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208 results for “geographic patterns”
FIGURE 6 in Variation of plumage patterns, geographic distribution and taxonomy of the Unicolored Blackbird (Aves: Icteridae)
FIGURE 6. Distinct plumages of Agelasticus c. beniensis. Left row, from left to right, males in definitive (FMNH 334642) and fresh first basic (FMNH 334629) plumages. Right row, from left to right, females in definitive (FMNH 334641), and fresh first basic (FMNH 334634) plumages.
FIGURE 3 in Variation of plumage patterns, geographic distribution and taxonomy of the Unicolored Blackbird (Aves: Icteridae)
FIGURE 3. Scatterplots of the first versus the second principal component scores of a Principal Component Analysis of the morphometric variables from specimens of Agelasticus cyanopus measured in this study.
FIGURE 4 in Variation of plumage patterns, geographic distribution and taxonomy of the Unicolored Blackbird (Aves: Icteridae)
FIGURE 4. Distinct plumages of Agelasticus c. cyanopus. Left row, from left to right, males in definitive (AMNH 127087), very worn first basic, molting to definitive (AMNH 32838), worn first basic (AMNH 128351), fresh first basic (AMNH 521164) and juvenal (AMNH 321034) plumages. Right row, from left to right, females in definitive (AMNH 128350), first basic (AMNH 997693) and juvenal (AMNH 321037) plumages.
Geographic patterns in scatterhoarding behavior of eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis)
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Differential geographic patterns in song components of male Albert's lyrebirds
<p>Geographic variation in bird song has received much attention in evolutionary studies, yet few consider components within songs that may be subject to different constraints and follow different evolutionary trajectories. Here we quantify patterns of geographic variation in the socially-transmitted 'whistle' song of Albert's lyrebirds (<i>Menura alberti</i>), an oscine passerine renowned for its remarkable vocal abilities. Albert's lyrebirds are confined to narrow stretches of suitable habitat, allowing us to map likely paths of cultural transmission using a species distribution model and least cost paths. We use quantitative methods to break the songs into three components present in all study populations: the introductory elements, the song body, and the final element. We compare geographic separation between populations with variation in these components as well as the full song. All populations were distinguishable by song, and songs varied according to the geographic distance between populations. However, within songs, only the introductory elements and song body could be used to distinguish among populations. The song body and final element changed with distance, but the introductory elements varied independently of geographic separation. These differing geographic patterns of within-song variation are unexpected, given that the whistle song components are always produced in the same sequence and may be perceived as a temporally-discrete unit. Knowledge of such spatial patterns of within-song variation enables further work to determine possible selective pressures and constraints acting on each song component, and provides spatially-explicit targets for preserving cultural diversity. As such, our study highlights the importance for science and conservation management of investigating spatial patterns within seemingly discrete behavioural traits at multiple levels of organisation.</p>
Geographic patterns in pollen production in Euphorbia tithymaloides
<p>In this study We examine investment in male function in the context of geography and floral morphology in the plant ring species Euphorbia tithymaloides, which colonized the Caribbean from Mexico/Guatemala along two fronts that roughly correspond to the Greater and the Lesser Antilles and that meet in the vicinity of the Anegada Passage.</p> <p>Our results on investment in pollen relative to ovule production are consistent with E. tithymaloides relying on pollinators for reproduction across its range in the Caribbean. We document a geographic pattern of reduction in anther number and pollen:ovule ratios in populations of E. tithymaloides towards the Anegada Passage, which is consistent with a possible geographic transition towards a mixed breeding system where selfing has increased importance in this area where its two expansion fronts meet. The reduction in pollen production is correlated with inflorescence morphology, which converges to relatively shorter cyathia towards the Anegada Passage along both fronts. We discuss alternative scenarios and potential drivers of the patterns we document.</p> <p>The linked datasets consist of:</p> <p>1. Georeferenced pollen counts of Euphorbia tithymaloides.</p> <p>2. Georeferenced measurements of cyathia of Euphorbia tithymaloides.</p> <p>3. Images from where cyathial measurements were derived.</p>
Data for: More than what they eat: Uncoupled biophysical constraints underlie geographic patterns of herbivory
<p>Data used in Lynn et al. 2022 at Ecography. The first dataset contains data from published studies used for the main analyses of the paper. The second dataset is from Lynn and Fridley 2019 in Journal of Plant Ecology used for figure 3. The abstract from the paper is:</p> <p><span>Herbivory rates have classically been hypothesized to decrease from the tropics towards higher latitudes because the more benign abiotic conditions in tropical systems foster greater ecosystem complexity including greater intensity of biotic interactions. However, attempts to quantify latitudinal patterns of herbivory often fail to support this hypothesis. While biases have been offered as explanations for null results, here, we argue that framing the question of latitudinal variation in herbivory around nutrient and energetic constraints of insect herbivores and plants may provide mechanistic explanations of latitudinal herbivory patterns. As a case study, we focused on sodium as an uncoupled nutrient between herbivore and plant communities: sodium is a key limiting micronutrient for herbivore neural and muscular development while present at orders of magnitude lower concentrations in plants. We compared sodium deposition with latitude, mean annual temperature (MAT), and actual evapotranspiration (measure of primary productivity; AET) in their ability to predict consumed percentage leaf area from published datasets. Leaf percent herbivory increased with sodium deposition and MAT and decreased with latitude but was unrelated to AET. Sodium had comparable effect size and predictive ability to either MAT or latitude. Additionally, herbivory was highest in locales with both high sodium deposition and high MAT. Our hypothesis that geographic variation in herbivory is driven by an interaction of unrestrictive temperature environments (high MAT) and limiting nutrient supply to herbivores (high sodium deposition) was strongly supported. We propose that greater generality, predictability, and theoretical development on geographic variation in herbivory will arise from a refocus on the biophysical constraints (e.g., productivity, micronutrient availability, leaf mass consumed) that ultimately control consumer interactions rather than latitude <em>per se</em>. This refocus is likely to open new hypotheses for the evolution of defense syndromes across plant populations and communities based on the specific geography of limiting nutrients.</span></p>
The first comprehensive revision of all the species attributed to Melomys led J. I. Menzies in 1996 to resurrect the genus Paramelomys and to redefine its morphologicallimits and species content. Menzies created P. gressitti as a new species belonging to a group displaying morphological similarities and including also P. lorentzii and P. moncktoni. Monotypic Distribution. E New Guinea. Descriptive notes. Head-body 135-162 mm, hindfoot 30-34 mm; no specific data are available for body weight. Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is a medium-sized Paramelomys with a soft, thick and woolly pelage, a long narrow foot, and a tail with three hairs per scale. It exhibits a medium-sepia dorsal pelage and a gray-buff ventral one. Tail is slightly shorter (99%) than head-body length. The skull has a narrow zygomatic plate. Habitat. Moist tropical mountain forest between 2300 m and 2400 m. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is terrestrial. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List owing to its small geographic range (less than 3500 km?*) and the destruction ofits habitat by mining and logging activities. The major threat to Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is ongoing habitat degradation caused by nearby human populations; habitat on Mount Kandy has been destroyed by gold-miners and wood-cutters. Bibliography. Menzies (1996). in Muridae
The first comprehensive revision of all the species attributed to Melomys led J. I. Menzies in 1996 to resurrect the genus Paramelomys and to redefine its morphologicallimits and species content. Menzies created P. gressitti as a new species belonging to a group displaying morphological similarities and including also P. lorentzii and P. moncktoni. Monotypic Distribution. E New Guinea. Descriptive notes. Head-body 135-162 mm, hindfoot 30-34 mm; no specific data are available for body weight. Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is a medium-sized Paramelomys with a soft, thick and woolly pelage, a long narrow foot, and a tail with three hairs per scale. It exhibits a medium-sepia dorsal pelage and a gray-buff ventral one. Tail is slightly shorter (99%) than head-body length. The skull has a narrow zygomatic plate. Habitat. Moist tropical mountain forest between 2300 m and 2400 m. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is terrestrial. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List owing to its small geographic range (less than 3500 km?*) and the destruction ofits habitat by mining and logging activities. The major threat to Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is ongoing habitat degradation caused by nearby human populations; habitat on Mount Kandy has been destroyed by gold-miners and wood-cutters. Bibliography. Menzies (1996).
Figure 2. Geographic distribution and haplotype networks for 12S in Effects of Quaternary climatic oscillations over the Chacoan fauna: phylogeographic patterns in the southern three-banded armadillo Tolypeutes matacus (Cingulata: Chlamyphoridae)
Figure 2. Geographic distribution and haplotype networks for 12S (top panels) and control region (bottom panels). The panels on the left plot the geographical distribution and frequency of haplotypes in the different localities analysed. Localities were labelled according to their ID (see Table 1). The right panels show the haplotype networks, where the dashes on the lines represent mutations, and the black circles represent intermediate variants not found. Principal Chacoan rivers are shown in light-blue labels. Capitalized labels indicate names of Argentinean provinces, and labels with all letters in uppercase refer to neighbouring countries.
FIGURE 1 in Patterns Of Geographic Distribution And Conservation Of The Open-Habitat Avifauna Of Southeastern Brazilian Mountaintops (Campos Rupestres And Campos De Altitude)
FIGURE 1: Map showing mountaintop regions of campos rupestres and campos de altitude considered in this review. Localities codes are presented in Table 1.
Data from: Quantifying effects of environmental and geographical factors on patterns of genetic differentiation
Elucidating the factors influencing genetic differentiation is an important task in biology, and the relative contribution from natural selection and genetic drift has long been debated. In this study, we used a regression-based approach to simultaneously estimate the quantitative contributions of environmental adaptation and isolation by distance on genetic variation in Boechera stricta, a wild relative of Arabidopsis. Patterns of discrete and continuous genetic differentiation coexist within this species. For the discrete differentiation between two major genetic groups, environment has larger contribution than geography, and we also identified a significant environment-by-geography interaction effect. Elsewhere in the species range, we found a latitudinal cline of genetic variation reflecting only isolation by distance. To further confirm the effect of environmental selection on genetic divergence, we identified the specific environmental variables predicting local genotypes in allopatric and sympatric regions. Water availability was identified as the possible cause of differential local adaptation in both geographic regions, confirming the role of environmental adaptation in driving and maintaining genetic differentiation between the two major genetic groups. In addition, the environment-by-geography interaction is further confirmed by the finding that water availability is represented by different environmental factors in the allopatric and sympatric regions. In conclusion, this study found that geographical and environmental factors together created stronger and more discrete genetic differentiation than isolation by distance alone, which only produced a gradual, clinal pattern of genetic variation. These findings emphasize the importance of environmental selection in shaping patterns of species-wide genetic variation in the natural environment.
Data from: Regional and local patterns of genetic variation and structure in yellow-necked mice − the roles of geographic distance, population abundance and winter severity
The goal of this study, conducted in seven large woodlands and three areas with small woodlots in north-eastern Poland in 2004-2008, was to infer genetic structure in yellow-necked mouse Apodemus flavicollis population and to evaluate the roles of environmental and population ecology variables in shaping the spatial pattern of genetic variation using 768 samples genotyped at 13 microsatellite loci. Genetic variation was very high in all studied regions. The primal genetic subdivision was observed between the northern and the southern parts of the study area, which harboured two major clusters and the intermediate area of highly admixed individuals. The probability of assignment of individual mice to the northern cluster increased significantly with lower temperatures of January and July and declined in regions with higher proportion of deciduous and mixed forests. Despite the detected structure, genetic differentiation among regions was very low. Fine-scale structure was shaped by the population density, whereas higher level structure was mainly shaped by geographic distance. Genetic similarity indices were highly influenced by mouse abundance (which positively correlated with the share of deciduous forests in the studied regions) and exhibited the greatest change between 0 and 1 km in the forests, 0 and 5 km in small woodlots. Isolation by distance pattern, calculated among regions, was highly significant but such relationship between genetic and geographic distance was much weaker, and held the linearity at very fine scale (~1.5 km), when analyses were conducted at individual level.
Data from: Targeted resequencing reveals geographical patterns of differentiation for loci implicated in parallel evolution
Parallel divergence and speciation provide evidence for the role of divergent selection in generating biological diversity. Recent studies indicate that parallel phenotypic divergence may not have the same genetic basis in different geographical locations - "outlier loci" (loci potentially affected by divergent selection) are often not shared among parallel instances of phenotypic divergence. However, limited sharing may be due, in part, to technical issues if false positive outliers occur. Here, we test this idea in the marine snail Littorina saxatilis, which has evolved two partly isolated ecotypes (adapted to crab predation vs. wave action) in multiple locations independently. We argue that if the low extent of sharing observed in earlier studies in this system is due to sampling effects, we expect outliers not to show elevated FST when sequenced in new samples from the original locations, and also not to follow predictable geographical patterns of elevated FST. Following a hierarchical sampling design (within vs. between country), we applied capture sequencing, targeting outliers from earlier studies and control loci. We found that outliers again showed elevated levels of FST in their original location, suggesting they were not generated by sampling effects. Outliers were also likely to show increased FST in geographically close locations, which may be explained by higher levels of gene flow or shared ancestral genetic variation compared to more distant locations. However, in contrast to earlier findings, we also found some outlier types to show elevated FST in geographically distant locations. We discuss possible explanations for this unexpected result.
FIGURE 3 in Geographical distribution of Discocyrtus prospicuus (Arachnida: Opiliones: Gonyleptidae): Is there a pattern?
FIGURE 3. Habitat of Discocyrtus prospicuus. Mixed native – feral forests on the river banks near Los Molinos (province of Córdoba). Photo: G. Rubio.
FIGURE 6 in Geographical distribution of Discocyrtus prospicuus (Arachnida: Opiliones: Gonyleptidae): Is there a pattern?
FIGURE 6. MAXENT distribution model of Discocyrtus prospicuus, displaying presence probabilities (green: 0.279–0.48, yellow: 0.48–0.75, orange: 0.75–0.82, red: above 0.82). Grey: all areas below the selected threshold (equal training sensitivity plus specificity); darker grey: probabilities above 0.130 (minimum training presence). Blue dots: records. Left map: main sectors recognized by the models in the NW. Right map: actual records left out of the threshold (LP: Laguna de los Padres, PSM: Parque Sierra Minas).
FIGURE 5 in Geographical distribution of Discocyrtus prospicuus (Arachnida: Opiliones: Gonyleptidae): Is there a pattern?
FIGURE 5. Predicted distribution of Discocyrtus prospicuus: overlay of models obtained with BIOCLIM (green; true-false, full extension) and MAXENT (light blue; binary), showing the overlapping areas (dark blue). Records: yellow dots. Selected localities (or groups of localities) are referenced as follows: 1. Yala, 2. San Lorenzo and road to Yacones, 3. San Pedro de Colalao, 4. Sierra de San Javier (road to San Javier and Villa Nougués), 5. Sierras Chicas area, 6. Calamuchita area, 7. Villa Nueva, 8. Yapeyú, 9. Concordia, 10. Colón and Banco Pelay, 11. Fray Bentos, 12. Baradero, 13. Villa Argentina, 14 Parque Sierra Minas, 15. Las Toninas and Costa Chica, 16. Villa Gesell, 17. Sierra de los Padres. References for localities in the RLP area: see Fig. 2.
FIGURE 4 in Geographical distribution of Discocyrtus prospicuus (Arachnida: Opiliones: Gonyleptidae): Is there a pattern?
FIGURE 4. Records set of D. prospicuus plotted for cumulative relative frequency for the six most relevant bc variables, as determined by their contribution to the MAXENT models and the jackknife analysis.
FIGURE 9 in Geographical distribution of Discocyrtus prospicuus (Arachnida: Opiliones: Gonyleptidae): Is there a pattern?
FIGURE 9. Distribution models built with selected records removed, detail of predictions in province of Tucumán. A–B: without all 7 points from NW Argentina (A using BIOCLIM, B using MAXENT); C: without 7 points of NW and 14 points from sierras of Córdoba (MAXENT). Blue dots: actual records of the species.
FIGURE 8 in Geographical distribution of Discocyrtus prospicuus (Arachnida: Opiliones: Gonyleptidae): Is there a pattern?
FIGURE 8. Results of the jackknife test performed to determine the relative importance of the 11 bc variables employed in MAXENT. Red bar: regularized training gain with all variables (2.9892). Light blue bars: training gain with variable excluded (less gain, probable higher importance; variables are ordered following this value); dark blue bars: training gain with variable alone.
FIGURE 1 in Geographical distribution of Discocyrtus prospicuus (Arachnida: Opiliones: Gonyleptidae): Is there a pattern?
FIGURE 1. Locality records of Discocyrtus prospicuus (red dots), displayed over selected ecoregions in central-northern Argentina and Uruguay. Rectangles indicate the main portions of the species range: 1. Core area, including: lower Uruguay River banks (UrRiv), lower Paraná delta (ellipse), RLP (Rio de la Plata banks), Atlantic coast (AC); 2. Northwestern Argentina (NWA), comprising provinces of Jujuy, Salta and Tucumán; 3. Central sierras (CS) in province of Córdoba; 3a. Isolated population at Villa Nueva (VN). White small dots: records of Discocyrtus testudineus. Yellow dots in province of Misiones (MIS): records formerly assigned to D. prospicuus, now excluded (hereby referred to as Discocyrtus bucki). Ecoregions (acronyms underlined) delineated by Olson et al. (2001): yungas (Yu); dry (sub-xeric) Chaco (Ch); humid Chaco (hCh); espinal scrubland (Esp); humid Pampean steppe (PS); Uruguayan savanna (UrS); alto Paraná atlantic forests (Paranense forests) (APF); light blue: Paraná flooded savanna. Inset: location of depicted area in South America.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.