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126 results for “forest understory”
Data from: Xylem vessel traits predict the leaf phenology of native and non-native understory species of temperate deciduous forests
Non-native understorey woody species have been shown to extend leaf display and inhabit vacant phenological niches in early spring and late autumn when growing with native counterparts in temperate deciduous forests across the world. Despite the potential competitive advantages, extended leaf duration also subjects non-native species to possible hydraulic risks associated with maintaining leaves during periods of increased frost probability. It remains unclear how non-native species are able to maintain xylem function within this context. Leaf phenology in temperate deciduous trees has been shown to be a function of xylem anatomy, with earlier bud break associated with smaller xylem vessels due to the presumed resistance of smaller vessels to freezing-induced cavitation. We examined relationships between leaf phenology and xylem vessel traits across 82 native and non-native understorey deciduous woody species common to eastern U.S. deciduous forests. We hypothesized that non-native species possess xylem vessel traits associated with maximum hydraulic safety during frost-prone spring and autumn leaf display without compromising rapid growth rate. Larger metaxylem vessels in non-native species were associated with both faster spring growth and delayed autumn leaf fall compared to native species. Non-native species also had smaller latewood vessel diameter, latewood vessel area percentage and a higher proportion of solitary vessels in the entire secondary xylem cross section compared to natives, potentially increasing their resistance to freezing- and/or drought-induced cavitation in autumn, thus allowing for delayed autumn leaf fall. Native and non-native species exhibited similar dates of spring bud break and leaf emergence, consistent with similar xylem vessel size and vessel area percentage within metaxylem and earlywood. Within both groups, species with earlier bud and leaf emergence had a higher total percentage of vessel area within metaxylem and earlywood. This suggests understorey species need sufficient water to support their early spring growth at the risk of freezing-induced cavitation. Our study suggests xylem vessel properties, along with cross-sectional spatial xylem vessel distribution, reflect the capacity of non-native plants to thrive in a new environment and deepen our understanding of the physiological mechanisms of successful invasions of non-native understorey woody plant species.
Data from: Linkage of plant trait space to successional age and species richness in boreal forest understory vegetation
Determining the changes in within- and between-species functional diversity in plant communities, and their contribution to overall species trait overlap, can enhance efforts at understanding mechanisms of species coexistence. However, little is known about how variation in species functional diversity influences variation in species trait overlap among contrasting environments. Here, we studied the understorey vegetation in a well-characterized 5000-year-old chronosequence involving 30 forested islands that differ greatly in size, soil fertility, and species diversity. Across this chronosequence we expected consistent changes in both within- and between-species functional diversity that would lead to decreasing overall species trait overlap with increasing successional age, species richness, understorey vegetation density and spatial heterogeneity of soil resources. For each island we measured specific leaf area (SLA) of each of ten individuals of each plant species present. Using a variance decomposition method, we partitioned the total community functional diversity of SLA on each island into within- and between-species functional diversity. Further, we estimated overall species trait overlap as the ratio of within-species functional diversity to total functional diversity. Using regression analyses we then explored relationships of within- and between-species functional diversity, and of overall species trait overlap, with several environmental variables across the 30 islands. Consistent with our hypotheses, overall species trait overlap decreased with successional age due to a statistically significant decrease in within-species functional diversity, and decreased with species richness due to a simultaneous decrease in within-species functional diversity and increase in between-species functional diversity. Against our predictions, overall species trait overlap increased in more competitive environments and did not change with increasing spatial heterogeneity of soil N or P. Synthesis: Our study suggests niche packing as a key mechanism for species coexistence in plant communities. Using SLA as an integrator of plant ecological strategy we show that community successional age and species richness are significantly linked to trait space distribution of plant individuals of boreal forest understorey vegetation and therefore to local species coexistence. Our results also suggest that the trait space of dominant and subordinate species may respond differently to local environmental variables.
Data from: Early snowmelt by an extreme warm event affects understory more than overstory trees in Japanese temperate forests
<p><span>We conducted a warming experiment (four 20 m by 20 m plots) in temperate forests of Japan to determine the effects of earlier snowmelt on both understory dwarf bamboo plants and overstory birch trees. Our experimental treatment advanced snowmelt by about 10 days and increased soil temperatures that were associated with increased rates of soil nitrogen (N) mineralization and nitrification. Furthermore, these changes led to lower C:N ratios of leaves together with the greater growth of understory bamboo vegetation, with no changes in leaf C:N or growth rates of overstory birch trees. Together, our results demonstrate that advancing snowmelt by an extreme warm event in temperate forests is likely to affect N cycling and will benefit understory vegetation without a commensurate change in overstory vegetation, likely due to the increase in available soil N. </span>This is the dataset of plant growth, soil N properties, and plamnt leaf traits obtained by the field snowmelt manipulation experiment.</p>
Figure 4 from: Riley Peterson KN, Browne RA, Erwin TL (2021) Carabid beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) richness, diversity, and community structure in the understory of temporarily flooded and non-flooded Amazonian forests of Ecuador. In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 831-876. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62340
Figure 4 Body length (ABL) (mm) for carabid individuals collected in FP and TF forests, excluding Cicindelini. Body length for FP forest was significantly larger than TF forest (P < 0.001).
Figure E1 from: Riley Peterson KN, Browne RA, Erwin TL (2021) Carabid beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) richness, diversity, and community structure in the understory of temporarily flooded and non-flooded Amazonian forests of Ecuador. In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 831-876. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62340
Figure E1 Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination based on Jaccard dissimilarity values (presence/absence data) of Carabidae morphospecies assemblages for FP and TF forests (stress = 13.7, k = 2). Each data point represents one of the 24 sampling sites. Significant differences (P < 0.001) in morphospecies assemblages occurred between FP and TF.
Figure D2 from: Riley Peterson KN, Browne RA, Erwin TL (2021) Carabid beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) richness, diversity, and community structure in the understory of temporarily flooded and non-flooded Amazonian forests of Ecuador. In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 831-876. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62340
Figure D2 Numbers of morphospecies for Carabidae tribes with significant differences (P < 0.05) between FP and TF forests.
Figure D1 from: Riley Peterson KN, Browne RA, Erwin TL (2021) Carabid beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) richness, diversity, and community structure in the understory of temporarily flooded and non-flooded Amazonian forests of Ecuador. In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 831-876. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62340
Figure D1 Numbers of individuals for Carabidae tribes with significant differences (P < 0.05) between FP and TF forests.
Figure 3 from: Riley Peterson KN, Browne RA, Erwin TL (2021) Carabid beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) richness, diversity, and community structure in the understory of temporarily flooded and non-flooded Amazonian forests of Ecuador. In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 831-876. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62340
Figure 3 Inverse Simpson index (1/D) for FP forest and TF forest carabid beetle samples. FP forest had significantly higher 1/D values than TF forest (P = 0.003).
Figure 1 from: Riley Peterson KN, Browne RA, Erwin TL (2021) Carabid beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) richness, diversity, and community structure in the understory of temporarily flooded and non-flooded Amazonian forests of Ecuador. In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 831-876. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62340
Figure 1 Maps of the field sites A country boundaries of South America with the Amazon Basin indicated by the heavier outline B Ecuador with the locations of TBS as a red circle and the boundaries of Yasuní National Park shaded C a DEM of the study area. The 24 sampling sites are indicated, with blue squares representing FP forest sites and green circles for TF forest. Latitude and longitude (in DD) shown along x and y axes. Maps generated through R packages: 'raster' (Hijmans 2015), 'sp' (Pebesma and Bivand 2005; Bivand et al. 2013), 'GISTools' (Brunsdon and Chen 2014), and 'maps' (Becker et al. 2015).
Figure C3 from: Riley Peterson KN, Browne RA, Erwin TL (2021) Carabid beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) richness, diversity, and community structure in the understory of temporarily flooded and non-flooded Amazonian forests of Ecuador. In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 831-876. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62340
Figure C3 Morphospecies relative abundance by the number of sampling sites at which they were present. Point markers represent the 143 morphospecies coded according the three rarity categories: 'dominant' (circle), 'common' (triangles) and 'rare' (diamonds). Morphospecies classified as 'dominant' occurred at a higher number of sampling sites than 'common' morphospecies. 'Common' morphospecies occurred at a higher number of sampling sites than 'rare' morphospecies (P < 0.001).
Figure 6 from: Riley Peterson KN, Browne RA, Erwin TL (2021) Carabid beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) richness, diversity, and community structure in the understory of temporarily flooded and non-flooded Amazonian forests of Ecuador. In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 831-876. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62340
Figure 6 Simpson's evenness index (E1/D) for species assemblages were significantly more even from FP than TF forests (P = 0.008).
Figure 2 from: Riley Peterson KN, Browne RA, Erwin TL (2021) Carabid beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) richness, diversity, and community structure in the understory of temporarily flooded and non-flooded Amazonian forests of Ecuador. In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 831-876. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62340
Figure 2 Carabid beetle rarefaction curves. Interpolation (solid lines) indicated by filled point markers represents the sampling extent of the current study. Extrapolation curves based on the Chao1 nonparametric diversity estimator are shown (dashed lines). Shaded areas depict unconditional 95% confidence intervals A the overall dataset with both forest types combined and richness extrapolated to n = 2,510 (twice the number of individuals collected) B rarefaction curves for FP forests (blue square) and TF forests (green circle) with sample size extrapolated to n = 1,128 (twice the number of individuals collected in FP forests). FP forests (96 ± 8.0) were significantly more species rich than TF forests (72 ± 8.1) at the rarefied sample size (n = 564). The extrapolated rarefaction curves suggest the difference in cumulative morphospecies richness between FP and TF will decrease as sample size increases.
Figure C1 from: Riley Peterson KN, Browne RA, Erwin TL (2021) Carabid beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) richness, diversity, and community structure in the understory of temporarily flooded and non-flooded Amazonian forests of Ecuador. In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 831-876. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62340
Figure C1 Number of individuals for the morphospecies cicindelid Pentacomia species b (Pentb) for FP and TF forests (P = 0.02).
Figure 8 from: Riley Peterson KN, Browne RA, Erwin TL (2021) Carabid beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) richness, diversity, and community structure in the understory of temporarily flooded and non-flooded Amazonian forests of Ecuador. In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 831-876. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62340
Figure 8 Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination using Bray-Curtis dissimilarity for carabid morphospecies assemblages from FP and TF forests (stress = 13.7, k = 2). Each data point represents one of 24 sampling sites, with blue squares representing FP forest sites and green circles representing TF forest sites. Morphospecies assemblages were significantly different between FP and TF (P < 0.001).
Supplementary material 1 from: Riley Peterson KN, Browne RA, Erwin TL (2021) Carabid beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) richness, diversity, and community structure in the understory of temporarily flooded and non-flooded Amazonian forests of Ecuador. In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 831-876. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62340
Geolocation data for sampling sites at Tiputini Biodiversity Station
Figure A1 from: Riley Peterson KN, Browne RA, Erwin TL (2021) Carabid beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) richness, diversity, and community structure in the understory of temporarily flooded and non-flooded Amazonian forests of Ecuador. In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 831-876. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62340
Figure A1 Water height for the Tiputini River at Tiputini Biodiversity Station, Ecuador. (A) Monthly values represent overall mean river height and the mean maxima and minima based on data from 2009–2014 (B) three years before and after the sampling period for this study. Monthly river height values during the sampling periods, 2011 (B) and 2012 (C) for mean river height in addition to water height maxima and minima.
Figure 5 from: Riley Peterson KN, Browne RA, Erwin TL (2021) Carabid beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) richness, diversity, and community structure in the understory of temporarily flooded and non-flooded Amazonian forests of Ecuador. In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 831-876. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62340
Figure 5 Number of Cicindelini (tiger beetles) collected from FP and TF forests. Significantly more tiger beetle individuals were collected in TF forest (P = 0.011).
Data from: Linkage of plant trait space to successional age and species richness in boreal forest understory vegetation
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Data from: Xylem vessel traits predict the leaf phenology of native and non-native understory species of temperate deciduous forests
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Early snowmelt by an extreme warm event affects understory more than overstory trees in Japanese temperate forests
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
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