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543 results for “larval development”
Fig. 13 in Larval external morphology and development in Feihyla kajau (Dring, 1983) (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae)
Fig. 13. Relationship between snout-vent length and tail length between Stages 26 and 42 in Feihyla kajau.
Fig. 3 in Larval external morphology and development in Feihyla kajau (Dring, 1983) (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae)
Fig. 3. Schematic representation of mouthparts of Feihyla kajau tadpole (after ZMH A13779; Stage 35)
Figs 1-6 in Reproductive behaviour and larval development of Prionyx thomae (F ) from Brazil (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)
Figs 1-6: Development of a male Prionyx thomae, consuming a specimen of the grasshopper Rhammatocerus pseudocyanipes. (1) Prey bearing the wasp's egg; (2) first day of larval development; (3) second day of larval development; (4) third day of larval development, the prey is death; (5) fourth day of larval development, full-grown larva; (6) adult male and its cocoon.
Fig. 2 in Notes on egg structure and larval development in the highly miniaturised and progenetic Paedocypris (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)
Fig. 2. Adhesion and adhesive organ in larvae of Paedocypris carbunculus. A, Recently hatched larvae adhering to aquarium side (photograph by O. Perrin); B, SEM of head and anterior part of body in ventrolateral view, anterior to right, highlighting position of adhesive organ in gular region (BMNH 2018.6.20.1-15, ca. 1.6 mm NL); C, SEM close up of adhesive organ, anterior to left. White arrows in C indicate fibrous material on surface of adhesive organ. Abbreviations: AO, adhesive organ; AOR, adhesive organ ridge; LJ, lower jaw; PFB, pectoral-fin bud.
Fig. 3 in Notes on egg structure and larval development in the highly miniaturised and progenetic Paedocypris (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)
Fig. 3. Larvae (A–F) and juvenile (G) stages of Paedocypris carbunculus (BMNH 2018.6.20.1-15), right side, lateral view. A, 1.7 mm NL; B, 4.2 mm SL; C, 4.6 mm SL; D, 5.0 mm SL; E, 5.3 mm SL; F, 6.0 mm SL; G, 7.6 mm SL. White arrows in E and F point to pelvic-fin bud.
Fig. 1 in Notes on egg structure and larval development in the highly miniaturised and progenetic Paedocypris (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)
Fig. 1. Eggs of Paedocypris carbunculus. A, Recently laid egg attached to underside of plant leaf in aquarium (photograph by O. Perrin); B, Light microscope; C, SEM.
Fig. 1 in The effect of rearing temperature in larval development of pejerrey, Odontesthes bonariensis - Morphological indicators of development
Fig. 1. Embryonic stages of pejerrey. A) One cell stage: bd, blastodisc; f, adherent filaments; od, oil droplets; pv, perivitelline space; B) Two cells stage: bm, blastomeres; C) Blastula stage: b, blastula; D) Animal pole view at 25% epiboly stage, es, embryonic shield; gr, germinal ring; E) Vitelline veins stage: ol, ocular lenses; op, optic capsule, ot; otic capsules; sod, single oil drop; F) Pectorals fins stage: bv, bile vesicle; pf, pectoral fins; vv, vitelline veins. G) Hatching: n, notochord; o, otoliths; sb, swim bladder; sod, single oil droplet. A-F) bar = 0.5 mm; G) bar = 1 mm.
Fig. 6 in The effect of rearing temperature in larval development of pejerrey, Odontesthes bonariensis - Morphological indicators of development
Fig. 6. Differences in the rate of fin fold restructuration among larvae. A-B) same age, same temperature and different finfold stages; C-D) same age, different temperature and different finfold stage; B-D) different temperature, same age and same finfold stage. A) 24ºC, 14 dph, TL=9.1 mm; B) 24ºC 14 dph, TL=11.7 mm; C) 17ºC 14 dph, TL=8.1 mm; D) 29ºC 14 dph, TL=11.1 mm. Bar = 1 cm.
Fig. 2. Fin fold reabsorption during larvae-juvenile transition. A in The effect of rearing temperature in larval development of pejerrey, Odontesthes bonariensis - Morphological indicators of development
Fig. 2. Fin fold reabsorption during larvae-juvenile transition. A) The characteristic lobulated caudal fin showing the first fin rays (arrowhead) and the straight notochord (arrow); B) The second segment appeared (arrowhead) and the ray started to be aligned with the rostro-caudal axis (arrow); C) The ray aligned with the rostro-caudal axis (arrow); D) The forked homocercal caudal fin; E) Bifurcation of the central fin rays (arrowhead); F) The remnant fin-fold between the anus and the anal fin; G) The body shape acquires the adult conformation. A-F, bar = 0.5 mm; G = 1 mm.
Fig. 5 in The effect of rearing temperature in larval development of pejerrey, Odontesthes bonariensis - Morphological indicators of development
Fig. 5. Body shape (DA applied on un-standardized residuals, N = 287, P <0.001). Discriminant function 2 versus discriminant function 1. Rearing temperature is indicated as black circles (FPT), triangles (MixPT) and black squares (MTP). Means and 95% confidence intervals correspond to FPT (circle), MixPT (triangle), and MTP (square).
Fig. 3 in The effect of rearing temperature in larval development of pejerrey, Odontesthes bonariensis - Morphological indicators of development
Fig. 3. Total length (A), body weight (B), both in logarithmic scale, and Condition Factor (C) in relation to days post hatching (dph) and water temperature. Female producing temperature (FPT, filled circles and solid line), mixed-sex producing temperature (MixPT, empty circles and long dashed line), and male producing temperature (MPT, triangles and medium size dashed line). Note that when Condition Factor is considered as a function of Total length (D) dispersion diminishes. Lineal regression lines are indicated in order to show the tendency. Regression coefficients and r2 are indicated in Table 3.
Figure 15 in Morphological evolution in Ceratophryinae frogs (Anura, Neobatrachia): the effects of heterochronic changes during larval development and metamorphosis
Figure 15. Comparison of the changes between the larval and adult body plans during larval development. The horizontal axis represents developmental stages (Gosner, 1960). The curves plotted depict structural modifications, and the grey area represents metamorphic events that take place during the metamorphic climax (stages 42–46) for most anurans. The early occurrence of metamorphic events (predisplacement) is observed in the ceratophryine frogs, especially in Lepidobatrachus spp., that have precocious metamorphosis. Delayed metamorphic events take place in the development of Pseudis platensis, a species in which some morphological changes that imply the end of metamorphosis for most anurans have yet to finish.
Figure 13 in Morphological evolution in Ceratophryinae frogs (Anura, Neobatrachia): the effects of heterochronic changes during larval development and metamorphosis
Figure 13. Variation in structural changes in some external features. A, dorsal view of Lepidobatrachus llanensis at the end of metamorphosis. A small tail stub is present. B, lateral view of the same specimen in (A) showing the angle of the mouth far beyond the posterior margin of the eye. C, dorsal view of Chacophrys pierottii during metamorphosis. The tail has started to reduce. D, lateral view of the same specimen in (C). The disappearance of the caudal fin is advanced, and the angle of the mouth reaches the posterior margin of the eye. E and F, ventral and lateral views of a Pseudis platensis tadpole at the beginning of metamorphosis. The oral disc and keratinized buccal structures are still present, and the forelimbs have emerged, but the anal tube remains well developed. G and H, ventral and lateral views of a P. platensis tadpole during metamorphosis. Larval mouthparts have disappeared; tail regression has started with the reduction of the fins, whereas the disappearance of the anal tube is delayed. I, dorsal view of P. platensis at an advanced metamorphic stage. The tail is conserved and has reduced caudal fins. J, ventral view of the same specimen showing the absence of the anal tube, and features of the mouth that are similar to those present in most anurans at the end of metamorphosis. K, detail in lateral view of the position of the angle of the mouth posterior to the eye.
Figure 12 in Morphological evolution in Ceratophryinae frogs (Anura, Neobatrachia): the effects of heterochronic changes during larval development and metamorphosis
Figure 12. Hematoxylin–eosin cross sections (6-Mm thick) at the diaphyseal level of metatarsal IV in postmetamorphic specimens. Black arrowheads indicate lines of arrested growth (LAGs). A, Lepidobatrachus llanensis, five LAGs male [data for two adult males; 5 ± 1 (SVL 74.5 mm) and 6 ± 1 (SVL 74.1 mm)]. B, Lepidobatrachus laevis, six LAGs female [data for two adult females; 6 ± 1 (SVL 144 mm) and 7 ± 1 (SVL 111 mm)]. C, Chacophrys pierottii, four LAGs male [data for two adult males; 6 ± 1 (SVL 49.9 mm) and 4 ± 1 (SVL 45.2 mm)]. D, Ceratophrys cranwelli, 11 LAGs male [data for three adult males; 14 ± 1 (SVL 84.6 mm), 11 ± 1 (SVL 81 mm), and 13 ± 1 (SVL 74.3 mm)]. E, Pseudis platensis, two LAGs female [data for two adults (female and male); 2 ± 1 (SVL 46 mm) and 3 ± 1 (SVL 44.6 mm)]. F, Telmatobius atacamensis, juvenile specimen, two LAGs [data for an adult male; 5 ± 1 (SVL 45.4 mm) and for the juvenile 2 ± 1 (SVL 45 mm)]. Abbreviations: mc; marrow cavity. Scale bars: 0.05 mm.
Figure 11 in Morphological evolution in Ceratophryinae frogs (Anura, Neobatrachia): the effects of heterochronic changes during larval development and metamorphosis
Figure 11. Mean, maximum, and minimum values of snout–vent lengths (SVLs) in advanced tadpoles (stages 38–41), during metamorphosis (stages 42–46), and in adults. Values of SVL are given in mm. Light-grey areas approximately represent the extension of larval development (LD) in months, and dark-grey areas refer to postmetamorphic growth (PG) in lines of arrested growth (LAGs). Lepidobatrachus llanensis: SVL in tadpoles (N = 15, SVL = 36.7 ± 3.4 mm); SVL of metamorphic specimens (N = 26, SVL = 36.3 ± 5.8 mm); SVL of adults (N = 16, SVL = 76.5 ± 7.5 mm). Larval development takes place over a period of 2 weeks. Postmetamorphic growth estimated in LAGs = 6 years. Lepidobatrachus laevis: SVL in tadpoles (N = 12, SVL = 46.6 ± 2.8 mm); SVL of metamorphic specimens (N = 26, SVL = 49.9 ± 7.8 mm); SVL of adults (N = 13, SVL = 99.2 ± 22.1 mm). Larval development takes over a period of 2 weeks. Postmetamorphic growth estimated in LAGs = 7 years. Chacophrys pierottii: SVL in tadpoles (N = 10, SVL = 46.3 ± 3.9 mm); SVL of metamorphic specimens (N = 28, SVL = 36.3 ± 2.6 mm); SVL of adults (N = 15, SVL = 47.8 ± 2.7 mm). Larval development takes place over a period of 2 weeks. Postmetamorphic growth estimated in LAGs = 6 years. Ceratophrys cranwelli: SVL in tadpoles (N = 8, SVL = 26.3 ± 3.8 mm); SVL of metamorphic specimens (N = 18, SVL = 27.5 ± 4.4 mm); SVL of adults (N = 10, SVL = 91.9 ± 12.7 mm). Larval development takes place over a period of 3 weeks. Postmetamorphic growth estimated in LAGs = 14 years. Pseudis platensis: SVL in tadpoles (N = 9, SVL = 46.3 ± 3.6 mm); SVL of metamorphic specimens (N = 8, SVL = 37.4 ± 2.7 mm); SVL of adults (N = 7, SVL = 45.3 ± 5.0 mm). Larval development takes place over a period of 6 months. Postmetamorphic growth estimated in LAGs = 3 years. Telmatobius atacamensis: SVL in tadpoles (N = 11, SVL = 32.9 ± 3.4 mm); SVL of metamorphic specimens (N = 30, SVL = 31.0 ± 1.8 mm); SVL of adults (N = 2, SVL = 45.2 ± 1.0 mm). Larval development takes place over a period of 8 months. Postmetamorphic growth estimated in LAGs = 5 years.
Figure 14 in Morphological evolution in Ceratophryinae frogs (Anura, Neobatrachia): the effects of heterochronic changes during larval development and metamorphosis
Figure 14. Presence and absence of m. suspensoriohyoideus among selected anuran tadpoles, following the criteria proposed by Haas (2003) at larval stage 37. A, Pseudis platensis. The muscle is absent. B–F, the muscle is present. B, Telmatobius atacamensis. C, Lepidobatrachus laevis. D, Lepidobatrachus llanensis. E, Ceratophrys cranwelli. F, Chacophrys pierottii. The absence of m. suspensoriohyoideus was reported for Ceratophrys ornata, L. laevis (Ruibal & Thomas, 1988; Haas, 2003), and C. cranwelli (Vera Candioti, 2005), but Palavecino (1999) described it in C. ornata and C. cranwelli. Haas (2003) proposed that the absence of m. suspensoriohyoideus is a synapomorphy for the Ceratophrys and Lepidobatrachus clade, and Frost et al. (2006) extended the synapomorphy for Ceratophryini. Our data demonstrate the presence of the m. suspensoriohyoideous in tadpoles of the three genera of Ceratophryinae. Abbreviations: oh, m. orbitohyoideus; sh, m. suspensoriohyoideus. Scale bars: 1 mm.
Figure 9 in Morphological evolution in Ceratophryinae frogs (Anura, Neobatrachia): the effects of heterochronic changes during larval development and metamorphosis
Figure 9. Palmar and plantar views of the autopodia in anurans at the end of metamorphosis, where subarticular turbercles are already well defined. A, Bombina variegata (foot): subarticular tubercles are absent and metatarsal tubercles are poorly developed. B, Bombina variegata (hand): subarticular tubercles are absent. C, Odontophrynus americanus (foot): subarticular tubercles are evident, and the inner metatarsal is not yet keratinized. D, Odontophrynus americanus (hand): subarticular tubercles are strongly developed. E, Pseudis platensis (foot): tubercles are absent and the inner metatarsal tubercle is defined. F, Pseudis platensis (hand): small subarticular tubercles are evident. G, Telmatobius atacamensis (foot): small subarticular tubercles and the inner metatarsal tubercle are present. H, Telmatobius atacamensis (hand): subarticular tubercles are better defined than in the foot. I, Lepidobatrachus llanensis (foot): subarticular tubercles are absent. The well-developed inner metatarsal tubercle and toe tips are keratinized. J, Lepidobatrachus llanensis (hand): subarticular tubercles are absent. K, Lepidobatrachus laevis (foot): subarticular tubercles are absent, and the inner metatarsal tubercle presents incipient keratinization. L, Lepidobatrachus laevis (hand): subarticular tubercles are absent. M, Ceratophrys cranwellii (foot): small subarticular tubercles are defined, and the inner metatarsal tubercles are poorly keratinized. N, Ceratophrys cranwelli (hand): small subarticular tubercles are present. O, Chacophrys pierottii (foot): subarticular tubercles are not prominent. Inner metatarsal tubercle has keratinization. P, Chacophrys pierottii (hand): subarticular tubercles are well developed. The pattern of distribution of subarticular tubercles is considered as diagnostic in most species, and development of these structures takes place at larval stages 38–40 (Gosner, 1960). Subarticular tubercles in manus and pes are also absent or poorly developed in Xenopus, Hymenochirus, Pipa, Ascaphus, Leiopelma, Alytes, Discoglossus, Madecassophryne, Stumpffia, Rhinoderma, Brachycephalus, Truebella, and Ansonia (Guibé, 1978; Graybeal & Cannatella, 1995; Matsui, Nabhitabhata & Panha, 1998; Pombal & Gasparini, 2006, among others). Scale bar: 0.2 mm.
Figure 10 in Morphological evolution in Ceratophryinae frogs (Anura, Neobatrachia): the effects of heterochronic changes during larval development and metamorphosis
Figure 10. Total length (TL) versus snout–vent length (SVL) plotted for larval specimens of six species between stages 39 and 41. Ceratophrys cranwelli tadpoles (N = 8, TL = 61.8 ± 8.2 mm, SVL = 26.3 ± 3.8 mm) are the smallest. Pseudis platensis larvae (N = 9, TL = 129.5 ± 14.4 mm, SVL = 46.3 ± 3.6 mm) are the largest. Lepidobatrachus laevis (N = 12, TL = 98.3 ± 7.2 mm, SVL = 46.6 ± 2.8 mm) and Chacophrys pierottii (N = 10, TL = 106.5 ± 8.0 mm, SVL = 46.3 ± 3.9 mm) share with P. platensis similar values of SVL. Lepidobatrachus llanensis (N = 15, TL = 83.7 ± 7.5 mm, SVL = 36.7 ± 3.4 mm) and Telmatobius atacamensis (N = 11, TL = 84.6 ± 4.8 mm, SVL = 32.9 ± 3.4 mm) are similar in total length, but L. llanensis tadpoles have greater body sizes.
Figure 1 in Morphological evolution in Ceratophryinae frogs (Anura, Neobatrachia): the effects of heterochronic changes during larval development and metamorphosis
Figure 1. The hypothetic relationships among ten anuran taxa that resulted from the analyses of 102 morphological characters. A, the only tree that was obtained from the analysis of larval and adult characters. B, strict consensus of relationships obtained from the analysis of 61 larval characters. C, strict consensus of relationships obtained from the analysis of 41 adult characters.
Fig. 2 in Larval Development And Habitat Usage Of Stream-Breeding Fire Salamanders In An Urban Environment
Fig. 2. Changes in the number of salamander larvae and rainfall. The bold black continuous line shows the mean number of salamander larvae detected during the surveys in the three 10 day intervals of months in Hűvös-ér stream, 2011–2014. The bar graph shows the mean amount (and SD) of precipitation (mm) during the three 10-day intervals of months
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