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188 results for “explained variation”
Host energetics explain variation in parasite productivity across hosts and ecosystems
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span><span>Parasites are thought to play a role in ecosystem energetics, in part because some ecosystems harbor a substantial amount of parasite biomass. Nevertheless, the extent to which parasite biomass accurately reflects the flow of energy from hosts to parasites, and the linkages between their energetics, remain unclear. Here, we estimate parasite community energetics at the host and ecosystem-level and test predictions for parasite energetics using the metabolic theory of ecology. Across 27 host species, parasite community abundance declines with average individual parasite energy use <i>R<sub>p</sub> </i>as <i>R<sub>p</sub></i><sup>-0.50</sup> and increases with host metabolic rate <i>R<sub>h</sub></i> as <i>R<sub>h</sub> </i><sup>0.63</sup>, which is inconsistent with metabolic theory. We next test whether the fraction of host energy that is allocated to parasitism is invariant across hosts. Our empirical analysis demonstrates that 85% of the variation in parasite community energy use can be explained by differences in host metabolic rate. However, parasite community energy use increases allometrically with host metabolic rate<span> </span><strong> </strong></span><strong><span><span></span></span><i></i><sub><i></i></sub><span><span> </span></span><span> as </span><span><span></span></span><span><span></span></span><i></i><sub><i></i></sub><sup><i></i></sup></strong><span><span></span></span><strong><span><span> </span></span><span> </span><span> suggesting that the fraction of host energy used by parasites declines with host metabolic rate. </span><span>A</span></strong><span>t the ecosystem-level, we show that the energy flowing through parasite communities scales allometrically with the total rate of energy use by their fish hosts across three ecosystems. Importantly, directly examining energy flux revealed variation in parasite energy use among ecosystems that was not apparent when examining differences in biomass. Taken together, these results establish strong empirical links between host and parasite energetics, but our findings often did not align with predictions based on metabolic theory. </span></span></p>
Data for: Environmental gradualism explains variation in pollination systems of columnar cacti: Phylogenetic and trait evolution analyses
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: The Geographic Dichotomy Hypothesis (GDH) states several flowering plant groups have specialized pollination systems in tropical areas, where resources are more reliable and pollinator communities tend to be more stable. Our main goal was to understand the scope of the GDH and/or gradual environmental variation considering the evolutionary history of the pollination traits.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: Neotropical tropics and adjacent extra-tropics.</p> <p><strong>Major</strong> <strong>taxa</strong> <strong>studied</strong>: Columnar cacti.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: Using a database composed of ~54 columnar cacti species (31.7% of the global columnar cactus species), four complex traits were analyzed: pollination syndromes, reproductive systems, type of anthesis, and duration of anthesis. We applied GLMs, phylogenetic regressions, evolutionary trait optimization, and multivariate models with 19 bioclimatic variables and potential evapotranspiration.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: Weak phylogenetic signal was detected for all traits, giving consistent results between GLMs and phylogenetic regression analysis. The pollination syndrome and duration of anthesis varied with latitude, in contrast to the reproductive system and the type of anthesis. In the Southern Hemisphere, the pollinators were more diverse and the duration of anthesis was longer. Different evolutionary paths between hemispheres were detected and optimization showed a complex pattern in the evolution of traits, suggesting high homoplasy with multiple transformations by convergence and/or parallelism. The environmental models showed thermic seasonality may be at the core of the latitudinal variation of the pollination system.</p> <p><strong>Main</strong> <strong>conclusions</strong>: We did not detect a geographical dichotomy in pollination systems of the cacti, but rather a gradual change in different pollination attributes. Therefore, instead of a GDH, we propose an environmental gradient hypothesis (EGH). Environmental variables may be explaining the variation detected in pollination system traits by conditioning floral properties (morphology, phenology), diversity and distribution of pollinators, and/or coevolution occurrence. The complexity implied in these traits is consistent with high homoplasy levels and a differential evolutionary history between the hemispheres.</p>
Figure 5 in Phylogeny explains better than ecology or body size the variation of the first lower molar in didelphid marsupials
Figure 5: Graphics of the three factors analyzed in variation partitioning analyses to illustrate both their individual contribution for explaining shape variance. (a) lnCS; (b) phylogeny; and (c) habitat and their interacting components (d, e, f, g). (A) females; (B) males.
Figure 4 in Phylogeny explains better than ecology or body size the variation of the first lower molar in didelphid marsupials
Figure 4: Shape deformations related to the first molar (m1). Deformation grids of the predicted shape of m1 for females (A) from the minimum (left, 0.090), medium (center, 0.785), and maximum (right, 1.568); males (B) from the minimum (left, 0.065), medium (center, 0.732), and maximum (right, 1.498) values of natural logtransformed centroid size (body size). Deformation grids related to habitat for females (C) and males (D) from the most terrestrial/semiaquatic (left) to the most arboreal (right).
Figure 3 in Phylogeny explains better than ecology or body size the variation of the first lower molar in didelphid marsupials
Figure 3: Scatter plot of relative warp (RW1 and RW2). Transformation grids visualize shape deformations relative to the mean at the positive and negative extremes of RW axes. (A) body size of females; (B) body size of males; (C) habitat of females; (D) habitat of males; (E) lineages of females; (F) lineages of males. Body sizes classified according to Paglia et al. (2012) and subfamilies/tribes according to Voss and Jansa (2009). Subtitles: see in Supplementary Appendix 1.
Figure 1 in Phylogeny explains better than ecology or body size the variation of the first lower molar in didelphid marsupials
Figure 1: Position of the six landmarks on the occlusal view of the first lower molar (m1) in a specimen of MetachirUS nUdicaUdatUS, and tooth nomenclature used in the study.
Data for: Environmental gradualism explains variation in pollination systems of columnar cacti: Phylogenetic and trait evolution analyses
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Amata variation analysis for Eco-geographic hypotheses do not explain variation in warning signals in diurnal Amata nigriceps wasp moths
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Data from: Attracting mutualists and antagonists: plant trait variation explains the distribution of specialist floral herbivores and pollinators on crops and wild gourds
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Data from: Fine nurse variations explain discrepancies in the stress-interaction relationship in alpine regions
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Data from: Population size and major valleys explain microsatellite variation better than taxonomic units for caribou in western Canada
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Data from: Variation in growth of Damaraland mole-rats is explained by competition rather than by functional specialization for different tasks
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Data from: Red carotenoids and associated gene expression explain colour variation in frillneck lizards
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Data from: Genotypic variation in a foundation tree (Populus tremula L.) explains community structure of associated epiphytes
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Data from: Plastic responses contribute to explaining altitudinal and temporal variation in potential flower longevity in high Andean Rhodolirion montanum
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Data from: Asynchronous changes in abundance over large scales are explained by demographic variation rather than environmental stochasticity in an invasive flagellate
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Data from: Transgenerational genetic effects help explain latitudinal variation in seed mass and germination timing in Plantago lanceolata
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Networks of physiological adjustments and defenses, and their synergy with sodium (Na+) homeostasis explain the hidden variation for salinity tolerance across the cultivated Gossypium hirsutum germplasm
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Data from: Timber harvest and tree size near nests explains variation in nest site occupancy but not productivity in northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis)
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Data from: Consumption explains intraspecific variation in nutrient recycling stoichiometry in a desert fish
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.