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371 results for “growth rate”

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dryad36/100

Nestling growth rate and food consumption increases under experimentally prolonged day length in a New World Sparrow

When evaluating avian reproduction, life history theory examines the trade-offs between parental effort, the number and size of offspring, and the rate of nestling development. The growth rates and body sizes of developing birds vary geographically and can diverge with both latitude and migratory strategies. In terms of offspring size, growth rate can deviate in nestlings of the same or similar species due to the correlated influences of weather events, predation pressure, food availability, number of nestmates, and parental provisioning. Furthermore, a longer photoperiod for species nesting at higher latitudes increases the duration over which a nestling can be fed each day, and increased nestling provisioning has been positively correlated with growth rate. Whether the amount of time in which a bird is fed during development drives this variation in growth rate and morphology is unknown. By removing supplemental environmental stressors (e.g., food availability, weather, predation pressure) and standardizing feeding rate and environment, we explored the influence of daily duration of nestling provisioning on dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis) nestlings. We hand-reared 65 chicks of a sedentary junco subspecies (J. h. carolinensis) under both their natural photoperiod and the longer photoperiod of a closely related migratory subspecies (J. h. hyemalis) and compared growth rate, mass, morphology, and the amount of food consumed. Average growth rate, fasted mass, wing length, and total daily food consumption were all greater in birds hand-reared under the longer, more northern photoperiod treatment. These findings suggest that increased daily photoperiod at higher latitudes may allow for greater total food provisioning and thus may play a role in the ability of parents in compressed breeding seasons to produce high-quality offspring. This points to a trade-off between provisioning effort and nestling growth rate in lower latitude (shorter photoperiod) populations and points to an important role of developmental plasticity on growth rate and morphology.

opencc-zeroMay 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Data from: Axial conduit widening, tree height and height growth rate set the hydraulic transition of sapwood into heartwood

The size-related xylem adjustments required to maintain a constant leaf-specific sapwood conductance (KLEAF) with increasing height (H) are still under discussion. Alternative hypotheses are that: (i) the conduit hydraulic diameter (Dh) at any position in the stem and/or (ii) the number of sapwood rings at stem base (NSWr) increase with H. In addition, (iii) lower stem elongation (ΔH) increases the tip-to-base conductance through inner xylem rings, thus possibly the NSWr contributing to KLEAF. A detailed stem analysis showed that Dh increased with the distance from the apex (DCA) in all rings of a P. abies and a F. sylvatica tree. Net of DCA effect, Dh did not increase with H. Using sapwood traits from a global dataset, NSWr increased with H and decreased with ΔH, and the mean sapwood ring width (SWrw) increased with ΔH. A numerical model based on anatomical patterns predicted the effects of H and ΔH on the conductance of inner xylem rings. Results suggested the sapwood/heartwood transition depends on both H and ΔH, and is set when the C allocation to maintenance respiration of living cells in inner sapwood rings produces a lower gain in total conductance than investing the same C in new vascular conduits.

opencc-zeroJul 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Neighbours matter and the weak succumb: chalara ash dieback infection is more severe in trees with fewer conspecific neighbours and lower prior growth rate

The epidemiology and severity of ash dieback (ADB), the disease caused by the ascomycete fungus, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, has been linked to a variety of site conditions, however, there has been a lack of analysis at an individual-tree scale. Symptoms of ADB were scored on ca. 400 trees of Fraxinus excelsior (ash) in permanent sample plots during two successive years in a UK natural woodland reserve. Using comprehensive plot records maintained since 1945, and detailed spatial records updated since 1977, we assembled an array of potential explanatory variables, including site environment factors, ash tree density, previous and present tree condition and near neighbourhood summary statistics (NNSS), such as species mingling and size dominance. Their impact on the severity of ADB of focal ash trees was tested with generalised linear mixed effects models (GLMM). The severity of ADB was much greater in the lower slope parts of the site with moister soils and least in a managed area subject to tree thinning in the previous 35 years. Severity of ADB had a negative association with focal ash tree prior relative growth rate over a period of a decade immediately before the disease was detected at the site. Greater ADB severity was also significantly associated with smaller diameter-at-breast-height of ash trees. Additionally, ADB was significantly positively associated with a greater proportion of heterospecific trees amongst the six nearest neighbours of the focal tree. Synthesis. The relationship of the severity of ADB disease with site environment, tree condition and neighbourhood is complex but nevertheless important in the progression of the disease. The findings suggest some silvicultural interventions, such as thinning to increase the vigour of retained ash trees, might reduce the impact of ADB.

opencc-zeroAug 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Root functional traits and growth rates in savanna trees and grasses

Root-based functional traits are relatively overlooked as drivers of savanna plant community dynamics, an important gap in water-limited ecosystems. Recent work has shed light on patterns of trait coordination in roots, but less is known about the relationship between root functional traits, water acquisition, and plant demographic rates. Here, we investigated how fine-root vascular and morphological traits are related in two dominant PFTs (C3 trees and C4 grasses from the savanna biome), whether root traits can predict plant relative growth rate (RGR), and whether root trait relationships differ in trees and grasses. We used root data from 21 tree and 18 grass species grown under greenhouse conditions, and quantified a suite of vascular and morphological root traits. We used a principal components analysis (PCA) to identify common axes of trait variation, compared trait correlation matrices between the two PFTs, and investigated the relationship between PCA axes and individual traits and RGR. We found that there was no clear single axis integrating vascular and morphological traits, but found that vascular anatomy predicted RGR in both trees and grasses. Trait correlation matrices differed in trees and grasses, suggesting potentially divergent patterns of trait coordination between the two functional types. Our results suggested that, despite differences in trait relationships between trees and grasses, root conductivity may constrain maximum growth rate in both PFTs, highlighting the critical role that water relations play in savanna vegetation dynamics and suggesting that root water transport capacity is an important predictor of plant performance in the savanna biome.

opencc-zeroSep 2023View details →

ClinicalTrials.gov36/100

Evolution Of Growth Rate In Children With Growth Retardation Due to Glucocorticosteroid Therapy And Treated By Genotonorm

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00163189. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.

restrictedIPD-UNDECIDEDFeb 2026View details →

dryad36/100