p> <p><span><strong>Taxon</strong>: Burrowing shrimps (Decapoda: Axiidea and Gebiidea).</span></p> <p><span><b>Methods</b>: We assessed the shape of the LDG in 100 burrowing shrimp species using the reported latitudinal ranges of distribution. Species richness was calculated in one degree-latitude bands using a range-through approach. The shape of the LDG was statistically evaluated in terms of latitudinal symmetry, number of modes and location. We evaluated the importance of 10 environmental variables (proxies of different hypotheses categories) predicting LDG using a random forest model. </span></p> <p><span><b>Results</b>: Burrowing shrimps exhibit an increase in diversity towards the tropics, but departures to the idealized LDG were evident. The LDG is asymmetric between hemispheres and bimodal (two peaks within the tropics), and this trend cannot be explained in terms of sampling artifacts. A random forest model explains 92% of species richness, but the only significant variables were bottom seawater temperature, bottom seawater salinity, bottom seawater temperature range, and tidal range. These predictors were non-linearly related to species richness, and only bottom seawater temperature, bottom seawater salinity showed a significant phylogenetic signal. </span></p> <p><b>Main conclusions: </b>The LDG of burrowing shrimps is driven ecophysiological restrictions of species, reflecting the role of evolutionary (i.e., 'time for species accumulation' and/or 'diversification dynamics') and ecological processes (i.e., 'ecological limits'). Departures from the idealized LDG could be explained by the non-linear responses of species richness to environmental conditions, the spatial structure of these environmental conditions, and a varying degree of phylogenetic conservatism of key ecophysiological constraints.</p>
The latitudinal gradient of functional diversity of miocene marine mollusks from Chile
<p>Understanding latitudinal variations in biodiversity is central for biogeography. Along the coasts of the Southeast Pacific, several taxa show inverse latitudinal patterns of biodiversity, i.e., increasing species numbers from lower to higher latitudes. A plausible explanation for these patterns is that fjords, formed during the Pleistocene glaciations, increased the diversity of available biotopes that allowed for higher diversity in high latitudes. Assessing this hypothesis requires us to analyze latitudinal patterns of functional diversity (which is intimately related to niche use) in the absence of fjords, i.e., earlier than their formation. Here we test if the fossil record before the generation of fjords shows higher functional diversity at lower than at higher latitudes (a "regular" functional diversity gradient). We analyzed four components of functional diversity (functional richness, functional divergence, functional dispersion and functional evenness) for a fossil marine mollusk fauna from the lower Miocene (~18 million years ago) across four regions spanning more than 10 latitudinal degrees of the Chilean coast (between ~34°S and 45°S). The functional richness of gastropods and bivalves decreased non-linearly from low to high latitudes. Contrarily, the functional evenness of gastropods remained relatively constant across the region and that of bivalves peaked at 45°S. Both taxonomic groups' functional divergence and functional dispersion did not exhibit clear patterns of latitudinal variation. The multivariate analysis uncovered non-linear latitudinal patterns in the abundance of functional groups (gastropods and bivalves), with the largest abundances towards lower latitudes. These results suggest that the niche breadth of mollusk assemblages might have decreased with latitude in the lower Miocene. This work can shed light on the mechanisms underlying the latitudinal variation of diversity observed today, offering a better understanding of how these patterns changed over time.</p>
Global biogeography of ant social parasites: Exploring patterns and mechanisms of an inverse latitudinal diversity gradient
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: One of the most consistent global biogeographic patterns is the latitudinal diversity gradient where species richness peaks within the equatorial tropics and decreases towards the poles. Here, we explore the global biogeography of socially parasitic ants, which comprises the most diverse group of social parasites in the Hymenoptera. We test the biogeographic hypothesis that ant social parasites are distributed along an inverse latitudinal diversity gradient by peaking in diversity outside of the equatorial tropics.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: Global</p> <p><strong>Taxon</strong>: Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We assembled a comprehensive biogeographic dataset for all 371 taxonomically described socially parasitic ant species. We used phylogenetic and taxonomic studies to compare species richness with the number of species representing independent evolutionary origins of social parasitism across a latitudinal gradient. In addition, we compared ant social parasite diversity across biogeographic regions using rarefaction to account for different sampling efforts. Finally, we tested for a correlation between latitude and the proportion of ant social parasite species within regional ant faunae.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: The geographic distribution records and the inferred 91 origins of socially parasitic life histories show that both species richness and the number of species representing independent evolutionary origins of social parasitism peak in the northern hemisphere outside of the equatorial tropics. Based on rarefaction curves, northern latitude regions harbour the most ant social parasite species, but the diversity of independent evolutionary origins is not significantly different between northern and southern hemispheres. The proportion of ant social parasite species within regional faunae is correlated with latitude only in the northern hemisphere.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions</strong>: The inverse latitudinal diversity gradient of ant social parasites contrasts with the biogeographic pattern observed in free-living, non-parasitic ant species and appears to be driven by large species radiations as well as by the presence of specialized life histories exclusive to the northern hemisphere.</p>
Genomic diversity gradients and functional differentiation put Northeast Pacific ribbon kelp lineages in the speciation grey zone
<p><span>The transition from reproductively isolated populations to species is not well understood. Genotyping entire genomes holds promise to enhance insights into the process of speciation and the evolutionary relationships among related taxa. Gulf of Alaska ribbon kelp was once recognized as four species before they were folded into <em>Alaria</em> <em>marginata</em> on the basis of DNA barcode markers, though several lineages have continued to be recognized. Here, we used whole genome sequencing datasets to test the hypothesis that these lineages represent incipient species. Whole genomes of 69 individuals from five genetically distinctive lineages in the Gulf of Alaska (USA) and Salish Sea (Canada) were analyzed, along with 63 genomes from three other species of <em>Alaria</em>. Our analysis of >3.4 million Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms reaffirms that organellar and nuclear phylogenetic signals are incongruent in <em>Alaria</em>, producing different topologies among five organellar and six nuclear <em>A</em>. <em>marginata</em> lineages. Lineages also display reproductive isolation, evidenced by a lack of recent admixture across genomes. Genetic distances between <em>A</em>. <em>marginata</em> lineages exceed levels expected of population-level divergence but fall short of distances between species of <em>Alaria</em>. Moreover, we provide evidence of functional genomic differences between the <em>A</em>. <em>marginata</em> lineages, exceeding differences expected between populations, but falling short of larger differences among species. Our results place <em>A</em>. <em>marginata</em> lineages in an evolutionary grey zone, where lineages display substantial differentiation, but not to the level expected of <em>Alaria</em> species. This information shifts taxonomic conversations towards a genome-scale framework that provides a more comprehensive picture of divergence, connectivity, and functional innovation for defining lineages.</span></p>
Datasets from: Local- and landscape-scale drivers of terrestrial herbaceous plant diversity along a tropical rainfall gradient in Western Ghats, India
<p>This data set contains information on local- and landscape-level terrestrial herbaceous plant diversity and critical abiotic factors along a 36-km East-West transect in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu India. Understory angiosperms with no above-ground wood (secondary cambial growth) were considered as herbaceous plants.</p>
FIG. 2 in Changes in functional and taxonomic diversity and composition of corticolous lichens in an altitudinal gradient in Colombia
FIG. 2. — Continuation.
Data from: Chilean bee diversity: Contrasting patterns of species and phylogenetic turnover along a large-scale ecological gradient
<p>Title of dataset</p> <p>Data from: Chilean bee diversity: Contrasting patterns of species and phylogenetic turnover along a large-scale ecological gradient</p> <p>Authors of dataset</p> <p>Leon Marshall<sup>1,2</sup>, John S. Ascher<sup>3</sup>, Cristian Villagra<sup>4</sup>, Amaury Beaugendre<sup>1</sup>, Valentina Herrera<sup>4</sup>, Patricia Henríquez-Piskulich<sup>4</sup>, Alejandro Vera<sup>5</sup>, Nicolas J. Vereecken<sup>1</sup></p> <ol> <li>Agroecology Lab, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe CP 264/2, B 1050 Brussels, Belgium</li> <li>Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands</li> <li>Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore</li> <li>Instituto de Entomología, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile</li> <li>Departamento de Biología, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile</li> </ol> <p>Abstract</p> <p>Chile's isolation and varied climates have driven the evolution of a unique biodiversity with a high degree of endemism. As a result, Chile encompasses diverse environments, including the Mediterranean-type ecosystem, a global biodiversity hotspot. These environments are currently threatened by anthropogenic land use change impacting the integrity of local biomes and associated species. This area is the most intensively sampled of the country with high endemicity of native bee species. Characterising habitat requirements of bees is a pressing priority to safeguard these insects and the ecosystem services they provide. We investigated broad-scale patterns of bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) diversity using newly accessible expert-validated datasets comprising digitized specimen records from Chilean and US collections, and novel expert-validated type specimen data for the bees of Chile. We used a generalised dissimilarity modelling (GDM) approach to explore both compositional and phylogenetic β-diversity patterns across latitudinal, altitudinal, climate and habitat gradients in well-sampled bee assemblages in Central Chile. Using the GDM measures of increasing compositional and environmental dissimilarity we categorised and compared the most important drivers of these patterns and used them to classify 'wild bee ecoregions' (WBE) representing unique assemblages. Turnover of bee assemblages was explained primarily by latitudinal variation (proxy for climate) from south to north in Chile. However, temperature variations, precipitation and the presence of bare soil also significantly explained turnover in bee assemblages. In comparison, we observed less turnover in phylogenetic biodiversity corresponding to spatial gradients. We identified six de novo ecoregions (WBE), all with distinct taxa, endemic lineages, and representative species. The WBE represent distinct spatial classifications but have similarities to existing biogeographical classifications, ecosystems and bioclimatic zones. This approach establishes the baseline needed to prioritise bee species conservation efforts across this global biodiversity hotspot. We discuss the novelty of this classification considering previous biogeographical characterisations and their relevance in assessing conservation priorities for bee conservation. We argue that Chile's WBE highlight areas in need of funding for bee species surveys and description, distribution mapping and strengthening of conservation policies.</p> <p>Usage notes</p> <p>The dataset contains species occurrence data of chilean bees aggregated to a 5 x 5 km grid shapefile. The shapefile of the grid and the raster mask of the Central Chilean study area are also included. Finally, a database of type specimen data used to supplement the dataset is included here. The code for the analysis can be found at: <a href="https://github.com/lmar116/ChileanBeeDiversity">https://github.com/lmar116/ChileanBeeDiversity</a>.</p> <p>Shapefiles, rasters, CSV files and code were all loaded and analyzed using R statistics software. </p> <p>Four files are included:</p> <ol> <li>Marshall-et-al-2023_Ecosphere_DataTable_bee_grid: contains all species occurrence data used in GDM analysis, Grid column refers to cl.5km.shp.</li> <li>cl.5km.shp (and associated files): 5 x 5 km grid shapefile of the Central Chilean study area</li> <li>chile.mask.tif: raster outline of the Central Chilean study area</li> <li>Marshall-et-al-2023_Ecosphere_CentralChileTypeSpecimens.xlsx: contains type specimen data used to supplement species occurrence dataset.</li> </ol>
Experimental disturbance and productivity gradients drive community diversity in aquatic mesocosms
<p>Combined effects of disturbance and productivity on ecological diversity have been considered for decades as the dynamic equilibrium model (DEM) but are rarely tested together. Instead, most studies focus on either the intermediate disturbance hypothesis or sometimes the intermediate productivity hypothesis. In addition, most analyses of disturbance and productivity effects have relied on nonexperimental patterns, limited sample sizes, inaccurate proxies for productivity, and/or simple measures of diversity. The DEM operates at regional and local scales; here, we conducted a year‐long experiment at local scales using submersed aquatic vegetation in outdoor mesocosms with a factorial combination of physical disturbance and productivity treatments. We evaluated diversity in several ways, directly measured productivity, and compared alternative hypotheses using model selection. The DEM was supported for effective diversity; both productivity and disturbance effects were clear, though productivity effects were stronger. Other diversity measures for the simple communities in the mesocosms did not clearly reflect treatments. The DEM is a valuable general framework for understanding disturbance and productivity effects on ecological systems and is made more general by minor conceptual adjustments here.</p>
Ecological consequences of plant genotypic diversity within a foundation plant, Spartina alterniflora, are pervasive but not universal across multiple stress gradients
<ol> <li>Plant genotypic diversity can influence population- and community-level processes, yet we have a limited understanding of how these effects vary across environmental gradients that are ubiquitous in nature. </li> <li>We conducted a 2-year field experiment manipulating plant (<em>Spartina</em> <em>alterniflora</em>) genotypic diversity across a natural stress gradient in tidal elevation, both with and without the addition of nutrients. </li> <li> <em>Spartina</em> diversity increased stem production, but the magnitude of this effect was reduced at both the most stressful and most benign endpoints of the combined elevation and nutrient gradient, consistent with recent species diversity studies. Complementarity among individuals likely underpins the observed benefit of <em>Spartina</em> diversity. </li> <li> <em>Spartina</em> diversity also affected the associated marsh community, with higher consumer (<em>Littoraria</em> <em>irrorata</em>) abundance in more diverse plots, owing to both greater <em>Spartina</em> density and increased variation in <em>Spartina</em> traits.</li> <li> <em>Synthesis</em>: The positive effects of <em>Spartina</em> diversity on population- and community-level responses under most environmental conditions highlights the ecological importance of plant genotypic diversity for the maintenance of function across the marsh landscape. </li> </ol>
An elevational phylogeographic diversity gradient in Neotropical birds is decoupled from speciation rates
<p>A key question about macroevolutionary speciation rates is whether they are controlled by microevolutionary processes operating at the population level. For example, does spatial variation in population genetic differentiation underlie geographical gradients in speciation rates? Previous work suggests speciation rates increase with elevation in Neotropical birds, but underlying population-level gradients remain unexplored. Here, we characterize elevational phylogeographic diversity between montane and lowland birds in the megadiverse Andes-Amazonian system and assess its relationship to speciation rates to evaluate the link between population-level differentiation and species-level diversification. We aggregated and georeferenced nearly 7000 mitochondrial DNA sequences across 103 species or species complexes in the Andes and Amazonia and used these sequences to describe phylogeographic differentiation across both regions. Our results show increased levels of both discrete and continuous metrics of population structure in the Andean mountains compared to the Amazonian lowlands. However, higher levels of population differentiation do not predict higher rates of speciation in our dataset. Multiple potential factors may lead to our observed decoupling of initial population divergence and speciation rates, including the ephemerality of incipient species and the multifaceted nature of the speciation process, as well as methodological challenges associated with estimating rates of population differentiation and speciation.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.