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FIGURE 8 in Diversity of Tropidurus (Squamata: Tropiduridae) in Paraguay-an integrative taxonomic approach based on morphological and molecular genetic evidence

FIGURE 8. Differences in the mucronation of dorsal scales of Tropidurus catalanensis (above, SMF 100091) and T. torquatus (below, SMF 100097).

FIGURE 5 in Diversity of Tropidurus (Squamata: Tropiduridae) in Paraguay-an integrative taxonomic approach based on morphological and molecular genetic evidence

FIGURE 5. Maximum Likelihood (left) and Bayesian (right) trees inferred using concatenated mitochondrial (16S and COI) and nuclear (PRLR) DNA genes for samples of Tropidurus from Paraguay. Support values on nodes represent SH-aLRT/ UFBoot (in percentages) for ML (only values above 65 are shown), and posterior probability for BI (only values above 70 are shown). See Appendix 3 and Figure 1 for geographic location of samples. Reference bar represents substitutions per site.

FIGURE 3 in Diversity of Tropidurus (Squamata: Tropiduridae) in Paraguay-an integrative taxonomic approach based on morphological and molecular genetic evidence

FIGURE 3. Location of genetic samples used for the analyses. See Appendix 1 for information on the specimens.

FIGURE 4 in Diversity of Tropidurus (Squamata: Tropiduridae) in Paraguay-an integrative taxonomic approach based on morphological and molecular genetic evidence

FIGURE 4. Phylogenetic trees of Paraguayan samples of Tropidurus inferred from 16S (A), COI (B), 16S+COI (C), and PRLR (D) partial gene sequences. For each analysis we present maximum likelihood (ML, left) and Bayesian inference (BI, right) trees. Red dots indicate support values (basedon on SH-aLRT/UFBoot for ML and posterior probability for BI) equal or superior to 80 for ML and 0.85 for BI. Roots to outgroup Plica plica (AMCC-106953). Reference bar represents substitutions per site.

FIGURE 11 in Diversity of Tropidurus (Squamata: Tropiduridae) in Paraguay-an integrative taxonomic approach based on morphological and molecular genetic evidence

FIGURE 11. Distribution maps of Tropidurus catalanensis (A), T. etheridgei (B), T. spinulosus (C), and T. lagunablanca (D).

FIGURE 13 in Diversity of Tropidurus (Squamata: Tropiduridae) in Paraguay-an integrative taxonomic approach based on morphological and molecular genetic evidence

FIGURE 13. Differences in the color of females of T. lagunablanca (above, SMF 103315) and T. spinulosus (below, SMF 103322). Note the black stripes (the upper one behind the eye, and the lower beyond the ear opening) of T. lagunablanca, absent in T. spinulosus.

FIGURE 12 in Diversity of Tropidurus (Squamata: Tropiduridae) in Paraguay-an integrative taxonomic approach based on morphological and molecular genetic evidence

FIGURE 12. Diagram showing the theory of a ring species, where populations accumulate gradual changes along temporal and spatial scales (represented here by black arrows), originating different species.

FIGURE 7 in Diversity of Tropidurus (Squamata: Tropiduridae) in Paraguay-an integrative taxonomic approach based on morphological and molecular genetic evidence

FIGURE 7. Detailed view of the left hind claws of T. torquatus (A, SMF 100097) showing a paler color than observed in T. catalanensis (B, SMF 100093). This coloration is also present in the fore claws.

FIGURE 6 in Diversity of Tropidurus (Squamata: Tropiduridae) in Paraguay-an integrative taxonomic approach based on morphological and molecular genetic evidence

FIGURE 6. Graphic visualization of genetic distances among specimens of the Tropidurus spinulosus group (red dots). The width of the lines refer to the p-distance between specimens (reference at the upper right corner). At the bottom is presented the mean p-distance between species of the torquatus group (T. catalanensis and T. etheridgei) and the two bigger clades of the spinulosus group.

FIGURE 10 in Diversity of Tropidurus (Squamata: Tropiduridae) in Paraguay-an integrative taxonomic approach based on morphological and molecular genetic evidence

FIGURE 10. Asulcate (left) and sulcate (right) views of the left hemipenes of T. lagunablanca (SMF 103316). White bar = 5 mm.

Figure 9 in Endangered beauties: micro-CT cranial osteology, molecular genetics and external morphology reveal three new species of chameleons in the Calumma boettgeri complex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae)

Figure 9. Identification key to the species of the Calumma boettgeri complex, including the three new species described here. Diagnostic characters are marked in red. For a comparison of diagnostic characters, see also Table 5.

Figure 10 in Endangered beauties: micro-CT cranial osteology, molecular genetics and external morphology reveal three new species of chameleons in the Calumma boettgeri complex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae)

Figure 10. DiceCT scan integrated into micro-CT scan of the skull of Calumma gehringi (ZSM 2840/2010), showing the position of the brain below the frontoparietal fenestra. A, lateral view on midsagittal section of three-dimensional model. B, dorsal view on three-dimensional model. C, lateral view on midsagittal section (diceCT only). D, correlation of elevation and presence/width of the frontoparietal fenestra in the Calumma nasutum group, based on data in Table 4. Scale bars: 2.0 mm.

Figure 8 in Endangered beauties: micro-CT cranial osteology, molecular genetics and external morphology reveal three new species of chameleons in the Calumma boettgeri complex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae)

Figure 8. Distribution and habitat of Calumma juliae sp. nov. A, fragment of degraded primary forest of 15 ha next to Route Nationale 2; blue dots indicate records of C. juliae sp. nov. B, small fragment of primary forest (on the right) between rice fields and eucalyptus forest (on the left, behind). C, habitat of C. juliae sp. nov. next to rice fields; view from Route Nationale 2 in August 2016. D, C. juliae sp. nov. in sleeping position photographed at night. Satellite imagery from Google Earth (17 December 2016).

Figure 7 in Endangered beauties: micro-CT cranial osteology, molecular genetics and external morphology reveal three new species of chameleons in the Calumma boettgeri complex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae)

Figure 7. Calumma juliae sp. nov. coloration in life during day. A, female holotype ZSM 143/2016 relaxed. B, juvenile ZSM 254/2016 relaxed. C, D, portrait of female ZSM 254/2016 with stress pattern (C) and slightly displaying (D).

Figure 4 in Endangered beauties: micro-CT cranial osteology, molecular genetics and external morphology reveal three new species of chameleons in the Calumma boettgeri complex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae)

Figure 4. Micro-computed tomography scans of the skulls of the three holotypes in dorsal and lateral view. A, male Calumma uetzi sp. nov. (ZSM 1688/2012). B, male C. lefona sp. nov. (ZSM 2849/2010). C, female C. juliae sp. nov. (ZSM 143/2016). D, male C. boettgeri (ZSM 440/2000). E, male C. linotum holotype. F, female C. linotum (ZSM 551/2001). G, male C. gehringi holotype (ZSM 2851/2010). H, male C. guibei (ZSM 2855/2010). Diagnostic characters are encircled in red. Abbreviations are given in the Material and Methods. Scale bars: 2.0 mm.

Figure 6 in Endangered beauties: micro-CT cranial osteology, molecular genetics and external morphology reveal three new species of chameleons in the Calumma boettgeri complex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae)

Figure 6. Distribution map of seven species of the Calumma boettgeri complex in Madagascar. The type locality is unknown for Calumma linotum. Contour lines indicate steps of 200 m elevation. The record from Nosy Komba is based on Hyde Roberts & Daly (2014). Coordinates for Calumma boettgeri, Maromiandra (Nagy et al., 2012) in Prötzel et al. (2015) are corrected to 13.9965°S, 48.2177°E.

Figure 5 in Endangered beauties: micro-CT cranial osteology, molecular genetics and external morphology reveal three new species of chameleons in the Calumma boettgeri complex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae)

Figure 5. DiceCT scans of hemipenes. A, right hemipenes of Calumma uetzi sp. nov. in asulcal (left) and sulcal (right) view. B, left hemipenes (incompletely everted) of C. lefona sp. nov. in asulcal (left) and sulcal (right) view; note that characters can be seen only in completely everted hemipenes. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.

Figure 3 in Endangered beauties: micro-CT cranial osteology, molecular genetics and external morphology reveal three new species of chameleons in the Calumma boettgeri complex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae)

Figure 3. Holotypes of the three new Calumma species as preserved specimens. A, C. uetzi sp. nov. (ZSM 1688/2012). B, C. lefona sp. nov. (ZSM 2849/2010). C, C. juliae sp. nov. (ZSM 143/2016). Scale bar: 20 mm.

Figure 2 in Endangered beauties: micro-CT cranial osteology, molecular genetics and external morphology reveal three new species of chameleons in the Calumma boettgeri complex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae)

Figure 2. Calumma uetzi sp. nov. in life. A, male (ZSM 1686/2012) in slightly stressed coloration. B, subadult female (ZSM 1685/2012) relaxed. C, male holotype (ZSM 1688/2012, left) in spectacular display, with adult female (right, UADBA- R-FGZC 3628) in stress coloration, repelling the male.

Figure 1 in Endangered beauties: micro-CT cranial osteology, molecular genetics and external morphology reveal three new species of chameleons in the Calumma boettgeri complex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae)

Figure 1. Molecular differentiation of species in the Calumma boettgeri complex. A, maximum likelihood tree based on DNA sequences of the mitochondrial ND2 gene (515 bp). Numbers at nodes are bootstrap proportions expressed as a percentage (2000 replicates) followed by posterior probabilities from an independent Bayesian inference analysis of the same data set. GenBank accession numbers are given for each sequence included. B, haplotype network estimated from sequences of the nuclear CMOS gene (410 bp). Black dots represent additional mutational steps, and species are assigned the same colours as in the mitochondrial DNA tree.