Find research datasets worth reusing
Search datasets from major research repositories and use ShareScore to quickly assess how well each record supports discovery, access, and reuse.
10,345
datasets available to search
ShareScore release 0.7.1
Dataset results
10,345 results for “ecosystems”
Extreme Drought in Grassland Ecosystems (EDGE) Net Primary Production Quadrat Data at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico
EDGE is located at six grassland sites that encompass a range of ecosystems in the Central US - from desert grasslands to short-, mixed-, and tallgrass prairie. We envision EDGE as a research platform that will not only advance our understanding of patterns and mechanisms of ecosystem sensitivity to climate change, but also will benefit the broader scientific community. Identical infrastructure for manipulating growing season precipitation will be deployed at all sites. Within the relatively large treatment plots (36 m2), we will measure with comparable methods, a broad spectrum of ecological responses particularly related to the interaction between carbon fluxes (NPP, soil respiration) and species response traits, as well as environmental parameters that are critical for the integrated experiment-modeling framework, as well as for site-based analyses. By designing EDGE as a research platform open to the broader scientific community, with subplots in all replicates (n = 180 plots) set-aside for additional studies, and by making data available to the broader ecological community EDGE will have value beyond what we envision here.
Extreme Drought in Grassland Ecosystems (EDGE) Seasonal Biomass and Seasonal and Annual NPP Data at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico
Net primary production is a fundamental ecological variable that quantifies rates of carbon consumption and fixation. Estimates of NPP are important in understanding energy flow at a community level as well as spatial and temporal responses to a range of ecological processes. While measures of both below- and above-ground biomass are important in estimating total NPP, this study focuses on above-ground net primary production (ANPP). Above-ground net primary production is the change in plant biomass, including loss to death and decomposition, over a given period of time. Volumetric measurements are made using vegetation data from permanent plots collected in SEV297, "Extreme Drought in Grassland Ecosystems (EDGE) Net Primary Production Quadrat Data" and regressions correlating biomass and volume constructed using seasonal harvest weights from SEV157, "Net Primary Productivity (NPP) Weight Data."
Meta-analysis of ecosystem services associated with oyster restoration on the Eastern and Gulf coasts of the US
We conducted a meta-analysis to systematically quantify the success and uncertainty of oyster reef restoration for a suite of biological, biogeochemical, and physical ecosystem services relative to both degraded and natural reference habitats. We focused on the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. To evaluate whether restored eastern oyster reefs enhance ecosystem services relative to unaltered, degraded habitats and whether restored reefs provide ecosystem services equivalent to reference reefs, we synthesized data and calculated log response ratios for 245 restored-degraded reef pairs and 136 restored-reference reef pairs from 106 publications collected along 3500 km of U.S. Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic coastlines.
Data set for Global quantitative synthesis of ecosystem functioning across climatic zones and ecosystem types
<p>Dataset used in the publication: " Global quantitative synthesis of ecosystem functioning across climatic zones and ecosystem types". The dataset gathers estimates of ecosystem standing stocks (biomass, organic carbon, detritus), fluxes (GPP, ER, NEP) and process rates (decomposition and carbon uptake rates) for eight broad ecosystem types (forest, grassland, agroecosystem, desert, stream, lake, pelagic and benthic marine ecosystems) in five broad climatic zones (arctic, boreal, arid, temperate, tropical, arid).</p> <p>The scripts to produce the figures and the statistics of the publication are released along with the txt version of the data, which file is uploaded when running the script.</p>
Data and Code for Lowman et al. 2024, Macroscale controls determine the recovery of river ecosystem productivity following flood disturbances
<p>Data and code for analyses in Lowman et al. 2024, Macroscale controls determine the recovery of river ecosystem productivity following flood disturbances.</p> <p>See publication and ReadMe file for analysis description and further details. </p>
Net Ecosystem Exchange, Ecosystem Respiration and meteoclimatic data of Alpine grasslands at Nivolet Plain, Gran Paradiso National Park, Italy 2017-2023
<p>This dataset presents georeferenced measurements collected at the Nivolet Plain in Gran Paradiso National Park (GPNP), western Italian Alps. The dataset includes the Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE), Ecosystem Respiration (ER) and meteo-climatic variables, i.e. air and soil temperature, air relative humidity, soil volumetric water content, atmospheric pressure and solar irradiance. The measurements were conducted between 2017 and 2023 at five different sites at an elevation of approximately 2550-2750 meters a.s.l.</p> <p>To estimate NEE and ER, we employed the flux chamber method, measuring the temporal variation of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration inside the chamber over a period of about 90 seconds. We used a customized portable non-steady-state dynamic flux chamber, paired with an InfraRed Gas Analyzer (IRGA) and a portable weather station. Measurements were taken at around 20 points per site during the snow-free season, spanning from June to October.</p> <p>The dataset is provided in a comma-separated text file (.csv) format. Each record corresponds to a single measurement point, with semicolons used as separators. The "NA" notation indicates values that are not available or have been excluded during quality control processes (e.g., due to battery failure). We use point as decimal separator.</p> <p>The sign convention for the fluxes is: a negative value indicates a CO2 flux from the atmosphere to the ecosystem, while a positive value represents a CO2 flux from the soil/ecosystem to the atmosphere. Consequently, ER values are positive, while NEE values can be positive or negative. The units for NEE and ER fluxes are molCO2 m-2 day-1 and μmolCO2 m-2 second-1. The first values in each record of the dataset indicate the observation details (sampling date, site, etc.), followed by the corresponding measured or calculated variables. NEE and ER values were estimated from the slope of the linear regression of CO2 concentration over time (ppm s-1) using a laboratory calibration curve.</p> <p>The calibration curve was created by relating known and pre-set CO2 fluxes (within the range expected in the field) with the corresponding measured slopes. The flux values were then scaled up based on the area of the chamber base (0.036 m2) and adjusted using the ratio of atmospheric pressure and air temperature during the measurement to those recorded during the calibration in the laboratory.</p>
FluxDataKit v3.4.2: A comprehensive data set of ecosystem fluxes for land surface modelling
<p>The Flux data kit is an effort to expand upon the existing work by Ukkola et a. (2022) to synthesize various sources of ecosystem flux data (i.e. the PLUMBER2 data set, gathered from all major networks). We further expand upon the original data set by integrating data which was either expanded upon (temporally) or where sites were added (e.g. the integration of ICOS data).</p> <p>The effort uses the FluxnetLSM package by the above mentioned authors, as well as their general workflow. In contrast to the PLUMBER2 data set we do not apply stringent quality control, and all quality control on the availability of variables and/or their duration <em>should be done by the user</em>. Furthermore, we include both leaf area index (LAI) and Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR) in the netcdf output, where PLUMBER2 only provided LAI. On all other parts the formatting and naming conventions as well as quality control specifications remain the same as in PLUMBER2. We therefore refer to Ukkola et al. (2022) for details.</p> <p><strong>Data included</strong></p> <p>The data included consists of the following files, containing different versions of the same data and site meta information.</p> <ul> <li><code>FLUXDATAKIT_LSM.tar.gz</code> file contains compressed NetCDF files compatible with the ALMA scheme for land surface modelling. </li> <li><code>FLUXDATAKIT_FLUXNET.tar.gz</code> file contains data in a CSV format according to the FLUXNET specifications.</li> <li><code>rsofun_driver_data_v3.3.rds</code> file is a compressed serialized R file containing data formatted for use with the {rsofun} R package.</li> <li><code><a href="../api/records/11370417/draft/files/fdk_site_info.csv/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">fdk_site_info.csv</a></code> contains site meta information in tabular form</li> <li><a href="../api/records/11370417/draft/files/fdk_site_fullyearsequence.csv/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><code>fdk_site_fullyearsequence.csv</code></a> contains information about complete sequences of good-quality data by site (see also <a href="https://geco-bern.github.io/FluxDataKit/articles/04_data_use.html">here</a>).</li> </ul> <p><strong>Data generation</strong></p> <p>Data is generated using the FluxDataKit project. Although this project is not meant for continuous releases, and no support is provided in using this code with data provided AS IS, it might still be useful to some:</p> <p><a href="https://github.com/geco-bern/FluxDataKit">https://github.com/geco-bern/FluxDataKit</a></p> <p>The data can be further complimented using the FluxnetEO dataset, which is accessible through the package with the same name as found here:</p> <p><a href="https://github.com/geco-bern/FluxnetEO">https://github.com/geco-bern/FluxnetEO</a></p> <p><strong>Acknowledgements</strong></p> <p>The flux data kit is part of the LEMONTREE project and funded by Schmidt Futures and under the umbrella of the Virtual Earth System Research Institute (VESRI).</p> <p><strong>References:</strong></p> <ul> <li>Ukkola, Anna M., Gab Abramowitz, and Martin G. De Kauwe. "A flux tower dataset tailored for land model evaluation." Earth System Science Data 14.2 (2022): 449-461.</li> </ul>
Dataset to manuscript: Tailor-made biochar systems: Interdisciplinary evaluations of ecosystem services and farmer livelihoods in tropical agro-ecosystems
<p>Raw data to the manuscript entitled "Tailor-made biochar systems: Interdisciplinary evaluations of ecosystem services and farmer livelihoods in tropical agro-ecosystems" by Severin-Luca Bellè, Jean Riotte, Norman Backhaus, Muddu Sekhar, Pascal Jouquet and Samuel Abiven. </p> <p>Data files include all raw data of farmer interviews (20211209_Biochar_India_rawdata_Bellè_Abiven_farmer_interviews) and all raw data from the soil incubation study (20211209_Biochar_India_rawdata_Bellè_Abiven_soil_incubation). </p> <p>File ending with var_names is the README file. </p>
Evidence of a Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem documented via tourist submarine off Cape Well-Met, Vega Island, Eastern Antarctic Peninsula (Subarea 48.1) - Multimedia
<p>Video evidence of a Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem (VME) was collected via submarine deployed by the tourist super-yacht MY Scenic Eclipse flagged with Malta. The dive was conducted on the 29th November 2019 within Subarea 48.1. The video of this resource supplements the dataset "Evidence of a Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem documented via tourist submarine off Cape Well-Met, Vega Island, Eastern Antarctic Peninsula (Subarea 48.1) - data'' available at <a href="https://ipt.biodiversity.aq/resource?r=cape-well-met_2019">https://ipt.biodiversity.aq/resource?r=cape-well-met_2019</a>.</p> <p>Method step description:</p> <ol> <li> <p>Video evidence of a Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem (VME) was collected via submarine deployed by the tourist super-yacht MY Scenic Eclipse flagged with Malta. Recordings begin at the greatest depth and continue as the submarine travels up the wall. Footage was taken with a GoPro Hero 7 Black mounted in the pilot window of a U-Boat Worx Cruise Sub 7-300<a href="https://www.uboatworx.com/model/cruisesub"> (https://www.uboatworx.com/model/cruisesub).</a> Four submarine dives were filmed.</p> </li> <li> <p>Prior to footage clean-up it was decided that the longest resulting video would be the one that would be analysed. Footage of each of these dives were provided in multiple files.</p> </li> <li> <p>Final Cut Pro X was first used to join the files into one video file per dive.</p> </li> <li> <p>The videos were then cropped to remove the edge of the pilot’s window frame and to adjust the colour balance.</p> </li> <li> <p>Clean-up then followed the same methodology as was used for analyzing the submarine footage for the successful nomination of four VMEs in WG-EMM-18/35 to remove unusable sequences. For the Cape Well-Met footage that meant the removal of any sequences where the submarine was too far from the wall, where the visibility was poor and when the submarine was paused.</p> </li> <li> <p>Footage from Dive C was the longest resulting video after the completion of this clean-up procedure, thus it became the footage that was analysed.</p> </li> </ol> <p>This project is funded by The Soap and The Sea, a Swiss organic and ocean-friendly soap enterprise that donates half of its profits to Ocean Conservation initiatives.</p>
Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem Indicator Taxa recorded by submarine as evidence of the presence of Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems, Antarctic Peninsula - images
<p>This resource contains images that are framegrabs from video recorded by submarine deployed by the MY Arctic Sunrise during their Antarctica expeditions. The first took place in 2018 and focused within the Gerlache Strait and along the western Antarctic Peninsula and the Antarctic Sound in January 2018. Dives were conducted beginning 19th to 27th January 2018. This resource supplement the images for “Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem Indicator Taxa recorded by submarine as evidence of the presence of Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems, Antarctic Peninsula - data”</p>
Data and script for "On the emergence of ecosystem decay: a critical assessment of patch area effects across spatial scales"
<p>Data and R script necessary to replicate the results of Riva et al. 2024 ("On the emergence of ecosystem decay: a critical assessment of patch area effects across spatial scales"; minor revisions, Biological Conservation).</p>
Data on ecosystem services in mountain pastures
<p><strong>Datasets used for analyses in Ecosystem services in mountain pastures: a complex network of site conditions, climate and management:</strong></p> <p><strong>(1) Plot information data</strong></p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>Plot-ID</td> <td>Plot-ID</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Farm-ID</td> <td>Farm-ID</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Region-ID</td> <td>Region-ID</td> </tr> <tr> <td>X_WGS84</td> <td>X coordinate</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Y_WGS84</td> <td>Y cooordinate</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Plant-biomass-g_m2</td> <td>Plant biomass (g DM m-2)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Digestibility_Perc</td> <td>Digestibility (%)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>SOC-kg_m2</td> <td>Soil C content (kg m-2)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Color-abundance-Perc</td> <td>Share of coloured species (%)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Pollinator-ress_Ind</td> <td>Floral reward indicator</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Plant-species-richness</td> <td>No. of plant species</td> </tr> <tr> <td>P-conten</td> <td>Soil P (mg/kg)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>pH</td> <td>Soil pH</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Slope_Perc</td> <td>Terrain slope (%)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>SummerTemp</td> <td>Mean Temperature May-Sept (°C)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>SummerPrecip</td> <td>Mean Precipitation May-Sept (mm)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>logLU_total</td> <td>Cattle presence (LU ha-1 a-1)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Distance</td> <td>Distance to farm centre (m)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <p><strong>(2) Vegetation data</strong></p> <p>Presence-absence cross-table</p> <p>columns: Plots</p> <p>rows: Plant species</p> <p>Taxonomic names according to Lauber et al. (2001) Flora Helvetica</p>
Global landform and lithology class at 250 m based on the USGS global ecosystem map
<p>Layers include: lithology (15) and landform (7) indicator maps (0-100%). Derived from the <a href="https://rmgsc.cr.usgs.gov/outgoing/ecosystems/Global/">USGS Global Ecosystem Map</a>, i.e. the EcoTapestry map. Water bodies masked out. Antarctica is not included.</p> <p>To access and visualize maps use: <a href="http://www.openlandmap.org/">OpenLandMap.org</a></p> <p>If you discover a bug, artifact or inconsistency in the maps, or if you have a question please use some of the following channels:</p> <ul> <li>Technical issues and questions about the code: <a href="https://gitlab.com/openlandmap/global-layers/issues">https://gitlab.com/openlandmap/global-layers/issues</a> </li> <li>General questions and comments: <a href="https://disqus.com/home/forums/landgis/">https://disqus.com/home/forums/landgis/</a></li> </ul> <p>All files internally compressed using "COMPRESS=DEFLATE" creation option in GDAL. File naming convention:</p> <ul> <li>dtm = theme: digital terrain models / relief and soil,</li> <li>lithology = variable: lithological class,</li> <li>usgs.ecotapestry = determination method: USGS Global Ecosystem Map,</li> <li>p = probability 0-100%,</li> <li>250m = spatial resolution / block support: 1 km,</li> <li>s0..0cm = vertical reference: land surface,</li> <li>2014 = time reference: year 2014,</li> <li>v1.0 = version number: 1.0,</li> </ul>
Generalization of a density-dependent ecosystem function in dominant aquatic macroinvertebrates
<div> <div> <p>This Zenodo record contains the supporting data and code for the publication 'Generalization of a density-dependent ecosystem function in dominant aquatic macroinvertebrates', published in Oikos (<a title="DOI to publication" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.10774">https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.10774</a>). The data are described in detail in the corresponding publication. The data archive contains a ReadMe file, two text files with the empirical data, and a corresponding R script for analysis. All required data to reproduce the full analysis from the original publication are provided.</p> <p>In order to reproduce the analysis and figures, run <code>DensityDependenceAnalysis20240319.R</code>. Make sure that your working directory is the actual folder containing the data files <code>Data_Field.txt</code> and <code>Data_Lab.txt</code>. If run in Rstudio, this should happen automatically. Else this is easily achieved by (re)starting R (or R Studio) by double-clicking the R script file from the folder. The script will produce all the figures from the paper, organized in a folder <code>AnalysisYYYYMMDD</code> and two subfolders <code>CheckFigs</code> and <code>SuppFigs</code>. Figures are prepared as pixel graphics (PNG).</p> </div> </div>
Deliverable T2.2 soil threats and soil ecosystem services of interest in SERENA.xlsx
<p>The internal EJP SOIL project SERENA contributed to the evaluation of soil multifunctionality aiming at providing assessment tools for land planning and soil policies at different scales. By co-working with relevant stakeholders, the project provided co-developed indicators and associated cookbooks to assess and map them, to report both on soil degradation, soil-based ecosystem services and their bundles, under actual conditions and for climate and land-use changes, at the regional, national, and European scales. </p> <p>In T2.2 we discussed the definitions of soil threats (ST) and soil-based ecosystem services (SES) to be further analysed in SERENA. In this process we kept information from the literature review and the results of the national prioritisation of ST and SES. This dataset description is an Excel with sheets of literature search and national prioritisation from the participating countries. Please read metadata at the fist sheet. Furthermore, the last sheet shows the results of our discussion on definitions that we had to clarify before the prioritisation. </p>
Review of existing modelling studies focusing on specific soil-based ecosystem services (SES) and threats (ST) including climate change, management and land use change scenarios.
<p><span>We </span><span>reviewed existing modelling studies focusing on soil ecosystem services (SES) and soil threats (ST) including climate change, land use change and management scenarios. A publication has been submitted and is currently being reviewed. The title of the manuscript is: </span><span>Assessing and mapping soil ecosystem services and soil threats changes in agroecosystems through scenario-based approaches – a systematic review. </span></p> <p><span>Work was split between various authors. All Co-authors were working on either one or more SES or one ST. Excel sheets were prepared by INRA and BFW to ensure the comparability of results that members extracted from the papers found. Literature search was done in Scopus and Web of Science. The final list of related publications is reported here. <br></span></p>
Indicative distribution map for Ecosystem Functional Group T4.4 Temperate woodlands
<p>This archive contains indicative distribution maps and profiles for <strong>T4.4 Temperate woodlands</strong>, a ecosystem functional group (EFG, level 3) of the <a href="https://global-ecosystems.org/">IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology</a> (v2.0). Please refer to Keith <em>et al.</em> (2020) for details.</p> <p>The descriptive profiles provide brief summaries of key ecological traits and processes, maps are indicative of global distribution patterns, and are not intended to represent fine-scale patterns. The maps show areas of the world containing major (value of 1, coloured red) or minor occurrences (value of 2, coloured yellow) of each ecosystem functional group. Minor occurrences are areas where an ecosystem functional group is scattered in patches within matrices of other ecosystem functional groups or where they occur in substantial areas, but only within a segment of a larger region. Given bounds of resolution and accuracy of source data, the maps should be used to query which EFG are likely to occur within areas, rather than which occur at particular point locations. Detailed methods and references for the maps are included in the profile (xml format).</p>
Indicative distribution map for Ecosystem Functional Group M3.1 Continental and island slopes
<p>This archive contains indicative distribution maps and profiles for <strong>M3.1 Continental and island slopes</strong>, a ecosystem functional group (EFG, level 3) of the <a href="https://global-ecosystems.org/">IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology</a> (v2.0). Please refer to Keith <em>et al.</em> (2020) for details.</p> <p>The descriptive profiles provide brief summaries of key ecological traits and processes, maps are indicative of global distribution patterns, and are not intended to represent fine-scale patterns. The maps show areas of the world containing major (value of 1, coloured red) or minor occurrences (value of 2, coloured yellow) of each ecosystem functional group. Minor occurrences are areas where an ecosystem functional group is scattered in patches within matrices of other ecosystem functional groups or where they occur in substantial areas, but only within a segment of a larger region. Given bounds of resolution and accuracy of source data, the maps should be used to query which EFG are likely to occur within areas, rather than which occur at particular point locations. Detailed methods and references for the maps are included in the profile (xml format).</p>
Indicative distribution map for Ecosystem Functional Group F1.2 Permanent lowland rivers
<p>This archive contains indicative distribution maps and profiles for <strong>F1.2 Permanent lowland rivers</strong>, a ecosystem functional group (EFG, level 3) of the <a href="https://global-ecosystems.org/">IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology</a> (v2.0). Please refer to Keith <em>et al.</em> (2020) for details.</p> <p>The descriptive profiles provide brief summaries of key ecological traits and processes, maps are indicative of global distribution patterns, and are not intended to represent fine-scale patterns. The maps show areas of the world containing major (value of 1, coloured red) or minor occurrences (value of 2, coloured yellow) of each ecosystem functional group. Minor occurrences are areas where an ecosystem functional group is scattered in patches within matrices of other ecosystem functional groups or where they occur in substantial areas, but only within a segment of a larger region. Given bounds of resolution and accuracy of source data, the maps should be used to query which EFG are likely to occur within areas, rather than which occur at particular point locations. Detailed methods and references for the maps are included in the profile (xml format).</p>
Indicative distribution map for Ecosystem Functional Group F2.2 Small permanent freshwater lakes
<p>This archive contains indicative distribution maps and profiles for <strong>F2.2 Small permanent freshwater lakes</strong>, a ecosystem functional group (EFG, level 3) of the <a href="https://global-ecosystems.org/">IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology</a> (v2.0). Please refer to Keith <em>et al.</em> (2020) for details.</p> <p>The descriptive profiles provide brief summaries of key ecological traits and processes, maps are indicative of global distribution patterns, and are not intended to represent fine-scale patterns. The maps show areas of the world containing major (value of 1, coloured red) or minor occurrences (value of 2, coloured yellow) of each ecosystem functional group. Minor occurrences are areas where an ecosystem functional group is scattered in patches within matrices of other ecosystem functional groups or where they occur in substantial areas, but only within a segment of a larger region. Given bounds of resolution and accuracy of source data, the maps should be used to query which EFG are likely to occur within areas, rather than which occur at particular point locations. Detailed methods and references for the maps are included in the profile (xml format).</p>
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.