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194 results for “host adaptation”
Data from: Host tracking or cryptic adaptation? Phylogeography of Pediobius saulius (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae), a parasitoid of the highly invasive horse-chestnut leafminer
Classical biological control is often advocated as a tool for managing invasive species. However, accurate evaluations of parasitoid species complexes and assessment of host-specificity are impeded by the lack of morphological variation. Here we study the possibility of host races/species within the eulophid wasp Pediobius saulius, a pupal generalist parasitoid that parasitize the highly invasive horse-chestnut leaf-mining moth Cameraria ohridella. We analysed the population genetic structure, host associations and phylogeographic patterns of P. saulius in Europe using the COI mitochondrial gene. This marker strongly supports a division into at least five highly differentiated parasitoid complexes, within two of which, clades with differing degrees of host specialization were found: a Balkan clade that mainly (but not only) attacks C. ohridella, and a more generalist European group which attacks many hosts, including C. ohridella. The divergence in COI (up to 7.6%) suggests the existence of cryptic species, although this is neither confirmed by nuclear divergence nor morphology. We do not find evidence of host tracking. The higher parasitism rates observed in the Balkans and the scarcity of the Balkan-Cameraria haplotypes out of the Balkans, open the possibility of using these Balkan haplotypes as biological control agents of C. ohridella elsewhere in Europe.
Data from: Adaptation of a polyphagous herbivore to a novel host plant extensively shapes the transcriptome of herbivore and host
Generalist arthropod herbivores rapidly adapt to a broad range of host plants. However, the extent of transcriptional reprogramming in the herbivore and its hosts associated with adaptation remains poorly understood. Using the spider mite Tetranychus urticae and tomato as models with available genomic resources, we investigated the reciprocal genomewide transcriptional changes in both spider mite and tomato as a consequence of mite's adaptation to tomato. We transferred a genetically diverse mite population from bean to tomato where triplicated populations were allowed to propagate for 30 generations. Evolving populations greatly increased their reproductive performance on tomato relative to their progenitors when reared under identical conditions, indicative of genetic adaptation. Analysis of transcriptional changes associated with mite adaptation to tomato revealed two main components. First, adaptation resulted in a set of mite genes that were constitutively downregulated, independently of the host. These genes were mostly of an unknown function. Second, adapted mites mounted an altered transcriptional response that had greater amplitude of changes when re-exposed to tomato, relative to nonadapted mites. This gene set was enriched in genes encoding detoxifying enzymes and xenobiotic transporters. Besides the direct effects on mite gene expression, adaptation also indirectly affected the tomato transcriptional responses, which were attenuated upon feeding of adapted mites, relative to the induced responses by nonadapted mite feeding. Thus, constitutive downregulation and increased transcriptional plasticity of genes in a herbivore may play a central role in adaptation to host plants, leading to both a higher detoxification potential and reduced production of plant defence compounds.
Data from: Parasitoid gene expression changes after adaptation to symbiont-protected hosts
Reciprocal selection between aphids, their protective endosymbionts, and the parasitoid wasps that prey upon them offers an opportunity to study the basis of their coevolution. We investigated adaptation to symbiont-conferred defense by rearing the parasitoid wasp Lysiphlebus fabarum on aphids (Aphis fabae) possessing different defensive symbiont strains (Hamiltonella defensa). After ten generations of experimental evolution, wasps showed increased abilities to parasitize aphids possessing the H. defensa strain they evolved with, but not aphids possessing the other strain. We show that the two symbiont strains encode different toxins, potentially creating different targets for counter-adaptation. Phenotypic and behavioral comparisons suggest that neither life history traits nor oviposition behavior differed among evolved parasitoid lineages. In contrast, comparative transcriptomics of adult female wasps identified a suite of differentially expressed genes among lineages, even when reared in a common, symbiont-free, aphid host. In concurrence with the specificity of each parasitoid lineages' infectivity, most differentially expressed parasitoid transcripts were also lineage-specific. These transcripts are enriched with putative venom toxins and contain highly expressed, potentially defensive viral particles. Together, these results suggest that wild populations of L. fabarum employ a complicated offensive arsenal with sufficient genetic variation for wasps to adapt rapidly and specifically to their hosts' microbial defenses.
Data from: Interspecific competition counteracts negative effects of dispersal on adaptation of an arthropod herbivore to a new host
Dispersal and competition have both been suggested to drive variation in adaptability to a new environment, either positively or negatively. A simultaneous experimental test of both mechanisms is however lacking. Here, we experimentally investigate how population dynamics and local adaptation to a new host plant in a model species, the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae), are affected by dispersal from a stock population (no-adapted) and competition with an already adapted spider mite species (Tetranychus evansi). For the population dynamics, we find that competition generally reduces population size and increases the risk of population extinction. However, these negative effects are counteracted by dispersal. For local adaptation, the roles of competition and dispersal are reversed. Without competition, dispersal exerts a negative effect on adaptation (measured as fecundity) to a novel host and females receiving the highest number of immigrants performed similarly to the stock population females. By contrast, with competition, adding more immigrants did not result in a lower fecundity. Females from populations with competition receiving the highest number of immigrants had a significantly higher fecundity than females from populations without competition (same dispersal treatment) and than the stock population females. We suggest that by exerting a stronger selection on the adapting populations, competition can counteract the migration load effect of dispersal. Interestingly, adaptation to the new host does not significantly reduce performance on the ancestral host, regardless of dispersal rate or competition. Our results highlight that assessments of how species can adapt to changing conditions need to jointly consider connectivity and the community context.
Data from: Rate of novel host invasion affects adaptability of evolving RNA virus lineages
Although differing rates of environmental turnover should be consequential for the dynamics of adaptive change, this idea has been rarely examined outside of theory. In particular, the importance of RNA viruses in disease emergence warrants experiments testing how differing rates of novel host invasion may impact the ability of viruses to adaptively shift onto a novel host. To test whether the rate of environmental turnover influences adaptation, we experimentally evolved 144 Sindbis virus lineages in replicated tissue-culture environments, which transitioned from being dominated by a permissive host cell type to a novel host cell type. The rate at which the novel host 'invaded' the environment varied by treatment. The fitness (growth rate) of evolved virus populations was measured on each host type, and molecular substitutions were mapped via whole genome consensus sequencing. Results showed that virus populations more consistently reached high fitness levels on the novel host when the novel host 'invaded' the environment more gradually, and gradual invasion resulted in less variable genomic outcomes. Moreover, virus populations that experienced a rapid shift onto the novel host converged upon different genotypes than populations that experienced a gradual shift onto the novel host, suggesting a strong effect of historical contingency.
Data from: Infectious adaptation: potential host range of a defensive endosymbiont in Drosophila
Maternally transmitted symbionts persist over macroevolutionary time scales by undergoing occasional lateral transfer to new host species. To invade a new species, a symbiont must survive and reproduce in the new host, undergo maternal transmission, and confer a selective benefit sufficient to overcome losses due to imperfect maternal transmission. Drosophila neotestacea is naturally infected with a strain of Spiroplasma that restores fertility to nematode-parasitized females, which are otherwise sterilized by parasitism. We experimentally transferred Spiroplasma from D. neotestacea to four other species of mycophagous Drosophila that vary in their ability to resist and/or tolerate nematode parasitism. In all four species, Spiroplasma achieved within-host densities and experienced rates of maternal transmission similar to that in D. neotestacea. Spiroplasma restored fertility to nematode-parasitized females in one of these novel host species. Based on estimates of maternal transmission fidelity and the expected benefit of Spiroplasma infection in the wild, we conclude that Spiroplasma has the potential to spread and become abundant within D. putrida, which is broadly sympatric with D. neotestacea and in which females are rendered completely sterile by nematode parasitism. Thus, a major adaptation within D. putrida could arise via lateral transmission of a heritable symbiont from D. neotestacea.
Data from: Survival of the feces: does a nematode lungworm adaptively manipulate the behavior of its cane toad host?
Parasites can enhance their fitness by modifying the behavior of their hosts in ways that increase rates of production and transmission of parasite larvae. We used an antihelminthic drug to experimentally alter infections of lungworms (Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala) in cane toads (Rhinella marina). We then compared subsequent behaviors of dewormed toads versus toads that retained infections. Both in the laboratory and in the field, the presence of parasites induced hosts to select higher body temperatures (thereby increasing rates of lungworm egg production), to defecate in moister sites, and to produce feces with higher moisture content (thereby enhancing survival of larvae shed in feces). Because those behavioral modifications enhance rather than decrease parasite fitness, they are likely to have arisen as adaptive manipulations of host behavior rather than as host adaptations to combat infection or as nonadaptive consequences of infection on host physiology. However, the mechanisms by which lungworms alter cane toad thermal preference and defecation are not known. Although many examples of host manipulation by parasites involve intermediate hosts facilitating their own demise, our findings indicate that manipulation of definitive hosts can be as subtle as when and where to defecate.
Fig. 3 in Host-adapted Cryptosporidium and Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in straw-colored fruit bats in Nigeria
Fig. 3. Phylogeny of Cryptosporidium genotypes in bats based on Bayesian inference of sequences of the small subunit rRNA gene. The posterior probability values are indicated on the branches. Red ones are Cryptosporidium genotypes identified in straw-colored fruit bats in the present study, while blue ones are known Cryptosporidium genotypes previously reported in bats. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
◂Fig. 1 Live photos and dissection of parasitized Aphrodita longipalpa and Veneriserva pygoclava. A Ventral view of A. longipalpa. B Dorsal view of A. longipalpa with removed feltage chaetae, revealing the parasite visible through the body wall. C Ventrally dissected A. longipalpa, exposing the sizable female parasite. Veneriserva pygoclava individuals within the host are indicated by arrowheads. D Juvenile female V. pygoclava, with developing oocytes visible through the body wall along the mid-dorsal orange line. E Female V. pygoclava showing the mid-dorsal orange pigmentation and the white mark at the base of the prostomium. F Male V. pygoclava. G A large female and smaller male V. pygoclava, extracted from the same host. The pygidium is club-shaped in both males and females and juveniles. H Juvenile V. pygoclava shown from multiple angles, characterized by a complete white coloration; black jaws are magnified in panel in Hardly Venus's servant-morphological adaptations of Veneriserva to an endoparasitic lifestyle and its phylogenetic position within Dorvilleidae (Annelida)
◂Fig. 1 Live photos and dissection of parasitized Aphrodita longipalpa and Veneriserva pygoclava. A Ventral view of A. longipalpa. B Dorsal view of A. longipalpa with removed feltage chaetae, revealing the parasite visible through the body wall. C Ventrally dissected A. longipalpa, exposing the sizable female parasite. Veneriserva pygoclava individuals within the host are indicated by arrowheads. D Juvenile female V. pygoclava, with developing oocytes visible through the body wall along the mid-dorsal orange line. E Female V. pygoclava showing the mid-dorsal orange pigmentation and the white mark at the base of the prostomium. F Male V. pygoclava. G A large female and smaller male V. pygoclava, extracted from the same host. The pygidium is club-shaped in both males and females and juveniles. H Juvenile V. pygoclava shown from multiple angles, characterized by a complete white coloration; black jaws are magnified in panel
Figure 4 from: Gikonyo MW, Biondi M, Beran F (2019) Adaptation of flea beetles to Brassicaceae: host plant associations and geographic distribution of Psylliodes Latreille and Phyllotreta Chevrolat (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). In: Schmitt M, Chaboo CS, Biondi M (Eds) Research on Chrysomelidae 8. ZooKeys 856: 51-73. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.856.33724
Figure 4 Metabolism of glucosinolates in Psylliodeschrysocephala and Phyllotretastriolata. Upon herbivory, glucosinolates are usually hydrolysed by the plant enzyme myrosinase to an unstable aglucone, which spontaneously rearranges to a toxic isothiocyanate. In the presence of plant specifier proteins, other hydrolysis products such as thiocyanates and nitriles are formed. Both flea beetle species sequester glucosinolates in their bodies, suggesting that not all glucosinolates are hydrolysed in feeding-damaged plant tissue. Sequestered glucosinolates may be activated for defensive purposes by an insect myrosinase in Ph.striolata, but not in Ps.chrysocephala. In addition, Ps.chrysocephala partially detoxifies glucosinolates by desulfation, whereas no glucosinolate sulfatase activity was found in Ph.striolata. According to a quantitative feeding study performed with Ps.chrysocephala, most ingested glucosinolates are activated, and isothiocyanates are detoxified by conjugation to glutathione. The isothiocyanate-glutathione conjugate is metabolized via the mercapturic acid pathway to several cyclic metabolites in Ps.chrysocephala adults (Beran et al. 2018). Examples of three structurally different glucosinolate side-chains are shown in the box. Beetle photos: Anna Schroll.
Supplementary material 1 from: Gikonyo MW, Biondi M, Beran F (2019) Adaptation of flea beetles to Brassicaceae: host plant associations and geographic distribution of Psylliodes Latreille and Phyllotreta Chevrolat (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). In: Schmitt M, Chaboo CS, Biondi M (Eds) Research on Chrysomelidae 8. ZooKeys 856: 51-73. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.856.33724
: Data type: (Species, host plants, diet breadth, geographic distribution)
Figure 3 from: Gikonyo MW, Biondi M, Beran F (2019) Adaptation of flea beetles to Brassicaceae: host plant associations and geographic distribution of Psylliodes Latreille and Phyllotreta Chevrolat (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). In: Schmitt M, Chaboo CS, Biondi M (Eds) Research on Chrysomelidae 8. ZooKeys 856: 51-73. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.856.33724
Figure 3 Distribution of 242 Phyllotreta species in the different zoogeographical regions (A), and host plant associations of all species (As) and endemic species (Es) for each zoogeographical region (B). For detailed information, refer to Suppl. material 3.
Figure 2 from: Gikonyo MW, Biondi M, Beran F (2019) Adaptation of flea beetles to Brassicaceae: host plant associations and geographic distribution of Psylliodes Latreille and Phyllotreta Chevrolat (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). In: Schmitt M, Chaboo CS, Biondi M (Eds) Research on Chrysomelidae 8. ZooKeys 856: 51-73. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.856.33724
Figure 2 Distribution of 207 Psylliodes species in the different zoogeographical regions (A), and host plant associations of all species (As) and endemic species (Es) for each zoogeographical region (B). For detailed information, refer to Suppl. material 1.
Figure 1 from: Gikonyo MW, Biondi M, Beran F (2019) Adaptation of flea beetles to Brassicaceae: host plant associations and geographic distribution of Psylliodes Latreille and Phyllotreta Chevrolat (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). In: Schmitt M, Chaboo CS, Biondi M (Eds) Research on Chrysomelidae 8. ZooKeys 856: 51-73. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.856.33724
Figure 1 Host plant associations of the genera Psylliodes (A) and Phyllotreta (B). The host plants of 107 Psylliodes species and 117 Phyllotreta species have been reported in the literature. The numbers of species which feed on plants in one plant family (monophagous and oligophagous), and the number of polyphagous species are given as percentages. 18% of the Phyllotreta species feed on more than one family in the order Brassicales (Brassic., Brassicaceae; Cappar., Capparaceae; Cleom., Cleomaceae; Resed., Resedaceae; Tropaeol., Tropaeolaceae). For detailed information, refer to Suppl. material 1 (Psylliodes) and 3 (Phyllotreta).
Supplementary material 3 from: Gikonyo MW, Biondi M, Beran F (2019) Adaptation of flea beetles to Brassicaceae: host plant associations and geographic distribution of Psylliodes Latreille and Phyllotreta Chevrolat (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). In: Schmitt M, Chaboo CS, Biondi M (Eds) Research on Chrysomelidae 8. ZooKeys 856: 51-73. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.856.33724
: Data type: (Species, host plants, diet breadth, geographic distribution)
Supplementary material 2 from: Gikonyo MW, Biondi M, Beran F (2019) Adaptation of flea beetles to Brassicaceae: host plant associations and geographic distribution of Psylliodes Latreille and Phyllotreta Chevrolat (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). In: Schmitt M, Chaboo CS, Biondi M (Eds) Research on Chrysomelidae 8. ZooKeys 856: 51-73. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.856.33724
: Data type: (Species, host plant families)
Data from: Host diversity limits the evolution of parasite local adaptation
Specificity in the interactions between hosts and their parasites can lead to local adaptation. However, the degree of local adaptation is predicted to depend upon the diversity of resistance alleles within the host population; increasing host diversity should decrease mean parasite infectivity and hence reduce local adaptation. In this study, we empirically test this prediction using the highly specific interactions between bacteria with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated (CRISPR/Cas) immunity and their bacteriophage. Bacteria acquire immunity to phage by incorporating a phage-derived spacer sequence into CRISPR loci on the host genome, and phage can escape the CRISPR-mediated immunity of a specific clone by mutating the targeted sequence. We found that high levels of CRISPR allele diversity that naturally evolve in host populations exposed to phage (because each bacterial clone captures a unique phage-derived sequence) prevents phage from becoming locally adapted. By manipulating the number of CRISPR alleles in the host population, we show that phage can become locally adapted to their bacterial hosts but only when CRISPR allele diversity is low.
Data from: Aggregation of infective stages of parasites as an adaptation and its implications for the study of parasite-host interactions
The causes and consequences of aggregation among conspecifics have received much attention. For infecting macroparasites, causes include variation among hosts in susceptibility, and/or whether infective stages are aggregated in the environment. Here, we link these two phenomena and explore whether aggregation of infective stages in the environment is adaptive to parasites encountering host condition-linked defenses, and what effect such aggregations have for parasite-host interactions. Using simulation models, we show that parasite fitness is increased by aggregates attacking a host, particularly when investment into defenses is high. The fitness benefit of aggregation remains despite inclusion of factors that should curb the benefits of aggregation: namely, mortality of low condition hosts (those hosts expected to be most susceptible to parasitism) and costs of high coinfection. Using sample sizes common in studies, aggregation of infective stages reduces the likelihood of detecting host condition-parasitism relations, even when host condition is the only other factor in models affecting parasitism. Thus, it is not surprising that the expected inverse relations between host condition and parasitism, commonly a premise in studies of parasite-host interactions, are inconsistently found. An understanding of how parasites encounter hosts is thus needed for developing theory for parasite-host ecological and evolutionary interactions.
Methotrexate or Pentostatin for Graft-versus-host Disease Prophylaxis in Risk-adapted Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation for Hematologic Malignancies
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01188798. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Data from: Na+/K+-ATPase resistance and cardenolide sequestration: basal adaptations to host plant toxins in the milkweed bugs (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Lygaeinae)
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