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250 results for “hurricanes”
Greenhouse gas fluxes before and after Hurricane Maria
We used several methods to estimate forest damage in the neighborhood of each focal tree in order to test whether there may be a relationship between GHG fluxes and local damage severity. First, we assigned each damage category a numeric value of damage based on % canopy damage (Light = 0%-25%, Medium = 25%-75%%, and Heavy > 75%). We then calculated three mean neighborhood damage estimates for each gas sampling location by taking 1) the mean damage for all trees > 10 cm DBH in the same 20 x 20 m quadrat as our gas measurements; 2) the mean damage for all trees within a 10 m radius of our gas measurements; and 3) the mean damage for all trees within a 20 m radius of our gas measurements. We then fit simple linear models in R to test for significant relationships between CO2, CH4, and N2O and our neighborhood damage estimates. Approximately every five yearssince 1990, stems are re-measured and their statusis assessed, and new stems are added. The lastcensus of the LFDP prior to Hurricane Marı´a wascompleted in 2016, representing pre-hurricaneconditions in this study.Beginning in January 2018, all trees at least10 cm dbh in the LFDP were surveyed to assessdamage and immediate mortality from H. Marı´a(Uriarte and others 2019). The survey recordedseveral qualitative and quantitative observations oftree damage resulting from the hurricane, such asuprooting or stem break, and type of damage tostems, tree crowns and branches. Using this information,we classified each stem at least 10 cm indbh into three damage classes: (1) no or lightdamage ( £ 25% of crown volume removed by thestorm), (2) medium damage (25–75% of crownvolume lost through a combination of branchdamage and crown break), or (3) heavy or complete(> 75% of the crown lost, stem snapped, rootbreak or tip-up) Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation to
High resolution WRF simulation of Hurricane Sandy (2012) wind during landfall
<p>A 96-hour high-resolution simulation of Hurricane Sandy was conducted using the Advanced Research version 3.3.1 of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model initialized at 1200 UTC 26 October 2012 (Johnsen et al., 2013) and using a horizontal resolution of 500 m. Domain size was 2,660x2,500 km with 150 vertical layers. The Yonsei University planetary boundary layer (PBL) scheme, the Noah land model, and the MM5 Monin-Obukhov similarity theory surface layer model were used. Cloud physics was modeled using WSM6 6-class microphysics with graupel. Convection parameterization was not used for this high-spatial-resolution simulation. National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecast System (GFS) analyses were used for initialization and boundary conditions, with the latter updated every 6 hours.</p> <p>Data herein is a landfall-regime subset (Schiavone et al., 2016) of the full simulation. The spatial domain is 500x500 km containing the 50 lowest layers, with a time domain that spans the 12-hour period beginning at1200 UTC 29 October 2012 and with 3-hour time steps. Format is NetCDF containing detailed metadata. Three-dimensional meteorological field variables include the 3 wind components, potential temperature, water vapor mixing ratio, geopotential, and atmospheric pressure. Two-dimensional variables include horizontal wind components at 10 m AGL, potential temperature and water vapor mixing ratio at 2 m AGL, atmospheric pressure at the surface, terrain height, and the Coriolis sine latitude term, which is required to calculate potential vorticity.</p> <p>These WRF simulation data were used, along with WSR-88D Doppler radar data and surface wind observations, to demonstrate that roll vortices occurred in the atmospheric boundary layer over the landfall region during Hurricane Sandy's landfall period (Schiavone et al., 2020).</p>
Data from: Hurricanes overcome migration lag and shape intraspecific genetic variation beyond a poleward mangrove range limit
<p>Expansion of many tree species lags behind climate-change projections. Extreme storms can rapidly overcome this lag, especially for coastal species, but how will storm-driven expansion shape intraspecific genetic variation? Do storms provide recruits only from the nearest sources, or from more distant sources? Answers to these questions have ecological and evolutionary implications, but empirical evidence is absent from the literature. Hurricane Irma provided an opportunity to address this knowledge gap at the northern range limit of the neotropical black mangrove (<i>Avicennia germinans</i>) on the Atlantic coast of Florida, USA. We observed massive post-hurricane increases in beach-stranded <i>A. germinans</i> propagules at, and past, this species' present-day range margin when compared to a previously-surveyed, non-hurricane year. Yet, propagule dispersal does not guarantee subsequent establishment and reproductive success (i.e., effective dispersal). We also evaluated prior effective dispersal along this coastline with isolated <i>A. germinans</i> trees identified beyond the most northern established population. We used 12 nuclear microsatellite loci to genotype hurricane-driven drift propagules from nine sites (n = 896 propagules) and isolated trees from four sites (n = 10 trees), determined their sources of origin, and estimated dispersal distances. Almost all drift propagules and all isolated trees came from the nearest sources. This research suggests that hurricanes are a prerequisite for poleward range expansion of a coastal tree species and that storms can shape the expanding gene pool by providing almost exclusively range-margin genotypes. These insights and empirical estimates of hurricane-driven dispersal distances should improve our ability to forecast distributional shifts of coastal species.</p>
Data from: A hurricane alters pollinator relationships and natural selection on an introduced island plant
Novel relationships between the floral morphology of introduced plants and the trophic morphology of native pollinators have been hypothesized to cause strong natural selection on both parties, but evidence for such selection is rare. We capitalized on a natural disturbance to examine selection on an introduced plant, Heliconia wagneriana, on the island of Dominica, before and after Hurricane Maria. Prior to the hurricane, female Anthracothorax jugularis hummingbirds, which have longer bills than males, were the main visitor to H. wagneriana, and directional selection on corolla length was insignificant. After the hurricane, shorter-billed male A. jugularis were the main visitor to H. wagneriana. The absence of trait-matching between a short-billed pollinator and a long-flowered plant resulted in directional selection for shorter flowers because males preferentially visited plants with shorter flowers. The amount of nectar removed by male A. jugularis was negatively associated with flower length, with flowers > 53 mm containing nearly five times the nectar than flowers < 53 mm. We estimate a roughly 75% decrease in the population size of A. jugularis, and results suggest the heaviest mortality occurred among short-billed male hummingbirds and larger-bodied individuals of both sexes, which would have higher nectar requirements and the most difficulty obtaining nectar. Our results indicate that hurricanes may alter relationships between plants and pollinators, and that lack of trait-matching resulting from such disturbances may lead to selection on both plant and pollinator.
Data from: Effective population size of Culex quinquefasciatus under insecticide-based vector management and following Hurricane Harvey in Harris County, Texas
<div> <em>Culex quinquefasciatus</em> is mosquito species of significant public health importance due to its ability to transmit multiple pathogens that can cause mosquito-borne diseases, such as West Nile fever and St. Louis encephalitis. In Harris County, Texas, <em>Cx. quinquefasciatus</em> is a common vector species and is subjected to insecticide-based management by the Harris County Public Health Department. However, insecticide resistance in mosquitoes has increased rapidly worldwide and raises concerns about maintaining the effectiveness of vector control approaches. This concern is highly relevant in Texas, with its humid subtropical climate along the Gulf Coast that provides suitable habitat for <em>Cx. quinquefasciatus</em> and other mosquito species that are known disease vectors. Therefore, there is an urgent and ongoing need to monitor the effectiveness of current vector control programs. In this study, we evaluated the impact of vector control approaches by estimating the effective population size of <em>Cx. quinquefasciatus</em> in Harris County. We applied Approximate Bayesian Computation to microsatellite data to estimate effective population size. We collected <em>Cx. quinquefasciatus</em> samples from two mosquito control operation areas, 415 and 802, during routine vector monitoring in 2016 and 2017. No county mosquito control operations were applied at area 415 in 2016 and 2017, whereas extensive adulticide spraying operations were in effect at area 802 during the summer of 2016. We collected data for eighteen microsatellite markers for 713 and 723 mosquitoes at eight timepoints from 2016 to 2017 in areas 415 and 802, respectively. We also investigated the impact of Hurricane Harvey's landfall in the Houston area in August of 2017 on <em>Cx. quinquefasciatus</em> population fluctuation. Although we did not detect significant effects of vector control interventions, we found considerable influences of the winter season and a major hurricane on the effective population size of <em>Cx. quinquefasciatus</em>. The fluctuations in effective population size in both areas showed a significant seasonal pattern. Additionally, the significant population expansion following Hurricane Harvey in 2017 supports the necessity for post-hurricane vector-control interventions.</div>
Hurricane Propellor Hub
A propellor hub from a World War 2 Hurricane V7497 aircraft that is now located in the Battle of Britain Bunker Visitor Centre, Uxbridge. The Hurricane flew in the Battle of Britain and was shot down over Deale, Kent in September 1940. 122 photos taken in August 2021 with a Sony a7R III and processed in Reality Capture. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
E3SM simulations of Hurricane Irene (Delaware River basin subset)
<p>This repository consists of the E3SM simulation outputs of Hurricane Irene (subsetted within Delaware River basin) associated with the manuscript: "Simulation of Compound Flooding using River-Ocean Two-way Coupled E3SM Ensemble on Variable-resolution Meshes". Below are the descriptions for each file:</p> <p>EAM_ensemble.nc - 25 EAM ensemble simulations.<br>MOSART_1way_baseline.nc - 25 MOSART ensemble simulations for Experiment 1way_baseline<br>MOSART_1way_datm_GSWP.nc - MOSART simulation for Experiment 1way_datm using GSWP forcing<br>MOSART_1way_datm_JRA.nc - MOSART simulation for Experiment 1way_datm using JRA forcing<br>MOSART_1way_r0125.nc - 25 MOSART ensemble simulations for Experiment 1way_r0125<br>MOSART_2way.nc - 25 MOSART ensemble simulations for Experiment 2way<br>MOSART_1way_SSH.nc - 25 MOSART ensemble simulations for Experiment 1way_SSH<br>MOSART_1way_MSL.nc - 25 MOSART ensemble simulations for Experiment 1way_MSL<br>MPASO_subset_1way_ens001.nc ~ MPASO_subset_1way_ens025.nc - 25 MPAS-O ensemble simulations for Experiment 1way_baseline<br>MPASO_subset_2way_ens001.nc ~ MPASO_subset_2way_ens001.nc - 25 MPAS-O ensemble simulations for Experiment 2way</p>
COAMPS-TC atmospheric data subset for Hurricane Michael
<p>Hurricane Michael was a Category 5 hurricane when it made landfall on the Florida Panhandle on 10 October 2018. The data subset of the Hurricane Michael Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System for Tropical Cyclones (COAMPS-TC) was utilized for the manuscript "In situ observations at the air-sea interface by expendable air-deployed drifters under Hurricane Michael (2018)". Zonal and meridional 10-m winds were subset for designated time steps and interpolated to the time and location of the drifter observations. The wind fields were used in calculations of wave age and to compare to drifter observed winds and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Earth Reanalysis version 5 reanalysis (ERA5) wind.</p>
Ambient noise from the atmosphere within the seismic hum period band: A case study of hurricane landfall
<p>Spectral analysis results, synthetic Green's functions, and seismic modeling results of this study.</p> <p>This work can be found at GitHub: <a href="https://github.com/NickJi98/Atm_Noise_2024_EPSL.git">https://github.com/NickJi98/Atm_Noise_2024_EPSL.git</a></p>
Data from: Long-term climate and hydrologic regimes shape stream invertebrate community responses to a hurricane disturbance
<p>Disturbances can produce a spectrum of short- and long-term ecological consequences that depend on complex interactions of the characteristics of the event, antecedent environmental conditions, and the intrinsic properties of resistance and resilience of the affected biological system. We used Hurricane Harvey's impact on coastal rivers of Texas to examine the roles of storm-related changes in hydrology and long-term precipitation regime on the response of stream invertebrate communities to hurricane disturbance. We detected declines in richness, diversity, and total abundance following the storm, but responses were strongly tied to direct and indirect effects of long-term aridity and short-term changes in stream hydrology. The amount of rainfall a site received drove both flood duration and flood magnitude across sites, but lower annual rainfall amounts (i.e., aridity) increased flood magnitude and decreased flood duration. Across all sites, flood duration was positively related to the time it took for invertebrate communities to return to a long-term baseline and flood magnitude drove larger invertebrate community responses (i.e., changes in diversity and total abundance). However, invertebrate response per unit flood magnitude was lower in sub-humid sites, potentially because of differences in refuge availability or ecological-evolutionary interactions. Interestingly, sub-humid streams had temporary large peaks in invertebrate total abundance and diversity following recovery period that may be indicative of the larger organic matter pulses expected in these systems because of their comparatively well-developed riparian vegetation. Our findings show that hydrology and long-term precipitation regime predictably affected invertebrate community responses and, thus, our work underscores the important influence of local climate to ecosystem sensitivity to disturbances.</p>
Empirical data and model simulations of the effect of repeated hurricanes on soil carbon dynamics in a humid tropical forest
<p>Increasing hurricane frequency and intensity with climate change is likely to affect soil organic carbon (C) stocks in tropical forests. We examined the cycling of C between soil pools and with depth at the Luquillo Experimental Forest in Puerto Rico in soils over a 30-year period that spanned repeated hurricanes. We used a non-linear matrix model of soil C pools and fluxes ("soilR") and constrained the parameters with soil and litter survey data. Soil chemistry and stable and radiocarbon isotopes were measured from three soil depths across a topographic gradient in 1988 and 2018. Our results suggest that pulses and subsequent reduction of inputs caused by severe hurricanes in 1989, 1998, and two in 2017 led to faster mean transit times and younger mean ages of soil C in the particulate, occluded, and mineral-associated soil organic matter pools at 0–10 cm and 35–60 cm depths relative to a modeled control soil with constant inputs over the thirty years. Between 1988 and 2018, the occluded C stock increased, and d<sup>13</sup>C in all pools decreased, while changes in particulate and mineral-associated C were undetectable. The differences between 1988 and 2018 suggest that hurricane disturbance results in a dilution of the occluded light C pool with an influx of young, debris-deposited C, and possible microbial scavenging of old and young C in the particulate and mineral-associated pools. These effects led to a younger total soil C pool with faster mean transit times. Our results suggest that increasing frequency of intense hurricanes will speed up rates of C cycling in tropical forests, and eventually lead to net losses of C from tropical forest soils.</p>
StreamSonde and Dropsonde Data from Hurricane Nigel (2023)
<p>The dataset contains all dropsonde and StreamSonde profiles from Hurricane Nigel (2023). All the data was collected on the 09/20/2023 mission on NOAA43 and post-processed in ASPEN. Dropsonde profiles start with a 'D' and StreamSonde profiles start with a 'linWC". All files are named by launch time (in UTC) in form of hr-min-sec. </p>
Model output for a storyline analysis of hurricane Irma's precipitation under various levels of climate warming
<p>Understanding how extreme weather, such as tropical cyclones, will change with future climate warming is an interesting computational challenge. Here, the hindcast approach is used to create different storylines of a particular tropical cyclone, Hurricane Irma (2017). Using the Community Atmosphere Model, we explore how Irma's precipitation would change under various levels of climate warming. Analysis is focused on a 48-hour period where the simulated hurricane tracks reasonably represent Irma's observed track. Under future scenarios of 2 K, 3 K, and 4 K global average surface temperature increase above pre-industrial levels, the mean 3-hourly rainfall rates in the simulated storms increase by 3-7%/K compared to present. This change increases in magnitude for the 95th and 99th percentile 3-hourly rates, which intensify by 10-13%/K and 17-21%/K, respectively. Over Florida, the simulated mean rainfall accumulations increase by 16-26%/K, with local maxima increasing by 18-43%/K. All percent changes increase monotonically with warming level.</p>
Wave-like global economic ripple response to Hurricane Sandy - Data supplement
<p>This data set includes the raw data for the figures of the article "Wave-like global economic ripple response to Hurricane Sandy" (https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac39c0).</p>
SMART Radar and WSR-88D Data Associated with "Mobile Radar Observations of Hurricanes at Landfall. Part II: Convectively Coupled Vortex Rossby Waves"
<p>The data contained in this archive are associated with "Mobile Radar Observations of Hurricanes at Landfall. Part II: Convectively Coupled Vortex Rossby Waves" in review in the <em>Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences</em>. Two sets of data associated with Hurricanes Isabel (2003) and Matthew (2016) are contained. Each subset of data contains the raw radar files that contribute to the manuscript in cfradial netCDF format.</p> <p>A readme file in included that describes the variables and format of the radar volume files. Questions about the dataset may be directed to addisonalford@ou.edu, drdoppler@ou.edu, or gordon.carrie-1@ou.edu.</p>
Invasive rodent responses to experimental and natural hurricanes with implications for global climate change
<p>Hurricanes cause dramatic changes to forests by opening the canopy and depositing debris onto the forest floor. How invasive rodent populations respond to hurricanes is not well understood, but shifts in rodent abundance and foraging may result from scarce fruit and seed resources that follow hurricanes. We conducted studies in a wet tropical forest in Puerto Rico to better understand how experimental (Canopy Trimming Experiment) and natural (Hurricane Maria) hurricane effects alter populations of invasive rodents (Rattus rattus [rats] and <em>Mus musculus</em> [mice]) and their foraging behaviors. To monitor rodent populations, we used tracking tunnels (inked and baited cards inside tunnels enabling identification of animal visitors' footprints) within experimental hurricane plots (arborist trimmed in 2014) and reference plots (closed canopy forest). To assess shifts in rodent foraging, we compared seed removal of two tree species (Guarea guidonia and Prestoea acuminata) between vertebrate-excluded and free-access treatments in the same experimental and reference plots, and did so 3 months before and 9 months after Hurricane Maria (2017). Trail cameras were used to identify animals responsible for seed removal. Rat incidences generated from tracking tunnel surveys indicated that rat populations were not significantly affected by experimental or natural hurricanes. Before Hurricane Maria there were no mice in the forest interior, yet mice were present in forest plots closest to the road after the hurricane, and their forest invasion coincided with increased grass cover resulting from open forest canopy. Seed removal of Guarea and Prestoea across all plots was rat dominated (75%-100% rat-removed) and was significantly less after than before Hurricane Maria. However, following Hurricane Maria, the experimental hurricane treatment plots of 2014 had 3.6 times greater seed removal by invasive rats than did the reference plots, which may have resulted from rats selecting post-hurricane forest patches with greater understory cover for foraging. Invasive rodents are resistant to hurricane disturbance in this forest. Predictions of increased hurricane frequency from expected climate change should result in forest with more frequent periods of grassy understories and mouse presence, as well as with heightened rat foraging for fruit and seed in pre-existing areas of disturbance.</p>
Analysis tools and data for study "Better insurance could effectively mitigate the increase in economic growth losses from US hurricanes under global warming"
<p>This scripts are used for post-analysis and for creating the main figures for our study "Better insurance could effectively mitigate the increase in economic growth losses from US hurricanes under global warming". Our raw results are calculated by InGroClIm (DOI:10.5281/zenodo.5017904).</p>
Key West Southernmost Pt. Marker After Hurricane
The marker at the Southernmost Point of the continental USA at Key West, Florida was damged by Hurricane Irma on September 10, 2017. Though the wind and waves stripped it of some of its paint, the marker stood strong - a symbol of the resilience of City of Key West and the greater Florida Keys community. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Fig. 4 in Can artificial retreat sites help frogs recover after severe habitat devastation? Insights on the use of "coqui houses" after Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico
Fig. 4. Artificial coqui houses built with (A) bamboo shoots and (B) PVC tubes.
WRF Model Output for the 3 km grid of the Hurricane Nature Run, days 08-07-2005 through 08-09-2005
<p>This is WRF model output for the Hurricane Nature Run presented in Nolan et al. (2013). The tar file contains gzipped netcdf files each with 6 model outputs at 30 minute intervals.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.