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461 results for “harvestmen”
FIGURES 16–21 in The harvestmen fauna (Arachnida: Opiliones) of the Katunsky Biosphere Reserve and adjacent territories (South Siberia, Russia), with a description of a new species of Sabacon (Sabaconidae) and notes on Sabacon sergeidedicatum Martens, 1989
FIGURES 16–21. General appearances of Sabacon sergeidedicatum Martens, 1989 (16–17) and S. zateevi sp. nov. (18 Holotype, 19–21 paratypes): 16, 18–19 Males; 17, 20–21 Females. Scales: 1 mm.
FIGURES 11–15. Liropilio stukanovi Gritsenko, 1979 in The harvestmen fauna (Arachnida: Opiliones) of the Katunsky Biosphere Reserve and adjacent territories (South Siberia, Russia), with a description of a new species of Sabacon (Sabaconidae) and notes on Sabacon sergeidedicatum Martens, 1989
FIGURES 11–15. Liropilio stukanovi Gritsenko, 1979, SEM micrographs (11–13): 11, 14 Penis, dorsal view; 12, 15 Same, lateral view; 13 Glans and apical part, dorsal view. Scales: 1mm (11–12, 14–15), 0.1 mm (13).
FIGURES 1–4 in The harvestmen fauna (Arachnida: Opiliones) of the Katunsky Biosphere Reserve and adjacent territories (South Siberia, Russia), with a description of a new species of Sabacon (Sabaconidae) and notes on Sabacon sergeidedicatum Martens, 1989
FIGURES 1–4. General appearances of the female of Homolophus nordenskioeldi (C.L. Koch, 1879) (1) and the male of Liropilio stukanovi Gritsenko, 1979 (2–4): 1–2 Live specimens; 3–4 Ethanol-preserved specimens, 3 Dorsal view, 4 Lateral view. Scales: 1 mm (3–4).
FIGURES 34–44. Sabacon sergeidedicatum Martens, 1989 in The harvestmen fauna (Arachnida: Opiliones) of the Katunsky Biosphere Reserve and adjacent territories (South Siberia, Russia), with a description of a new species of Sabacon (Sabaconidae) and notes on Sabacon sergeidedicatum Martens, 1989
FIGURES 34–44. Sabacon sergeidedicatum Martens, 1989 (34–40: 34–36 Shorsky National Park; 37 Khakassia ISEA O.001.0272; 38 near Iogach ISEA O.001.0028; 39 Kazakhstan ISEA O.001.0279; 40 Tomsk ISEA O.001.0274) and S. zateevi sp. nov. (male Holotype 41–42 and male paratype ISEA O.001.0286 43–44): 34, 36–40, 41, 43 Penis, dorsal view; 35, 42, 44 Same, lateral view; Scales: 1 mm.
FIGURES 28–33. Sabacon sergeidedicatum Martens, 1989 in The harvestmen fauna (Arachnida: Opiliones) of the Katunsky Biosphere Reserve and adjacent territories (South Siberia, Russia), with a description of a new species of Sabacon (Sabaconidae) and notes on Sabacon sergeidedicatum Martens, 1989
FIGURES 28–33. Sabacon sergeidedicatum Martens, 1989 (28–30) and S. zateevi sp. nov. (paratype from ISEA, 31–33), SEM micrographs: 28, 31 Male palpal coxae, retrolateral view; 29, 32 Glans penis, dorsal view, 30, 33 Same, lateral view. Scales: 0.1 mm.
FIGURES 5–10. Liropilio stukanovi Gritsenko, 1979 in The harvestmen fauna (Arachnida: Opiliones) of the Katunsky Biosphere Reserve and adjacent territories (South Siberia, Russia), with a description of a new species of Sabacon (Sabaconidae) and notes on Sabacon sergeidedicatum Martens, 1989
FIGURES 5–10. Liropilio stukanovi Gritsenko, 1979, SEM micrographs: 5 Chelicera, prolateral view; 6 Same, retrolateral view; 7 Palp, prolateral view; 8 Same, retrolateral view; 9 Palpal femur, prolateral view; 10 Same, retrolateral view. Scales: 1mm.
FIGURES 66–71. Sabacon sergeididicatum Martens, 1989 in The harvestmen fauna (Arachnida: Opiliones) of the Katunsky Biosphere Reserve and adjacent territories (South Siberia, Russia), with a description of a new species of Sabacon (Sabaconidae) and notes on Sabacon sergeidedicatum Martens, 1989
FIGURES 66–71. Sabacon sergeididicatum Martens, 1989 (66–68) and S. zateevi sp. nov. (female paratype ISEA O.001.0281 69–71): 66, 69 Female chelicera, retrolateral view; 67, 70 Same, dorso-prolateral view; 68, 71 Ovipositor, ventral view. Scales: 0.5 mm (66–67, 69–70), 0.1 mm (68, 71).
Data from: Integrative taxonomy and species delimitation in harvestmen: a revision of the western North American genus Sclerobunus (Opiliones: Laniatores: Travunioidea)
Alpha taxonomy, and specifically the delimitation of species, is becoming increasingly objective and integrative. The use of coalescent-based methods applied to genetic data is providing new tools for the discovery and delimitation of species. Here, we use an integrative approach via a combination of discovery-based multivariate morphological analyses to detect potential new species. These potential species are then used as a priori species in hypothesis-driven validation analyses with genetic data. This research focuses on the harvestmen genus Sclerobunus found throughout the mountainous regions of western North America. Based on our analyses, we conduct a revision of Sclerobunus resulting in synonymy of Cyptobunus with Sclerobunus including transfer of S. cavicolens comb. nov. and elevation of both subspecies of S. ungulatus: S. ungulatus comb. nov. and S. madhousensis comb. nov., stat. nov. The three subspecies of S. robustus are elevated, S. robustus, S. glorietus stat. nov., and S. idahoensis stat. nov. Additionally, five new species of Sclerobunus are described from New Mexico and Colorado, including S. jemez sp. nov., S. klomax sp. nov., S. skywalkeri sp. nov., S. speoventus sp. nov., and S. steinmanni sp. nov. Several of the newly described species are single-cave endemics, and our findings suggest that further exploration of western North American cave habitats will likely yield additional new species.
Data from: Taking the discovery approach in integrative taxonomy: decrypting a complex of narrow-endemic Alpine harvestmen (Opiliones: Phalangiidae: Megabunus)
Species delimitation is fundamental for biological studies, yet precise delimitation is not an easy task, and every involved approach has an inherent failure rate. Integrative taxonomy, a method that merges multiple lines of evidence, can profoundly contribute to reliable alpha taxonomy and shed light on the processes behind speciation. In this study, we explored and validated species limits in a group of closely related Megabunus harvestmen (Eupnoi, Phalangiidae) endemic to the European Alps. Without a priori species hypotheses, we used multiple sources of inference, including mitochondrial and multilocus nuclear DNA, morphometrics, and chemistry. The results of these discovery approaches revealed morphological crypsis and multiple new species within two of the five hitherto known species. Based on our analyses, we discussed the most plausible evolutionary scenarios, invoked the most reasonable species hypotheses, and validated the new species limits. Building upon the achieved rigour, three new species, M. cryptobergomas Muster & Wachter sp. nov., M. coelodonta Muster & Steiner sp. nov., and M. lentipes Muster & Komposch sp. nov., are formally described. In addition, we provide a dichotomous morphological key to the Megabunus species of the Alps. Our work demonstrates the suitability of integrative, discovery-based approaches in combination with validation approaches to precisely characterise species and enabled us to implement nomenclatural consequences for this genus.
Data from: Glacial refugia, recolonisation patterns, and diversification forces in Alpine-endemic Megabunus harvestmen
The Pleistocene climatic fluctuations had a huge impact on all life-forms, and various hypotheses regarding the survival of organisms during glacial periods have been postulated. In the European Alps, evidence has been found in support of refugia outside the ice shield (massifs de refuge) acting as sources for postglacial recolonisation of inner-Alpine areas. In contrast, evidence for survival on nunataks, ice-free areas above the glacier, remains scarce. Here, we combine multivariate genetic analyses with ecological niche models (ENMs) through multiple timescales to elucidate the history of alpine Megabunus harvestmen throughout the ice ages, a genus that comprises eight high altitude endemics. ENMs suggest two types of refugia throughout the Last Glacial Maximum, inner-Alpine survival on nunataks for four species and peripheral refugia for further four species. In some geographic regions, the patterns of genetic variation are consistent with long-distance dispersal out of massifs de refuge, repeatedly coupled with geographic parthenogenesis. In other regions, long-term persistence in nunataks may dominate the patterns of genetic divergence. Overall, our results suggest that glacial cycles contributed to allopatric diversification in Alpine Megabunus, both within and at the margins of the ice shield. These findings exemplify the power of ENM projections coupled with genetic analyses to identify hypotheses about the position and number of glacial refugia and thus to evaluate the role of Pleistocene glaciations in driving species-specific responses of recolonisation or persistence that may have contributed to observed patterns of biodiversity.
Data from: Three new species in the harvestmen genus Acuclavella (Opiliones, Dyspnoi, Ischyropsalidoidea), including description of male Acuclavella quattuor Shear 1986.
In Shear's 1986 cladistic analysis of the Ischyropsalidoidea, he described the new genus Acuclavella including four new species from the Pacific Northwest states of Washington and Idaho. Several of these species descriptions were based on very limited sample sizes. Our recent field work has increased by more than an order of magnitude both the number of specimens and known localities for Acuclavella. We use this new material to interpret species limits in Acuclavella using morphometric analyses and DNA sequence data from four gene regions. We sequence for the first time the protein-coding homolog of the WNT2 gene for phylogenetic reconstruction in Opiliones. Our multi-locus phylogeny corroborates a sister relationship between Acuclavella and Ceratolasma, as hypothesized using morphology by Shear (1986). Within Acuclavella, morphometric clusters and reciprocal allelic monophyly allows recognition of three additional species: Acuclavella leonardi sp. n., A. sheari sp. n., and A. makah sp. n. This work also describes the previously unknown male of Acuclavella quattuor, from specimens collected at the type locality. Our research identifies a number of novel morphologies for Acuclavella, including females with four pairs of spines, individuals with three pairs of spines on scute areas I-III, and a population with two pairs of spines disjunct from A. quattuor, which was diagnosed with this spination character. We were unable to assign these populations to existing species, and conservatively do not yet recognize them as new. Intrageneric morphometrics and phylogenetic inference in Acuclavella were often concordant. However, we demonstrate that species delimitation signal would not be detected if only a single line of evidence were utilized.
Data from: Nuptial gift chemistry reveals convergent evolution correlated with antagonism in mating systems of harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones)
Nuptial gifts are material donations given from male to female before or during copulation, and are subject to sexual selection in a wide variety of taxa. The harvestman genus Leiobunum has emerged as a model system for understanding the evolution of reproductive morphology and behavior, as transitions between solicitous and antagonistic modes of courtship have occurred multiple times within the lineage and are correlated with convergence in genital morphology. We analyzed the free amino acid content of nuptial gift secretions from five species of Leiobunum using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Multivariate analysis of the free amino acid profiles revealed that, rather than clustering based on phylogenetic relationships, nuptial gift chemical composition was better predicted by genital morphology and behavior, suggesting that convergent evolution has acted on the chemical composition of the nuptial gift. Specifically, species with solicitous courtship produce gifts consisting of a 19% larger proportion of essential amino acids as compared to those with more antagonistic courtship interactions. This work represents the first comparative study of nuptial gift chemistry within a phylogenetic framework in any animal group and as such contributes to our understanding of the evolution of reproductive diversity and the participant role of nuptial gift chemistry in mating system transitions.
Data from: Comparative analyses of reproductive structures in harvestmen (Opiliones) reveal multiple transitions from courtship to precopulatory antagonism
Explaining the rapid, species-specific diversification of reproductive structures and behaviors is a long-standing goal of evolutionary biology, with recent research tending to attribute reproductive phenotypes to the evolutionary mechanisms of female mate choice or intersexual conflict. Progress in understanding these and other possible mechanisms depends, in part, on reconstructing the direction, frequency and relative timing of phenotypic evolution of male and female structures in species-rich clades. Here we examine evolution of reproductive structures in the leiobunine harvestmen or "daddy long-legs" of eastern North America, a monophyletic group that includes species in which males court females using nuptial gifts and other species that are equipped for apparent precopulatory antagonism (i.e., males with long, hardened penes and females with sclerotized pregenital barriers). We used parsimony- and Bayesian likelihood-based analyses to reconstruct character evolution in categorical reproductive traits and found that losses of ancestral gift-bearing penile sacs are strongly associated with gains of female pregenital barriers. In most cases, both events occur on the same internal branch of the phylogeny. These coevolutionary changes occurred at least four times, resulting in clade-specific designs in the penis and pregenital barrier. The discovery of convergent origins and/or enhancements of apparent precopulatory antagonism among closely related species offers an unusual opportunity to investigate how major changes in reproductive morphology have occurred. We propose new hypotheses that attribute these enhancements to changes in ecology or life history that reduce the duration of breeding seasons, an association that is consistent with female choice, sexual conflict, and/or an alternative evolutionary mechanism.
FIGURE 5 in New familial assignments for three species of Neotropical harvestmen based on cladistic analysis (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores)
FIGURE 5. Hypothesis of relationship among genera of Agoristenidae. Strict consensus tree (L: 118; Ci: 0.44; Ri: 0.69) of 34 equally parsimonious trees (L: 115; Ci: 0.45; Ri: 0.71). Black circles are unique synapomorphies and white circles, homoplastic synapomorphies. Numbers above circles are the character number, and below circles are the character state. Number near the nodes in large font size, bold and underlined is the value of Bremer support.
FIGURE 3. Ramonus conifrons Roewer 1956 in New familial assignments for three species of Neotropical harvestmen based on cladistic analysis (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores)
FIGURE 3. Ramonus conifrons Roewer 1956. Male (holotype): A, habitus, dorsal view; B, idem ventral view; C, right lateral view; F, right pedipalp, ectal view; G, idem, distal femur–tarsus, dorso-mesal view; H, right trochanter–femur I, retrolateral view. Female (paratype): D, habitus, dorsal view; E, dorsal scutum, right lateral view. D,E are more schematic illustration, presenting only main structures. A–E at same scale; F–H at same scale. Scale bars: 1 mm.
FIGURE 4 in New familial assignments for three species of Neotropical harvestmen based on cladistic analysis (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores)
FIGURE 4. Distal part of penis: A–C: Globibunus rubrofemoratus Roewer, 1912, A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, right lateral view. D–E: Rivetinus minutus Roewer, 1919, D, dorsal view; E, right lateral view. F–G: Ramonus conifrons Roewer, 1956, F, dorsal view; G, right lateral view. A–C, at same scale; D and E at same scale; F and G at same scale. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 1. Globibunus rubrofemoratus Roewer 1912 in New familial assignments for three species of Neotropical harvestmen based on cladistic analysis (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores)
FIGURE 1. Globibunus rubrofemoratus Roewer 1912. Male (holotype): A, habitus, dorsal view; B, idem, ventral view; C, idem, right lateral view; D, left pedipalp, ectal view; E, idem, patella–tarsus, dorso mesal view; F, right leg I, dorsal view; G, idem, right trochanter–patella IV; H, idem, right tibia–tarsus IV. A–C at same scale; D and E at same scale; F–H at same scale. Scale bars: 1 mm.
FIGURE 2. Rivetinus minutus Roewer 1919 in New familial assignments for three species of Neotropical harvestmen based on cladistic analysis (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores)
FIGURE 2. Rivetinus minutus Roewer 1919. Male (paratype): A, habitus, dorsal view; B, idem ventral view; C, idem, left lateral view; D, left cheliceral segments II–III, frontal view; E, right pedipalp, ectal view; F, right femur IV, ventral view; G, right pedipalp, distal femur–tarsus, dorso-mesal view; H, right leg IV, prolateral view. A–C at same scale; E and G at same scale. Scale bars: 1 mm.
FIGURE 4. Hypothesis O 4 in Opiliones are no longer the same—on suprafamilial groups in harvestmen (Arthropoda: Arachnida)
FIGURE 4. Hypothesis O 4 of phylogeny of the Opiliones (Simon 1879). Simon was the first to define a group that he called Plagiostethi (green), as opposed to the Mecostethi (here represented by Gonyleptes and identical to Thorell's Laniatores). This name as of today has been abandoned in favor of a different usage of the name Palpatores Thorell.
FIGURE 3. Hypothesis O 3 in Opiliones are no longer the same—on suprafamilial groups in harvestmen (Arthropoda: Arachnida)
FIGURE 3. Hypothesis O 3 of phylogeny of the Opiliones (Thorell 1876). Thorell created the name Palpatores (green) as opposed to the also new group Laniatores (here represented by Gonyleptes). Thorell's Palpatores is currently called Cyphopalpatores Martens (blue), a name coined a century later, while the name Palpatores is used for another group (see Fig. 4 below). Thorell also recognized what later was to be known as Dyspnoi (blue), following Sørensen (1873).
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