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opencc-by-4.0Jun 2020View details →

Fig 2 from: Masson MV, Tavares WS, Alves JM, Ferreira-Filho PJ, Barbosa LR, Wilcken CF, Zanuncio JC (2020) Bioecological aspects of the common black field cricket, Gryllus assimilis (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) in the laboratory and in Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) plantations. Journal of Orthoptera Research 29(1): 83-89. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.29.48966

Fig 2 Gryllus assimilis (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). A. Adult; B, C. Damage to Eucalyptus sp. (Myrtaceae).

Fig. 3 in Stereological analysis of the sperm number in the testicular follicles of the Australian field cricket (Insecta: Orthoptera)

Fig. 3: Stereological quantification of spermatozoa by using a combination of the Cavalieri principle and disector method. The reference frame (20 x 20 µm) plays an important role insofar as cells touching the fully drawn line are included in the counting procedure, whereas cells touching the dashed line are excluded.

Fig. 2 in Stereological analysis of the sperm number in the testicular follicles of the Australian field cricket (Insecta: Orthoptera)

Fig. 2: Detailed light-microscopic photograph of a testicular follicle with its different zones of sperm development (right margin). For sperm counting only the basal part of the transformation zone was used. Abbreviations: FO - follicle, SPC - spermatocytes, SPG - spermatogonia, SPT - spermatids, SPZ - spermatozoa.

Fig. 1 in Stereological analysis of the sperm number in the testicular follicles of the Australian field cricket (Insecta: Orthoptera)

Fig. 1: (a) Stereo-microscopic image of a median section through the male abdomen of the Australian field cricket with its main organic structures; (b) Light-microscopic image of the testicle with follicles representing the places of spermatogenesis. Abbreviations: AG - accessory glands, DP - dorsal pouch, FO - follicle, FT - fatty tissue, GIT - gastrointestinal tract, M - mould, ML - median lobe, MP - median pouch, MV - Malpighi vessels, R - rectum, TE - testicle, TR - trachea, TRL - tracheole, IXS - 9th segment.

Fig. 3 in Theoretical and experimental study on the nymphal growth of the Australian field cricket (Insecta: Orthoptera)

Fig. 3: Comparison of theoretical and experimental temperature-development data of the black field cricket Teleogryllus commodus: (a) 23°C, (b) 27°C, (c) 30°C.

Fig. 2 in Theoretical and experimental study on the nymphal growth of the Australian field cricket (Insecta: Orthoptera)

Fig. 2: Scheme depicting the multi-compartment model with its different parts. Number of compartments depends on the amount of developmental stages during larvogenesis.

Fig. 1 in Theoretical and experimental study on the nymphal growth of the Australian field cricket (Insecta: Orthoptera)

Fig. 1: Development of hemimetabolous insects (e.g., crickets) with a predefined number of nymphal instars. Duration of larvogenesis among other depends on external factors such as environmental temperature.

opencc-zeroJan 2021View details →

Data from: Sex-specific associations between life history traits and a novel reproductive polymorphism in the Pacific field cricket

Associations between heritable polymorphisms and life-history traits, such as development time or reproductive investment, may play an underappreciated role in maintaining polymorphic systems. This is because selection acting on a particular morph could be bolstered or disrupted by correlated changes in life-history or vice versa. In a Hawaiian population of the Pacific field cricket (Teleogryllus oceanicus), a novel mutation (flatwing) on the X-chromosome is responsible for a heritable polymorphism in male wing structure. We used laboratory cricket colonies fixed for male wing morph to investigate whether males and females bearing the flatwing or normal-wing (wild-type) allele differed in their life-history traits. We found that flatwing males developed faster and had heavier testes than normal-wings, whereas flatwing homozygous females developed slower and had lighter reproductive tissues than normal-wing homozygous females. Our results advance our understanding of the evolution of polymorphisms by demonstrating that the genetic change responsible for a reproductive polymorphism can also have consequences for fundamental life-history traits in both males and females.

opencc-zeroJan 2021View details →

Density-dependent individual variation in male attractiveness in a wild field cricket

Social environments modify a male's ability to attract females and thus affect its fitness. Theory implies that an individual's fitness should trade-off with its ability to cope with competition. Individuals are expected to solve this trade-off differently: some males should be more attractive at low but others instead at high density. This prediction has rarely been tested in the wild. We used an automated RFID-surveillance system to quantify for each hour of the day, over 30 days (i.e. almost the entire adult lifespan of our model organism), whether a male had attracted a female in its burrow. The data were collected across a range of naturally varying local densities in wild field crickets, G.campestris. We also estimated whether the shape of the relationship between attractiveness and density was under selection. At the population level, attractiveness increased from low to intermediate density, suggesting an Allee effect. Attractiveness subsequently declined at higher densities, for example, because of detrimental effects of increased competition. Opposite to expectations, males that were more attractive under low densities were also more attractive under higher densities. However, the increase in attractiveness with density varied among males, suggesting that Allee effects were individual-specific. Finally, selection was not acting on density-dependent attractiveness but males that lived longer acquired more mating partners. Our study reveals that social environments shape attractiveness in wild male insects, and imply the occurrence of individual-specific Allee effect that may be evolvable.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Spatio-temporal dynamics of field cricket calling behaviour: implications for female mate search and mate choice

Amount of calling activity (calling effort) is a strong determinant of male mating success in species such as orthopterans and anurans that use acoustic communication in the context of mating behaviour. While many studies in crickets have investigated the determinants of calling effort, patterns of variability in male calling effort in natural choruses remain largely unexplored. Within-individual variability in calling activity across multiple nights of calling can influence female mate search and mate choice strategies. Moreover, calling site fidelity across multiple nights of calling can also affect the female mate sampling strategy. We therefore investigated the spatio-temporal dynamics of acoustic signaling behaviour in a wild population of the field cricket species Plebeiogryllus guttiventris. We first studied the consistency of calling activity by quantifying variation in male calling effort across multiple nights of calling using repeatability analysis. Callers were inconsistent in their calling effort across nights and did not optimize nightly calling effort to increase their total number of nights spent calling. We also estimated calling site fidelity of males across multiple nights by quantifying movement of callers. Callers frequently changed their calling sites across calling nights with substantial displacement but without any significant directionality. Finally, we investigated trade-offs between within-night calling effort and energetically expensive calling song features such as call intensity and chirp rate. Calling effort was not correlated with any of the calling song features, suggesting that energetically expensive song features do not constrain male calling effort. The two key features of signaling behaviour, calling effort and call intensity, which determine the duration and spatial coverage of the sexual signal, are therefore uncorrelated and function independently.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

Data from: Sexual selection and population divergence I: the influence of socially flexible cuticular hydrocarbon expression in male field crickets (Teleogryllus oceanicus)

Debates about how coevolution of sexual traits and preferences might promote evolutionary diversification have permeated speciation research for over a century. Recent work demonstrates that the expression of such traits can be sensitive to variation in the social environment. Here we examined social flexibility in a sexually selected male trait – cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles – in the field cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus and tested whether population genetic divergence predicts the extent or direction of social flexibility in allopatric populations. We manipulated male crickets' social environments during rearing and then characterised CHC profiles. CHC signatures varied considerably across populations and also in response to the social environment, but our prediction that increased social flexibility would be selected in more recently founded populations exposed to fluctuating demographic environments was unsupported. Furthermore, models examining the influence of drift and selection failed to support a role of sexual selection in driving population divergence in CHC profiles. Variation in social environments might alter the dynamics of sexual selection, but our results align with theoretical predictions that the role social flexibility plays in modulating evolutionary divergence depends critically on whether responses to variation in the social environment are homogeneous across populations, or whether gene-by-social-environment interactions occur.

opencc-zeroDec 2011View details →

Data from: Multiple post-mating barriers to hybridisation in field crickets

Mechanisms that prevent different species from interbreeding are fundamental to the maintenance of biodiversity. Barriers to interspecific matings, such as failure to recognize a potential mate, are often relatively easy to identify. Those occurring after mating, such as differences in the how successful sperm are in competition for fertilisations, are cryptic and have the potential to create selection on females to mate multiply as a defence against maladaptive hybridization. Cryptic advantages to conspecific sperm may be very widespread and have been identified based on the observations of higher paternity of conspecifics in several species. However, a relationship between the fate of sperm from two species within the female and paternity has never been demonstrated. We use competitive microsatellite PCR to show that in two hybridising cricket species, Gryllus bimaculatus and G. campestris, sequential cryptic reproductive barriers are present. In competition with heterospecifics, more sperm from conspecific males is stored by females. Additionally, sperm from conspecific males has a higher fertilisation probability. This reveals that conspecific sperm precedence can occur through processes fundamentally under the control of females, providing avenues for females to evolve multiple mating as a defence against hybridization, with the counterintuitive outcome that promiscuity reinforces isolation and may promote speciation.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

Data from: Developmental and genetic effects on behavioral and life-history traits in a field cricket

A fundamental goal of evolutionary ecology is to identify the sources underlying trait variation on which selection can act. Phenotypic variation will be determined by both genetic and environmental factors, and adaptive phenotypic plasticity is expected when organisms can adjust their phenotypes to match environmental cues. Much recent research interest has focused on the relative importance of environmental and genetic factors on the expression of behavioral traits, in particular, and how they compare with morphological and life-history traits. Little research to date examines the effect of development on the expression of heritable variation in behavioral traits, such as boldness and activity. We tested for genotype, environment, and genotype-by-environment differences in body mass, development time, boldness, and activity, using developmental density treatments combined with a quantitative genetic design in the sand field cricket (Gryllus firmus). Similar to results from previous work, animals reared at high densities were generally smaller and took longer to mature, and body mass and development time were moderately heritable. In contrast, neither boldness nor activity responded to density treatments, and they were not heritable. The only trait that showed significant genotype-by-environment differences was development time. It is possible that adaptive behavioral plasticity is not evident in this species because of the highly variable social environments it naturally experiences. Our results illustrate the importance of validating the assumption that behavioral phenotype reflects genetic patterns and suggest questions about the role of environmental instability in trait variation and heritability.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Frequency tuning and directional sensitivity of tympanal vibrations in the field cricket Gryllus bimaculatus

Female field crickets use phonotaxis to locate males by their calling song. Male song production and female behavioural sensitivity form a pair of matched frequency filters, which in Gryllus bimaculatus are tuned to a frequency of about 4.7 kHz. Directional sensitivity is supported by an elaborate system of acoustic tracheae, which make the ears function as pressure difference receivers. As a result, phase differences between left and right sound inputs are transformed into vibration amplitude differences. Here we critically tested the hypothesis that acoustic properties of internal transmissions play a major role in tuning directional sensitivity to the calling song frequency, by measuring tympanal vibrations as a function of sound direction and frequency. Rather than sharp frequency tuning of directional sensitivity corresponding to the calling song, we found broad frequency tuning, with optima shifted to higher frequencies. These findings agree with predictions from a vector summation model for combining external and internal sounds. We show that the model provides robust directional sensitivity that is, however, broadly tuned with an optimum well above the calling song frequency. We therefore advocate that additional filtering, e.g. at a higher (neuronal) level, significantly contributes to frequency tuning of directional sensitivity.

FIGURE 1 in Seasonal and geographical adaption of two field crickets in China (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Gryllidae: Gryllinae: Teleogryllus)

FIGURE 1. Cumulative emergence percentage in different cOnditiOns Of T.emma.

FIGURE 5 in Seasonal and geographical adaption of two field crickets in China (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Gryllidae: Gryllinae: Teleogryllus)

FIGURE 5. RelatiOnsHip between OL/HFL and Original latitude in female (A T. emma B T. occipitalis).

FIGURE 3 in Seasonal and geographical adaption of two field crickets in China (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Gryllidae: Gryllinae: Teleogryllus)

FIGURE 3. DistributiOn Of T.emma (red) and T. occipitalis (purple).

FIGURE 2 in Seasonal and geographical adaption of two field crickets in China (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Gryllidae: Gryllinae: Teleogryllus)

FIGURE 2. Cumulative emergence percentage in different cOnditiOns Of T. occipitalis.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2017View details →

Figure 3 from: Ting JJ, Judge KA, Gwynne DT (2017) Listening to male song induces female field crickets to differentially allocate reproductive resources. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 205-210. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.19891

Figure 3 - Mean (±SE) size of embryos laid during: the first week following treatment (Week 1), and the subsequent weeks following treatment (Post Week 1) of females who experienced either low- (grey symbols) or high- (black symbols) quality calling song.